RIVALITAS
RIVALITAS
Rivalitas AS vs China di Era Biden
Penulis
Prof. Dr. Bambang Cipto, MA
Rancang Cover
Hamdy salad
Tata Letak
Dimaswuids
Penerbit
PUSTAKA PELAJAR
(Anggota IKAPI)
Celeban Timur UH III/548 Yogyakarta 55167
Telp. 0274 381542, Faks. 0274 383083
E-mail: pustakapelajar@yahoo.com
ISBN: 978-623-236-259-8
B
uku ini merupakan bagian ketiga dari 3 buku karangan
penulis. Yang pertama berjudul Strategi China Merebut
Status Superpower, yang kedua Memudarnya Supremasi
Barat Ditengah Kebangkitan Asia. Buku ketiga ini memaparkan
lebih rinci tentang rivalitas AS vs China di tahun pertama
pemerintahan Joe Biden.
Buku ini terdiri dari enam Bab. Bab Satu akan membahas
strategi AS dibawah Biden dalam menghadapi kebangkitan
China dan bagaimana tanggapan China terhadap upaya Biden
menghalangi kemajuan China. Bab Dua membahas rivalitas AS
vs China dalam bidang teknologi tinggi. Bab ini menjelaskan
bagaimana China berhasil mendominasi kemajuan teknologi
Artificial Inteligence dan 5G dan bagaimana strategi Biden
menghadapi kemajuan China tersebut. Bab Tiga membahas
diplomasi ekonomi China, dalam konteks BRI, di Afrika, Asia
Tenggara, Timur Tengah dan Amerika Latin dan bagaimana
Biden menanggapinya. Bab Empat membahas rivalitas AS vs
China di Laut China Selatan dan tanggapan Biden terhadap
agresifitas China di kawasan tersebut. Bab Lima tentang
rivalitas AS vs China dalam distribusi vaksin global. Bab
Kata Pengantar — v
Daftar isi — vii
Pendahuluan — 1
T
erpilihnya Joe Biden sebagai presiden AS menimbulkan
harapan baru bagi masyarakat internasional yang
selama empat tahun menyaksikan dan merasakan
gaya kepemimpinan dan kebijakan Donald Trump yang tidak
menentu sejak Trump memukul genderang perang dagang
dengan China. Bagaimana bentuk hubungan AS dan China
dimasa Biden merupakan isu utama buku ini.
Sebagaimana diharapkan negara-negara Eropa,
Biden menjadikan Eropa sebagai kawasan yang pertama
kali dikunjungi dalam kunjungan kenegaraan Joe Biden.
Kunjungan ini sudah barang tentu benar-benar memenuhi
harapan negara-negara sekutu Amerika, yang sejak Obama
menjalankan kebijakan Pivot to Asia tahun 2011 dilanjutkan
dengan kebijakan Trump yang cenderung sinis terhadap
NATO, merasakan kekecewaan yang besar karena merasa
ditinggalkan Amerika yang selama berpuluh tahun mereka
hormati sebagai pemimpin Barat.
Akan tetapi kehadiran Biden dalam pertemuan puncak
G7 di Inggris dan dilanjutkan pertemuan puncak NATO di
3
The Economist,“Rivalry between America and China will
shape the post-covid world: The World Ahead 2022,”Proquest, 8
Nopember2021,https://www.proquest.com/pqrl/docview/259781805
5/8C97FCC32CAD40D5PQ/11?accountid=187856
4
Ibid
5
John Mearsheimer, “The Inevitable Rivalry: America, China,
and the Tragedy of Great-Power Politics,” Foreign Affairs; New
York Vol. 100, Iss. 6, (Nov/Dec 2021): 48-58, https://www.proquest.
com/pqrl/docview/2584579321/8C97FCC32CAD40D5PQ/79?account
id=187856
6
Ibid
7
Ibid
8
Ibid
T
erpilihnya Joe Biden dalam pemilihan presiden AS
secara otomatis menggantikan Donald Trump yang
selama empat tahun menciptakan kekecewaan di
kalangan sekutu-sekutu Amerika baik di Eropa maupun Asia.
Sementara hubungan AS dan China sangat memburuk sejak
Trump menyatakan perang dagang dalam upayanya mem
balas kerugian ekonomi AS karena besarnya defisit neraca
perdagangan dengan China. Presiden Biden diharapkan akan
memperbaiki citra buruk politik luar negeri AS dibawah
Trump. Akan tetapi politik luar negeri AS dibawah Biden
mau tidak mau harus berhadapan dengan China, sebagai
superpower baru, yang tampak semakin kokoh paska dilanda
krisis pandemi. Hubungan internasional kedepan dengan
sendirinya akan diwarnai dengan rivalitas politik luar negeri
kedua negara tersebut.
1
Kathryn Watson,” “America is back,” Biden tells Munich Security
Conference,” CBS News, February 9, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.
com/news/biden-addresses-the-munich-security-conference-watch-
live-stream-today-02-19-2021/”America is back,” Biden tells Munich
Security Conference
2
“Remarks by President Biden at the 2021 Virtual Munich
Security Conference,” White House, February 19, 2021, https://www.
whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/19/remarks-
by-president-biden-at-the-2021-virtual-munich-security-conference/
Pertemuan Puncak G7
Presiden Biden pada minggu kedua bulan Juni ber
kunjung ke Inggris untuk menghadiri Pertemuan Puncak G7
yang berlangsung selama 3 hari dari tanggal 11 hingga 13
Juli 2021. Ini merupakan perhelatan tahunan yang diseleng
garakan negara-negara demokrasi paling kaya didunia.
