BATUAN METAMORF

SUTARTO
Laboratorium Petrologi dan Bahan Galian
Jurusan Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknologi Mineral
UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta
sutarto_geomin@upnyk.ac.id
 Apa itu metamorfism?

• Adalah proses perubahan tekstur dan komposisi

batuan pada fase padat, dikarenakan adanya
perubahan kondisi tekanan dan temperatur.

• Secara teoritis batuan yang mengalami kenaikan

tekanan dan temperatur berada antara zona
diagenesis dan leburan membentuk magma,
mengalami metamorfisme.

• Secara diskriptif batuan metamorf dicirikan oleh

kehadiran mineral penciri proses metamorfisme
dan struktur/tekstur batuan metamorf: foliasi,
liniasi, hornfelsik
Bagaimana cara membedakan antara: batuan beku, metamorf dan sedimen?
1. Dilihat variasi mineraloginya
2. Dilihat teksturnya
Keduanya mencerminkan cara pembentukannya

Batuan Beku Batuan Metamorf Batuan Sedimen

 Kapan bisa disebut batuan metamorf?

• Batas awal untuk bisa disebut batuan metamorfik ialah mulai terbentuknya mineral yang tidak
lazim pada batuan protolithnya, yaitu bukan mineral yang lazim pada fase diagenesa batuan
sedimen dan fase mineral batuan beku.

• Mineral-mineral yang dianggap sebagai batas awal metamorfisme adalah laumontit, lawsonit,
albit, paragonit atau pirofilit

• Batas atas metamorfisme adalah apabila batuan sudah mulai melebur.

Diagenesa Metamorfisme

litifikasi
Batuan Batuan Partial Melting Membeku
Sedimen
Sedimen Metamorf Melting
Dimana batuan metamorf terbentuk ?

Batuan metamorf terbentuk di lingkungan:

• Zona orogen (metamorfisme dinamotermal)

• Bagian bawah batuan sedimen yang tebal (metamorfisme
burial/beban)
• Kontak dengan intrusi batuan beku (metamorfisme kontak)
• Zona patahan (metamorfisme kataklastik)
• Zona benturan meteorit (metamorfisme benturan/impact)
Apa yang mempengaruhi proses metamorfisme ?

• Proses metamorfisme dan pembentukan batuan metamof

dipengaruhi oleh:

• Temperatur
• Tekanan
• Batuan asal
• Fluida metamorfik
• Durasi
 How the principle metamorphic changes?
• Recrystallization: changes in grain size responding to T & P changes. Coarsening of grains is
common e.g. Quartzite.

• Neomineralization: Growth of new minerals is common.

• Development of oriented fabric : A pervasive planar fabric defined by parallel structural

planes & lineation of minerals.

• Metasomatism: if the bulk chemical composition is affected by hot fluids

metasomatized.
NOTE: Hot inter-granular fluids (commonly H2O & CO2 ) speed up metamorphic reactions and
fluids are heated by geothermal gradient or igneous intrusion.
In a foliated rock, foliation may wrap around a porphyroblast and slightly
coarser grains may develop in ‘pressure shadows’ on either side of
porphyroblast.

porphyroblast

pressure shadow
Factors That Control the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks

Foliation: Development of Slaty Cleavage

Factors That Control the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation: Development of Schistosity

http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol212/contactmeta.htm
Factors That Control the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliation: Formation of Gneissic Banding
Apa yang dimaksud dengan
derajad, zona, dan fasiies metamorfik?
 Derajad metamorfik?
• Derajat metamorfik mengindikasikan
kondisi suhu, yang berpengaruh
selama metamorfisme, bukan
tekanannya.

• Pembagian derajat metamorfisme

menjadi :
• derajat sangat rendah,
150/200°-350° C
• rendah, 350–510° C
• menengah 510 –610°Cdan
• derajat tinggi lebih dari 610°C
 Zona metamorfik
• G.M. Barrow (1893 dan 1912) membuat studi pembagian zona metamorfik
pertama kali yang memperlihatkan variasi sistematik perubahan mineral
pada batuan metamorf pelitik di Highlands, Skotlandia.

• Pembagian tersebut dapat mengisyaratkan perubahan suhu pada batuan

metamorf. Pembuatan isograd tersebut didasarkan kehadiran dan
menghilangnya mineral tertentu.