Pertemuan Puncak tahunan ini merupakan ajang tukar
pendapat para pemimpin puncak negara demokrasi maju dan
paling makmur yang membahas tentang isu-isu global. Per
temuan Puncak G7 kali ini merupakan pertemuan pertama
3
Ibid
4
David Rising, “Europe applauds Biden’s approach, stresses
cooperation,” APNews, February 20, 2021, https://apnews.com/
article/joe-biden-donald-trump-world-news-europe-foreign-policy-
40fdeec398046bab81d4fd36aec8b470
5
Ibid
6
“G7 summit: What have the wealthy democracies agreed on?,”
Aljazeera, June 13, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/13/
g7-summit-what-have-the-wealthy-democracies-agreed-on
7
Ibid
8
Ibid
9
Steve Holland and Guy Faulconbridge, “G7 rivals China with
grand infrastructure plan,” Reuters, June 13, 2021, https://www.reuters.
com/world/g7-counter-chinas-belt-road-with-infrastructure-project-
senior-us-official-2021-06-12/
10
Ibid
11
Shyam Saran, “At G7, Biden achieved western consensus—more
against Russia than China,” The Print, 16 Juni 2021, https://theprint.in/
opinion/at-g7-biden-achieved-western-consensus-more-against-russia-
than-china/678545/
16
Shannon Pettypiece and Rebecca Shabad, “Biden kicks off first
NATO summit with focus on China, Russia,” NBC News, 14 June 2021,
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-kicks-first-
nato-summit-plans-focus-russia-china-n1270645
17
Ibid
18
Kelly Hayes, “2021 NATO summit: World leaders declare China
a global security challenge,” Fox29, 14 Juni 2021, https://www.fox29.
com/news/biden-attends-2021-nato-summit-with-focus-on-russia-
china
19
Ibid
20
Ibid
21
Sabine Siebold and Steve Holland, Robin Emmott, “NATO adopts
tough line on China at Biden’s debut summit with alliance,” Reuters, 15
Juni 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/nato-welcomes-
biden-pivotal-post-trump-summit-2021-06-14/
22
Ibid
23
“NATO says China is a threat. But do all its members agree?,
TRTWorld, 16 June 2021, https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/nato-
says-china-is-a-threat-but-do-all-its-members-agree-47577
Pembentukan AUKUS
Langkah pertama yang diambil Biden setelah berbulan-
bulan berusaha menggalang dukungan negara-negara sekutu
adalah dengan membentuk AUKUS yang merupakan pakta
keamanan yang beranggotakan AS, Inggris dan Australia.26
Pemilihan Inggris sebagai salah satu anggota aliansi ini
menunjukkan adanya kedekatan tradisional antara AS dan
Inggris yang tetap kuat. Inggris tampaknya dipandang
jauh lebih mendukung AS dalam upaya Biden menggalang
dukungan dalam menghadapi China. Sementara Australia
merupakan negara yang tampaknya siap menjalankan misi
khusus mengawasi agresivitas China di Laut China Selatan.
Pertimbangan bukan tidak mungkin menjadi alasan kuat
mengapa AUKUS memutuskan untuk membangun kapal
selam bertenaga nuklir yang akan dibantu pembangunannya
oleh AS.27 Bantuan AS ini akan menjadikan Australia negara
ke tujuh yang memiliki kapal selam bertenaga nuklir setelah
AS, Inggris, Perancis, China, India dan Rusia.28
Pembentukan AUKUS memungkinkan Australia mem
26
“Aukus: UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter
China,” BBC, 16 September 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-58564837
27
Ibid
28
Ibid
33
Yogesh Joshi, “AUKUS: Arms, Allies and the Geoplitics of Indo
Pacific,” ISAS, 6 Oktober 2021, https://www.isas.nus.edu.sg/papers/
aukus-arms-allies-and-the-geopolitics-of-the-indo-pacific/
34
“Biden to host ‘Quad’ leaders for summit to counter China,” DW,
14 September 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/biden-to-host-quad-
leaders-for-summit-to-counter-china/a-59171903
35
Ibid
36
“Quad leaders press for ‘free’ Indo-Pacific amid China
tensions,” Al Jazeera, 24 September 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2021/9/24/quad-announces-cooperative-initiatives-in-first-in-
person-summit
37
Ibid
38
Ibid
39
Ibid
40
Ibid
44
Ibid
45
Ibid
46
Kentaro Iwamoto, “ASEAN defends its Indo-Pacific ‘centrality’
between Quad and China,” Nikkei, 22 Juni 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/
Spotlight/Asia-Insight/ASEAN-defends-its-Indo-Pacific-centrality-
between-Quad-and-China
47
“Remarks by President Biden at the Annual US Asean Summit,”
US Mission, 26 Oktober 2021, https://asean.usmission.gov/remarks-by-
president-biden-at-the-annual-u-s-asean-summit/
48
Anita Powell and Patsy Widakuswara, “Biden Expands
US-ASEAN Strategic Partnership,” VOA News, 26 Oktober 2021,
https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-expands-us-asean-strategic-
partnership/6286550.html
49
“Biden joins U.S.-ASEAN summit, announces up to $102m in
funding,” Nikkei, 27 Oktober, 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/
International-relations/Biden-joins-U.S.-ASEAN-summit-announces-
up-to-102m-in-funding
50
“U.S. mulls summit with ASEAN leaders in Washington in
Jan.: sources,” Kyodo News, 28 Nopember 2021, https://english.
kyodonews.net/news/2021/11/10564a079b95-us-mulls-summit-with-
asean-leaders-in-washington-in-jan-sources.html?phrase=Abe%20
approval&words=
51
Deirdre ShesgreenTom Schad,” Citing ‘ongoing genocide,’
Biden announces diplomatic boycott of 2022 Beijing Olympics,”
USA Today, 6 Desember 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/
news/politics/2021/12/06/2022-winter-olympics-biden-announces-
diplomatic-boycott-beijing/8837884002/
52
Ibid
53
“US diplomats to boycott 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics,”
BBC, 7 Desember 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-
canada-59556613
54
Isabel Van Brugen, “Biden Admin Won’t Tell Companies What to
Do Over China Olympics Boycott, Newsweek, 10 Desember 2021, https://
www.newsweek.com/biden-administration-china-beijing-olympics-
boycott-gina-raimondo-sponsorship-companies-1658122
55
Robert Huis and Simon C. Darniel, “Beijing Olympics: Canada,
the U.K. and others join Biden’s diplomatic boycott, but it’s not enough,”
The Conversation, 10 Desember 2021, https://theconversation.com/
beijing-olympics-canada-the-u-k-and-others-join-bidens-diplomatic-
boycott-but-its-not-enough-173399
56
Dzirhan Mahadzir, “Russia, China Wrap Up Drills Off Japan,
Pledge More Joint Exercises,” USNI, 25 Oktober 2021, https://news.
usni.org/2021/10/25/russia-china-wrap-up-drills-off-japan-pledge-
more-joint-exercises
57
Bred Lendon, “Why Russian and Chinese warships teaming up
to circle Japan is a big deal,” CNN, 25 Oktober 2021, https://edition.
cnn.com/2021/10/25/asia/china-russia-naval-flotilla-circles-japan-intl-
hnk-ml/index.html
RIVALITAS AS VS CHINA
DALAM BIDANG TEKNOLOGI
TINGGI
R
ivalitas AS vs China dalam sektor teknologi tinggi
tampaknya tidak akan berhenti dengan terpilihnya
Joseph Biden yang menggantikan Donald Trump,
sang menabuh genderang perang dagang dengan China.
Dalam bulan-bulan terakhir pemerintahan Donald Trump, Xi
Jinping bahkan mendorong China untuk terus meningkatkan
kemandirian teknologi China. Strategi yang ditempuh Beijing
tampaknya jauh lebih serius dibanding apa yang dilakukan
AS dalam persaingan perebutan supremasi teknologi global
saat ini. AS dimasa Donald Trump terbatas pada bagaimana
memotong kemajuan China dalam penguasaan teknologi.
Sementara China justru berpikir jauh kedepan dengan berusaha
menemukan alternatif lain untuk menghindari tekanan-
tekanan AS dalam pengembangan teknologi. Perbedaan cara
berpikir ini membuat China memiliki peluang untuk terus
mengembangkan teknologi tanpa sepenuhnya tergantung
4
“Why china will become a tech superpower by 2050,” Focus,
January 22, 2021, https://focus.cbbc.org/chinas-tech-landscape/#.
YVQReppBzIU
5
“Why China is an Innovation Superpower Country,” Intercafe,
February 21, 2021, https://intercafe.ipb.ac.id/why-china-is-an-
innovation-superpower-country/
6
“Xi now wants to make China a tech superpower to end its
dependence on West,” The Print, 2 March 2021, https://theprint.in/
world/xi-now-wants-to-make-china-a-tech-superpower-to-end-its-
dependence-on-west/614164/
7
Ibid
8
Ananth Krishnan, “China targets 6% growth, five year plan for
tech supremacy,” The Hindu, March 5, 2021, https://www.thehindu.
com/news/international/china-targets-6-growth-five-year-plan-for-
tech-supremacy/article33997611.ece
9
Yunus Erbas, “China-U.S. Tech war: New Hegemony,” Behorizon,
25 June 2021, https://behorizon.org/china-u-s-tech-war-new-
hegemony/
10
Ibid
11
Ibid
12
Matt Henry and Matthew Carney, “China and the US are locked
in a superpower tech war to ‘win the 21st century’, ABC, 8 July 2021,
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-08/trump-facebook-twitter-
china-us-superpower-tech-war/100273812
13
Orange Wang, “US-China tech war: Beijing calls on Chinese
firms to ‘seize overseas opportunities’ in race for self-reliance,” Yahoo.
news, 26 July 2021, https://sg.news.yahoo.com/us-china-tech-war-
beijing-113850768.html
14
Ibid
15
Cassell Bryan-Low, Colin Packham, David Lague, Steve Stecklow,
and Jack Stubbs, “Hobbling Huawei: Inside the U.S. war on China’s tech
giant,” Reuters, 21 May 2021, https://www.reuters.com/investigates/
special-report/huawei-usa-campaign/
21
Lindzay Maizland and Andrewa Chatzky, “Huawei: China’s
Controversial Tech Giant,” CFR, 6 August 2020, https://www.cfr.org/
backgrounder/huawei-chinas-controversial-tech-giant
22
Ibid
23
Ibid
24
“Battle for 5G+ and 6G supremacy begins in the Trans-Pacific,”
Verdict, 26 February 2021, https://www.verdict.co.uk/5g-5g-6g-trans-
pacific/
25
Ibid
26
Tim Childers, “China Has Launched the World’s First 6G
Satellite. We Don’t Even Know What 6G Is Yet,” Populer Mechanics,
20 November 2020, https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/
satellites/a34739258/china-launches-first-6g-satellite/
27
Li Xuanmin, “China aims to commercialize 6G by 2030: white
paper,” Global Times, 6 June 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/
page/202106/1225478.shtml
28
Juan Pedro Thomas, “China accounts for over 40% of 6G patents:
report,” rcrwireless.com, September 23, 2021, https://www.rcrwireless.
com/20210923/wireless/china-accounts-over-40-6g-patents-report
29
Ibid
30
Dashveenjit Kaur, “Huawei leads China to dominate 6G race
against US & Japan,” techwireasia.com, 21 September 2021, https://
techwireasia.com/2021/09/huawei-is-charged-to-have-china-at-the-
forefront-of-the-6g-race-against-us-japan/
31
Thomas, op cit
32
“What are rare earth elements, and why are they important?”
American Geosiences, https://www.americangeosciences.org/
critical-issues/faq/what-are-rare-earth-elements-and-why-are-they-
important
33
Nicholas L. Hunnewell, “China’s Control of Rare Earth Metals,”
37
John Xie, “Studies Reveal China’s Dominant Position in High-Tech
Minerals,” VOA News, May 30, 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/
east-asia-pacific_voa-news-china_studies-reveal-chinas-dominant-
position-high-tech-minerals/6206341.html
38
Stew Magnuson, “China Maintains Dominance in Rare Earth
Production,” National Defense Magazine, September 8, 2021, https://
www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/9/8/china-
maintains-dominance-in-rare-earth-production
39
“Semiconductors and the U.S.-China Innovation Race,” Foreign
Policy, February 16, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/02/16/
semiconductors-us-china-taiwan-technology-innovation-
competition/
40
Ibid
41
Ibid
42
Amar Diwakar, “’Chips War’: US, China and the battle for
superconductor supremacy,” TRT World, 16 March 2021, https://
www.trtworld.com/magazine/chip-wars-us-china-and-the-battle-for-
semiconductor-supremacy-45052
43
Ibid
44
Sebastian Ko, “The US-China Battle for Superconductor
Supremacy: A Case Study on Technology Competition,” Fiscalnote.
Executive Institute, March 31, 2021, https://executiveinstitute.fiscalnote.
com/resources/us-china-battle-for-semiconductor-supremacy-case-
study-on-technology-competition/
45
Amy Borret, “US-China tensions over chips will decide global
technology leadership,” Technomonitor, 26 April 2021, https://
techmonitor.ai/policy/geopolitics/us-china-tensions-over-chips-
decide-global-technology-leadership
46
Lavender AU, “China is scrambling for semiconductor
supremacy,” Wired, 29 April 2021, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/
china-microchip-autonomy-huawei
47
Ibid
48
Ibid
49
Rikin Patel, “The race for semiconductor supremacy,” Pktfinance.