• Zona metamorfik dibagi menjadi 6, yaitu: zona klorit, biotit, garnet, staurolit,
kianit dan silimanit.
Distribution of minerals within metamorphic zones
Index Minerals of Metamorphic Zone
Index Minerals
• Chlorite
• Biotite
• Almandite (garnet)
• Staurolite
• Andalusite
• Kyanite
• Sillimanite
Not specific
• Quartz
• Plagioclase
• Orthoclase
• Muscovite
• Hornblende
• Calcite
• Dolomite
Metapelites metamorphic zones (Scotland)
Relationship between metamorphic grade and metamorphic zone
Relationship between metamorphic grade and metamorphic zone
 Fasies metamorfik
• Keterbatasan pemakaian zona metamorfik hanya pada batuan pelitik dan
tidak dapat diterapkan pada batuan metabasit mendorong suatu pengusulan
fasies metamorfik yang dapat diterapkan pada batuan beku.

• Eskola (1915, 1920, 1939) memperkenalkan fasies metamorfik yang menandai

himpunan mineral tertentu yang berada dalam suatu kesetimbangan pada
suhu dan tekanan tertentu.

• Eskola memperkenalkan fasies berdasarkan ciri himpunan mineral batuan

metabasit.

• .A metamorphic facies is not a single rock-type but a wide range of minerals

that form under similar P-T and fluid composition conditions
 Metamorphic facies
Metamorphic facies is defined as a set of metamorphic mineral assemblage,
repeatedly associated in space and time.
These facies are:

Zeolite facies - zeolites

Prehnite-Pumpellyite - Prehnite + pumpellyite
Blueschist facies - glaucophane +lawsonite or epidote (+ albite + chlorite)
Greenschist Facies - hlorite + albite + epidote + actinolite
Epidote-Amphibolite facies - plagioclase + hornblende + +/- garnet
Amphibolite facies - plagioclase + hornblende + garnet
Granulite facies -orthopyroxene + clinopyoxene + plag + hornblende + garnet
Eclogite facies - omphacitic pyroxene + garnet

Boundaries between 2 facies is gradational.

 Metamorphic Facies Series & Plate Tectonics

Miyashiro noted the consistent differences between Barrovian & Buchan-type sequences in his
study of Japan metamorphic belts. He noted 3 sequences, mainly formed due to a variation in
pressure.
1/ Zeolite - prehnite-pumpellyite-blueschist-eclogite (HIGH P-T)
2/ Greenschist-epidote-amphibolite-amphibolite-granulite-
(INTERMED. P-T)
3/ Greenschist-amphibolite-granulite (LOW P-T)
Even prior to the concept of plate tectonics, Miyashiro recognized sub-parallel belts of high P-T
adjacent to low P-T metamorphic rocks parallel to the Trench & called them paired
metamorphic belts.
 Subduction zones
Garnet & Omphacite pyroxene

Glaucophane amphibole
Orogenic belts

Mid-ocean ridges

Note: White lines

are isograds

Metamorphic facies + tectonic associations.

 Paired metamorphic belts of Japan

The low P-T belt is composed of andalusite-sillimanite facies assemblages, occuring to the NW of a major
tectonic discontinuity and the high P-T belt occuring to SE of it. High P-T belt consists of zeolite facies to
blueschist / greenschist facies and some amphibolite rocks.
Miyashiro also noted paired metamorphic belts around the entire Pacific Rim.
• In Japan, the high P-T belt
mirrors the location of the
subduction zone where the
subducting plate moves to
the NW.

The low P-T belt is an

ancient island arc that has
been thrust against the high
P-T belt.

Thrusting is common in
subduction zones.
 Metamorphic grades and facies
Metamorphic grade Metamorphic facies Index mineral assemblages
Pelitic rocks Metabasalt
Very low grade Zeolite Mixed layer clays, sericite Laumonite, analcite,
heulandite, wairakite
Prehnite-pumpellyite Illite-muscovite, Chl, Ab, - prehnite-pumpellyite,
Pyr, Chl. Ab, Ep, Act, Law.
Blue schist Chl, Tlc, Ms, Grt, Chld Glu, Law
Low grade Greenschist Chl, Ms, Ab, Bt, Grt Act, Ep, Ab, Chl, Act, Grt,
Hbl
Albite-epidote hornfels Ms, Bt, Chl Pl, Ep, Act, Chl

Medium grade Amphibolite Grt, St, And, Ky, Sill, Ms, Hbl, Pl, Ep, Grt
Crd
Hornblende hornfels Crd, Chl, bt, Ms, And Hbl, Pl, Cumm
High grade Granulite Crd, Grt, Kfs, Sill, Ky, Cpx, Grt, Opx, Pl, Ol, Hbl
Hy, Sap.
Pyroxene honfels Crd, And, Kfs Cpx, Opx, Pl, Ol, Hbl
Sanidinite Cor, Mgt, An, glass Not well defined
Very high grade Eclogite Tlc, ky, Grt, Ms Omph (Cpx), grt
Metamorphic grades and facies
TERIMAKASIH