June 18, 2021, https://www.pktfinance.com/post/the-race-for-
semiconductor-supremacy
50
Ibid
51
Emel Akan, Semiconductors Key to US Supremacy in High-Tech
War,” The Epoch Times, 15 July 2021, https://www.theepochtimes.com/
semiconductors-key-to-us-supremacy-in-high-tech-war_3900030.html
52
Ibid
53
Ibid
54
Calum Chace, “Thucydides And The Dragon: Artificial Intelligence
And Sino-US Rivalry,” Forbes, June 30, 2020, https://www.forbes.com/
sites/calumchace/2020/06/30/thucydides-and-the-dragon-artificial-
intelligence-and-sino-us-rivalry/?sh=1d9c7c594fc1
55
Daitian Li, Tony W. Tong, Yangao Xiao, “Is China Emerging as
the Global Leader in AI?” Harvard Business Review, February 18, 2021,
https://hbr.org/2021/02/is-china-emerging-as-the-global-leader-in-ai
56
Ibid
57
Ibid
58
Akira Oikawa and Yuta Shimono, “China overtakes US in AI
research,” Nikkei, August 10, 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/
Datawatch/China-overtakes-US-in-AI-research
59
Eric Johansson, “Has China overtaken the West in AI? Former
Pentagon software chief says yes,” Verdict, October 11, 2021, https://
www.verdict.co.uk/pentagon-officers-says-china-is-overtaking-the-us-
on-ai-o/
60
Ibid
61
Ibid
62
Jan van der Made, “Rocky re-start for US-China relations as
superpowers swap punches,” rfi, 19 Maret 2021, https://www.rfi.fr/
en/international/20210319-rocky-re-start-for-us-china-relations-as-
superpowers-swap-punches
63
Elles Hauweling, “China’s new AI rulebook: Humans must remain
in control,” Verdict, October 4, 2021, https://www.verdict.co.uk/china-
ai-rulebook/
64
Anner Marie Slaughter and Emily Lawrence, Aspistrategist,
February 1, 2021, “The US and China must cooperate in space,” https://
www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-us-and-china-must-cooperate-in-space/
67
“China successfully lands Zhurong rover on Mars,” Physicsworld,
17 May 2021, https://physicsworld.com/a/china-successfully-lands-
zhurong-rover-on-mars
68
Semriti Malapaty, “China has landed its first rover on Mars —
here’s what happens next,” Nature, 15 May 2021, https://www.nature.
com/articles/d41586-021-01301-7
69
Jonathan Amos, “China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars,”
BBC, 15 May 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-envi
ronment-57122914
70
Chelsea Gohd,”China is gaining ground in space. Should the US
be concerned? Space.com, June 1, 2021, https://www.space.com/china-
space-advances-us-concerns
77
Joe Gould, ”China aims to weaponize space, says intel community
report,” Defense News, April 15, 2021, https://www.defensenews.com/
congress/2021/04/14/china-aims-to-weaponize-space-says-intel-
community-report/
78
Mandy Mayfield, “China’s Ambitious Space Programs Raise
Red Flags,” National Defense, July 2, 2021, https://www.national
defensemagazine.org/articles/2021/7/2/chinas-ambitious-space-
programs-raise-red-flags
79
Mike Wall, “China successfully tested hypersonic weapon in
August: report,” Space.com, October 19, 2021, https://www.space.com/
china-hypersonic-weapon-test-august
80
Ibid
81
Ibid
82
Luis Marinez, “China’s reported hypersonic weapon test raises
security concerns,” ABC News, 19 October 2021, https://abcnews.
go.com/Politics/chinas-reported-hypersonic-weapon-test-raises-
security-concerns/story?id=80653383
83
Ibid
84
Ramy Inocencio, “China’s reported hypersonic missile test “an
important surprise” for U.S.” CBS News, October 19, 2021, https://www.
cbsnews.com/news/china-hypersonic-missile-test-called-important-
surprise-for-us/
85
Patrick Tucker, “China’s Hypersonic Test Raises Questions About
US Missile Defense, Deterrence,” Defense One, October 19, 2021, https://
www.defenseone.com/technology/2021/10/chinas-hypersonic-test-
shows-us-needs-new-thinking-missile-defense-military-lawmakers-
say/186208/
86
“US hypersonic missile test fails after China’s ‘surprise’,
Tribune, October 22, 2021, https://tribune.com.pk/story/2325919/us-
hypersonic-missile-test-fails-after-chinas-surprise
87
Jeremy Cliffe, “What the race for hypersonic technology says
about the US-China arms rivalry,” New Statesman, October 23, 2021,
https://www.newstatesman.com/world/asia/china/2021/10/what-
the-race-for-hypersonic-technology-says-about-the-us-china-arms-
rivalry
88
Ibid
89
Andrew Kitson dan Kenny Liew, “China Doubles Down on Its
Digital Silk Road,” CSIS, 14 Nopember 2021, https://reconasia.csis.org/
china-doubles-down-its-digital-silk-road/
90
Ibid
95
Patric Tucker, “How China’s Digital Silk Road Is Leading
Countries Away from the United States
a IISS report finds,” Defense One, 22 Pebruari 2021, https://www.
defenseone.com/technology/2021/02/how-chinas-digital-silk-road-
leading-countries-away-united-states/172219/
96
Ibid
97
Jonathan E. Hilman, “Mapping Chinese Digital Silk Road,” CSIS,
19 Oktober 2021, https://reconasia.csis.org/mapping-chinas-digital-
silk-road/
98
Ibid
99
Ibid
100
Toru Tsuna Shima, “In 165 countries, China’s Beidou eclipses
American GPS,” Nikkei, 25 Nopember 2020, https://asia.nikkei.com/
Spotlight/Century-of-Data/In-165-countries-China-s-Beidou-eclipses-
American-GPS
101
Arjun Kharpal, “First 100 days: Biden keeps Trump-era sanctions
in tech battle with China, looks to friends for help,” CNBC, 28 April
2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/29/biden-100-days-china-tech-
battle-sees-sanctions-remain-alliances-made.html
102
Ibid
103
Ibid
104
Ibid
105
Mark Scott and Jacopo Barigazzi, “US and Europe to forge tech
alliance amid China’s rise,” Politico, 9 Juni 2021, https://www.politico.
eu/article/eu-us-trade-tech-council-joe-biden-china/
106
Janosch Delcker, “Wary of China, US and EU forge alliance on
technology,” DW, 28 September 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/wary-
of-china-us-and-eu-forge-alliance-on-technology/a-59326165
107
Tyson Barker, “With all eyes on the Indo-Pacific, a burgeoning
tech alliance is taking shape in the Euro-Atlantic, Techcrunch, 15
Nopember 2021, https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/14/with-all-eyes-
on-the-indo-pacific-a-burgeoning-tech-alliance-is-taking-shape-in-the-
euro-atlantic/
108
“US Senate passes sweeping Bill to address China tech threat,”
Channel News Asia, 9 Juni 2021, https://www.channelnewsasia.
com/world/us-senate-passes-bill-china-tech-threat-biden-strike-
force-1844341
109
“China could beat US in AI, 5G, quantum computing: Harvard
report,” 8 Desember 2021, https://www.theweek.in/news/sci-
tech/2021/12/08/china-could-beat-us-in-ai-5g-quantum-computing-
harvard-report.html
110
Ibid
115
Stew Magnuson, “The Quad: Creating A Defense Tech Alliance
to Stand Against China,” National Defense Magazine, 7 Desember 2021,
https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/12/7/
creating-a-defense-tech-alliance-to-stand-against-china
116
Matt Henry and Matthew Carney, “China and the US are locked
in a superpower tech war to ‘win the 21st century’,” ABC, 8 Juli 2021,
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-08/trump-facebook-twitter-
china-us-superpower-tech-war/100273812
RIVALITAS DIPLOMASI
EKONOMI CHINA VS AS
R
ivalitas AS dan China dalam diplomasi ekonomi
tampaknya akan terus berlanjut semenjak perang
dagang tahun 2018 yang dilancarkan Donald Trump.
Sebagaimana dikatakan Biden bahwa dia tidak akan segera
menarik kembali kebijakan tarif yang dilancarkan Trump
karena AS harus tetap mempertahankan pengaruhnya
terhadap China.1 Pernyataan ini jelas menunjukkan bahwa
Biden sulit menghindarkan diri dari perang dagang. Dalam
kenyataan persaingan sengit dalam sektor perdagangan kedua
negara memang sulit dihindarkan. Apalagi kemampuan
ekonomi China saat ini membuat Amerika sebagai negara
adidaya merasa tertantang untuk melawan kekuatan global
ekonomi China yang terus menguat. Hal ini diperkuat prediksi
ekonomi global oleh IMF yang menyatakan bahwa ekonomi
China akan menjadi lokomotif pertumbuhan ekonomi global
1
James Mc. Bride, “After Trump What Will Biden do on Trade?,”
Council of Foreign Relations, 13 Januari 2021, https://www.cfr.org/in-
brief/after-trump-what-will-biden-do-trade
2
Alex Tanzil, “China’s growth set to drive global economy in
post-pandemic years,” business-standard,com, April 7, 2021, https://
www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-s-growth-
set-to-drive-global-economy-in-post-pandemic-years-121040700186_1.
html
3
“China Belt and Road Projects Value Now Exceeds US$4 Trillion,”
Silk Road Briefing, 16 September 2021, https://www.silkroadbriefing.
com/news/2020/11/25/china-belt-and-road-projects-value-now-
exceeds-us4-trillion/
4
Christoph Nedopil, ““Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative”;
Shanghai, Green Finance & Development Center, FISF Fudan University,
www.greenfdc.org
iseas-perspective/2021-39-the-belt-and-road-initiative-in-southeast-
asia-after-covid-19-chinas-energy-and-infrastructure-investments-in-
myanmar-by-kaho-yu/
7
Ibid
8
Albert Francis Park, Angela Tritto, Dini Sejko, “The Belt and Road
Initiative in ASEAN – Overview,” Institute For Emerging Market Studies,
12 Oktober 2021, https://iems.ust.hk/publications/reports/uob-bri-
overview
9
“China, ASEAN form comprehensive strategic partnership as
Xi chairs summit,” 22 Nopember 2021, http://english.www.gov.cn/
news/topnews/202111/22/content_WS619b8df5c6d0df57f98e54c6.
html
10
Ibid
11
Ibid
12
“BRI and South Asia – Achieving Global Connectivity,” SAT
Times, 1 Juli 2021, https://www.satimes.tv/bri-and-south-asia-
achieving-global-connectivity/
13
Ibid
14
Ibid
18
Ibid
19
Ibid
20
Mehwish Kayan, “BRI project thriving in Middle East,” Modern
Diplomacy, 15 April 2021, https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/04/05/
bri-project-thriving-in-middle-east/
21
Ibid
22
“The Middle East’s Role in China’s Digital Silk Road, “ The Mena
Catalysts, 7 Juli 2021, https://themenacatalysts.com/the-middle-easts-
role-in-chinas-digital-silk-road/
23
Ibid
24
Ibid
25
Ibid
26
Dale Aluf, “China’s interests in The Middle East: from barrels to
bytes,” Asia Times, 15 Oktober 2021, https://asiatimes.com/2021/10/
chinas-interest-in-the-middle-east-from-barrels-to-bytes/
27
Ibid
28
Ibid
33
Ibid
34
Victor Oluwole, “Here are the top 15 investors in Africa in the
last decade – report,” Business Insider, June 22, 2021, https://africa.
businessinsider.com/local/markets/here-are-the-top-15-investors-in-
africa-in-the-last-decade-report/62532rh
35
Pearl Risberg, “ The Give and Take of BRI, CSIS, 2021, https://
www.csis.org/give-and-take-bri-africa
36
Krystal Lee and Toheep Amuda, “BRI Initiative in Africa,”
Arbitration Blog, March 22, 2021, http://arbitrationblog.practicallaw.
com/bri-initiative-in-africa/
37
Nwachukwu Egbunike, “Belt and Road Initiative projects ramp
up Nigeria’s favourable perception of China,” Global Voices, June 7,
2021, https://globalvoices.org/2021/06/07/belt-and-road-initiative-
projects-ramp-up-nigerias-favourable-perception-of-china/
38
Ibid
39
“Kenya remains a key ally to China’s BRI implementation
in Africa,” trademarkea, 2020, https://www.trademarkea.com/
news/kenya-remains-a-key-ally-to-chinas-bri-implementation-in-
africa/
40
Candice S. Newcomb, “The Impacts of Chinese Investment on the
Kenyan Economy,” A Theses, 2020, Chapman University.
41
Ibid
42
Shirley Ze Yu, “Three reasons why Africa’s digital future is deeply
intertwined with China,” LSE, March 1, 2021, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/
africaatlse/2021/03/01/three-reasons-why-africas-digital-future-is-
deeply-intertwined-with-china/
43
Ibid
44
Brian Gicheru Kinyua, “How China is Winning the Subsea
Internet Cable Competition in Africa,” Maritime Executive, March 22,
2021, https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/how-china-is-
winning-the-subsea-internet-cable-competition-in-africa
45
Ibid
46
Andrew Hutchinson, “Facebook Announces Expansion of 2Africa
Subsea Cable Project to Connect the Next Billion Users,” Social Media
Today, September 28, 2021, https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/
facebook-announces-expansion-of-2africa-subsea-cable-project-to-
connect-the/607328/
47
Aanu Adeoye and Idris Mukhtar, “China’s influence in Africa
grows as more young people learn to speak Mandarin,” CNN, April
11, 2019, https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/mandarin-language-
courses-africa-intl/index.html
48
Ibid
49
Susie Berya, “Is Mandarin Chinese the language of East
Africa’s future?” Global Voice, July 23, 2021, https://globalvoices.
org/2019/07/23/is-mandarin-chinese-the-language-of-east-africas-
future/
50
Ibid
51
Ibid
52
“Chinese Mandarin in African Schools – Neo-Colonialism or
Developmental Relationship?” Future Africa Forum, January 20, 2020,
http://futureafricaforum.org/2020/01/20/chinese-mandarinin-
african-schools-neo-colonialism-or-developmental-relation
ship/
53
David Sacks,”China’s Huawei is Winning the 5G Race. Here
is What the United States Should Do to Respond,” Council on Foreign
Relations, March 29, 2021, https://www.cfr.org/blog/china-huawei-
5g
54
Ibid
55
“Kenya dismisses US in Chinese 5G spy claims,” Business Daily
Africa, March 29, 2021, https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/
economy/kenya-dismisses-us-chinese-5g-spy-claims-333999
56
Carlos Mureithi,”Kenya becomes the second African country
to roll out 5G,” Quartz, July 12, 2021, https://qz.com/africa/1990724/
kenya-becomes-the-second-african-country-to-launch-5g/
57
Luke Argue, “Big Investment Or Big Brother: How China’s 5G
Dominance In Africa Will Enable Chinese Monitoring Of African Internet
Traffic,” The Dark Wire, June 24, 2021, https://thedarkwire.com/big-
investment-or-big-brother-how-chinas-5g-dominance-in-africa-will-
enable-chinese-monitoring-of-african-internet-traffic/
58
“French Orange to rollout Huawei 5G gear in Africa,” Global Times,
June 30, 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202106/1227508.
shtml
59
Melissa Govender, ”The West looks on as Africa opts for China’s
Digital Silk Road programme,” Business Live, July 18, 2021, https://
www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2021-07-18-the-west-looks-on-as-
africa-opts-for-chinas-digital-silk-road-programme
60
Ibid
61
“Chinese tech, ignored by the West is taking over Africa’s
63
Ibid
64
“China will work with Africa to formulate and implement a
China-Africa Partnership Plan on Digital Innovation,” Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, August 27, 2021, https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgauchm/eng/
sghd_1/t1902526.htm
65
“Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin’s Regular Press
Conference on September 8, 2021,” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, September
8, 2021, https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceba//eng/fyrth/t1905597.
htm
66
Margaret Myers, “China’s Quite Play for Latin America,”
Noemamag, 14 January 2021, https://www.noemamag.com/chinas-
quiet-play-for-latin-america/
67
Ibid
68
Dr. R. Evan Ellis, “Why China’s Advance in Latin America
Matters,’’ National Defense Magazine, 27 Januari 2021, https://www.
nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2021/1/27/viewpoint-why-
chinas-advance-in-latin-america-matters
69
Dan Southerland, “Arms, Iron Ore and Electricity Boost Chinese
Influence in Latin America,” Radio Free Asia, , 25 Juni 2021, https://www.
rfa.org/english/commentaries/china-latinamerica-06252021173944.
html
70
Ibid
71
Ibid
72
Ryan C. Berg and Thiago de Aragao, “Is Latin America Important
to China’s Foreign Policy?” CSIS, 9 September 2021, https://www.csis.
org/analysis/latin-america-important-chinas-foreign-policy
73
Ibid
74
Ibid
75
Ken Dilanian, Joel Seidman and Gabriel Sanchez, “A project in
El Salvador shows how China is exerting growing power in America’s
backyard,” NBC News, 4 September 2021, https://www.nbcnews.
com/politics/national-security/project-el-salvador-shows-how-china-
exerting-growing-power-america-n1278464
https://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/the-us-china-trade-
relationship-during-the-biden-administration/
79
Audie Cornish and Maureen Pao, “Commerce Secretary Gina
Raimondo: U.S. Devising Strategy To Push Back On China,” npr.
org, March 25, 2021, https://www.npr.org/2021/03/25/981361174/
commerce-secretary-gina-raimondo-u-s-devising-strategy-to-push-
back-on-china
80
Yan Liang, “Commentary: Why hasn’t US President Joe Biden
ended the tariff war with China?” channelnewsasia.com, July 6, 2021,
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/us-china-trade-war-
deficit-economy-jobs-goods-phase-one-tech-1989371
81
Ryan Hass and Abraham Denmark, “More pain than gain: How the
US-China trade war hurt America,” brookings.edu, August 7, 2021, https://
www.brookings.edu/1blog/order-from-chaos/2020/08/07/more-
pain-than-gain-how-the-us-china-trade-war-hurt-america/
82
Liang, op cit,
89
Ibid
90
“The People’s Republic of China,” https://ustr.gov/countries-
regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china
91
Josh Lederman, Dan De Luce, Mike Memoli, ”Biden carries Trump’s
hard line toward Beijing to coming summits,” nbc.news, October 24,
2021, https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-carries-
trump-s-hard-line-toward-beijing-coming-summits-n1282229
92
Gavin Bade,” White House debates to delay Biden’s plan
for tariffs on key Chinese industries,” Politico, October 29, 2021,
https://www.politico.com/news/2021/10/29/white-house-tariffs-
china-517727
93
Rick Newman, “Biden’s plans to cool Trump’s trade war with
China,” yahoo.com, October 6, 2021, https://finance.yahoo.com/
news/bidens-plans-to-cool-trumps-trade-war-with-china-192404668.
html
94
Bade, op cit
95
Evelyn Cheng, “Xi says China is ready to work with U.S. on
condition of ‘mutual respect’, CNBC, November 10, 2021, https://www.
cnbc.com/2021/11/10/biden-meeting-looms-chinas-xi-ready-to-work-
conditionally-with-us.html
96
David Culver, Yong Xiong, and Nectar Gun, “Xi says China is
ready to work with US as Biden meeting planned for next week, source
says,” CNN, November 11, 2021, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/10/
china/xi-biden-china-us-virtual-meeting-intl-hnk/index.html
97
Patsy Widakuswara, “Biden Signals New Tone on US-Africa
Relations,” VOA News, February 6, 2021, https://www.voanews.
com/a/africa_biden-signals-new-tone-us-africa-relations/6201689.
html
98
Ibid
99
Ibid
100
Aubrey Hruby, “Priorities for US-Africa commercial policy in
the Biden Administration,” The Atlantic Council, 19 April 2021, https://
www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/priorities-
for-us-africa-commercial-policy-in-the-biden-administration/
101
Adva Saldinger, “Biden administration launches reboot of
Prosper Africa initiative,” Devex, 29 Juli 2021, https://www.devex.
com/news/biden-administration-launches-reboot-of-prosper-africa-
initiative-100490
102
Linda Calabrese, “Making the Belt and Road Initiative work for
Africa,” ODI, October 15, 2021, https://odi.org/en/insights/making-
the-belt-and-road-initiative-work-for-africa/
103
David Sacks, “Countries in China’s Belt and Road Initiative:
Who’s In And Who’s Out, Council on Foreign Relations, 24 Maret 2021,
https://www.cfr.org/blog/countries-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-
whos-and-whos-out
104
John Hudson, “Blinken lays out U.S. policy toward Africa and
deliberately avoids mentioning China,” Washington Post, 19 Nopember
2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/us-africa-
policy-biden-administration/2021/11/19/cc11c95c-4933-11ec-95dc-
5f2a96e00fa3_story.html
105
Ibid
106
Ibid
107
Jordan Link, “5 Things U.S. Policymakers Must Understand About
China-Africa Relations,” American Progress, 5 Oktober 2021, https://www.
americanprogress.org/article/5-things-u-s-policymakers-must-understand-
china-africa-relations/
108
Ibid
109
Tim Padget, “Biden Wants To Stand Up To China. That Will Mean
Standing Taller In Latin America,” WLRN, 2 September 2021, https://
www.wlrn.org/commentary/2021-09-02/biden-wants-to-stand-up-to-
china-that-will-mean-standing-taller-in-latin-america
110
Jennifer JacobsBloomberg, “Biden mulls US rival to China’s Belt
& Road in Latin America,” Al Jazeera, 27 September 2021, https://www.
aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/27/biden-mulls-us-rival-to-chinas-
belt-road-in-latin-america
111
Ibid
112
Ibid
RIVALITAS AS VS CHINA
DI LAUT CHINA SELATAN
L
aut China Selatan (LCS) merupakan kawasan rivalitas
AS vs China yang terus berkembang hingga kini.
Kedua pihak belum menunjukkan tanda-tanda akan
mengakhiriya bahkan cenderung berusaha meningkatkan
intensitas rivalitas tersebut. Rivalitas tersebut disebabkan
oleh klaim China atas kawasan Laut China Selatan yang
menimbulkan pertikaian dengan negara-negara yang ber
tetangga dengan kawasan Laut China Selatan. Disamping
klaim China atas kawasan Laut China Selatan, China juga
secara terbuka melakukan pembangunan di beberapa pulau
bahkan meningkatkan aktfitas militer dikawasan tersebut
yang mengundang campur tangan negara-negara diluar
kawasan tersebut.
Laut China Selatan menjadi pusat persengketaan an
tara negara di kawasan tersebut karena kawasan tersebut
kaya dengan sumber daya alam yang sebagian besar belum
ditambang. Terdapat tidak kurang dari 11 milyar barrel
minyak, 190 triliun kaki gas alam, 40% gas alam cair glonal,
1
Akshob Giridharadas, “The South China Sea Reveals China’s
Grand Strategy,” National Interest, July 1, 2021, https://nationalinterest.
org/blog/buzz/south-china-sea-reveals-china%E2%80%99s-grand-
strategy-188968
2
Oriana Skylar Mastro,”How China is bending the rules in the South
China Sea, Lowy Institute, February 17, 2021, https://www.lowyinstitute.org/
the-interpreter/how-china-bending-rules-south-china-sea
3
Giridharadas, opcit
4
Ibid
5
Ibid
6
Oriana Skylar Mastro, “What are Chinese leaders saying about
the South China Sea?” Lowy Institute, February 24, 2021, https://www.
lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/what-are-china-s-leaders-saying-
about-south-china-sea
7
Chen Zinan, “Biden’s New Approach to South China Sea,” China-
US Focus, May 8, 2021, https://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/
bidens-new-approach-to-south-china-sea
8
Ibid
9
“South China Sea dispute: China’s pursuit of resources ‘unlawful’,
says US,” bbc.com, July 14, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-
us-canada-53397673
10
Ibid
11
Carla Babb, “China Launches 4 Missiles into South China Sea,”
VOA News, August 27, 2020, https://www.voanews.com/a/usa_china-
launches-4-missiles-south-china-sea/6195069.html
12
Ibid
13
Ibid
14
Ralp Jennings, “Why China Plans to Place Its Super Offshore Oil
Rig in a Disputed Sea,” VOA News, January 25, 2021, https://www.
voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_why-china-plans-place-its-super-
offshore-oil-rig-disputed-sea/6201166.html
15
Ralp Jennings, “Maritime Law Expected to Give Beijing an Edge
in South China Sea Legal Disputes, VOA News, March 15, 2021, https://
www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_voa-news-china_maritime-
law-expected-give-beijing-edge-south-china-sea-legal/6203313.
html
16
“China military ‘drove away’ US warship in South China Sea,”
Aljazeera, July 12, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/12/
china-military-drove-away-us-warship-in-south-china-sea
17
Ibid
21
Jamie Saidel,”China launches live fire drills as Australia joins
The Quad allies for Malabar war games,” news.com.au, August 30, 2021,
https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/military/china-
launches-livefire-drills-as-australia-joins-the-quad-allies-for-malabar-
war-games/news-story/083117e7d4d7f210e5527bc1a6258e9b
22
Ibid
23
Ibid
24
Jamie Saidel, “China puts its military on ‘alert’ as US carrier
prowls the South China Sea,” news.com.au, September 12, 2021, https://
www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/military/china-puts-its-
military-on-alert-as-us-carrier-prowls-the-south-china-sea/news-story/
b9f42978ac9a85f8d023de81d6a31380
Pembentukan AUKUS
Dinamika persengketaan Laut China Selatan semakin
panas ketika Amerika, Inggris dan Australia sepakat untuk
membentuk aliansi keamanan trilateral yang disingkat
AUKUS. Aliansi keamanan baru ini sepakat untuk mem
fasilitasi Australia dengan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir yang
tampakya untuk mengimbangi agresifitas China. Walaupun
ketiga negara sama sekali tidak menyebut China sebagai
target utama dari aliansi keamanan tersebut.26 Melalui juru
bicara Kementerian Luar Negerinya China mengutuk aliansi
baru tersebut sebagai ancaman yang tidak bertanggung-
jawab. Mereka merusak keamanan dan stabilitas regional,
meningkatkan intensitas perlombaan senjata dan merusak
upaya pencegahan senjata nuklir. Sedangkan juru bicara
Kedutaan Besar China di Washington menyatakan bahwa
ketiga negara berusaha menghidupkan kembali mentalitas
perang dingin.27
John Mearsheimer, seorang pakar ilmu hubungan inter
25
Ibid
26
“US, UK and Australia agree new Indo-Pacific security
pact,” Al Jazeera, September 22, 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2021/9/15/uk-and-us-to-help-australia-acquire-nuclear-
powered-submarines
27
Ibid
28
Rodion Ebbighausen, “Mearsheimer: The US won’t tolerate China
as peer competitor,” 23 September 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/
chinas-rise-and-conflict-with-us/a-55026173
29
Ibid
30
William Yung, “Kevin Rudd: ‘We need to understand
China’s global strategy’” dw.com, 24 September 2021, https://www.
dw.com/en/kevin-rudd-we-need-to-understand-chinas-global-
strategy/a-55038251
31
Ibid
32
Valerie Niquet and Marianne Peron-Doise, “AUKUS and
Submarines: The Fallout for France,” The Diplomat, September 18, 2021,
https://thediplomat.com/2021/09/aukus-and-submarines-the-fallout-
for-france/
33
Ibid
34
Alex Therrien, “Aukus: France pulls out of UK defence talks amid
Tanggapan ASEAN
Munculnya AUKUS di kawasan Indo Pacifik sedikit
banyak menimbulkan pertanyaan dikalangan pemimpin
ASEAN. Sejak berakhirnya Perang Dingin di awal 1990-an
ASEAN telah memainkan peran cukup menonjol di kawasan
Asia. Pertemuan East Asia Summit, ASEAN Regional Forum,
ASEAN Plus Three, dan terakhir RCEP telah memberi kesem
patan ASEAN untuk mengembangkan kepemimpinan diplo
masi di kawasan ASEAN dan memberinya kesempatan
untuk melibatkan negara-negara besar dalam berbagai forum
39
Katharine Murphy, “Macron accuses Australian PM of lying
over submarine deal,” The Guardian, October 31, 2021, https://www.
theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/31/macron-accuses-australian-pm-
of-lying-over-submarine-deal
40
Ibid
41
James Chin, “Why is southeast Asia so concerned about AUKUS
and Australia’s plans for nuclear submarines?” The Conversation,
September 20, 2021, https://theconversation.com/why-is-southeast-
asia-so-concerned-about-aukus-and-australias-plans-for-nuclear-
submarines-168260
42
“Taiwan ‘on alert’ after record 56 Chinese planes enter
ADIZ,” Aljazeera, 4 October 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2021/10/4/china-flies-56-aircraft-near-taiwan-in-latest-record-
incursion
43
Max Walden and Joyce Cheng, “Why China sent a record
number of fighter jets and nuclear-capable bombers into Taiwan’s
identification zone,” abc.net.au, 4 October 2021, https://www.abc.
net.au/news/2021-10-04/china-taiwan-national-day-warplanes-
explainer/100511702
44
Ramy Inocencio, “Taiwan “very concerned that China is going
to launch a war” to take over, foreign minister says, cbs.news, October
5, 2021, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/taiwan-china-war-us-
warning-record-number-chinese-military-flights/
45
Scott Neuman, “Taiwan says tensions with China are at
their worst in 4 decades, npr, October 6, 2021, https://www.npr.
org/2021/10/06/1043640597/china-taiwan-tensions-us-aircraft-
defense-military
46
Ibid
47
Ibid
49
Carla Freeman and Adrew Scobell, “What’s Next for U.S.-China
Relations Amid Rising Tensions Over Taiwan, usip.org, October 9, 2021,
https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/10/whats-next-us-china-
relations-amid-rising-tensions-over-taiwan
50
“Taiwan scrambles jets as Chinese air force enters air defence
zone,” swissinfo.ch, October 31,2021, https://www.swissinfo.ch/
eng/taiwan-scrambles-jets-as-chinese-air-force-enters-air-defence-
zone/47072414
51
“Yes’: Biden says US would defend Taiwan against
China,” Al Jazeera, 22 Oktober 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2021/10/22/yes-biden-says-us-would-defend-taiwan-against-
china
52
Ibid
53
“China says ‘no room’ for concessions over Taiwan after Biden
commits to defending island,” France24, 22 Oktober 2021, https://
www.france24.com/en/americas/20211022-biden-says-yes-us-would-
defend-taiwan-against-china
54
“Biden-Xi talks: China warns US about ‘playing with fire’ on
Taiwan,” BBC, 16 Nopember 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/
world-asia-china-59301167
55
Ibid
56
Julian Border, “Biden-Xi virtual summit: leaders warn each other
over future of Taiwan,” The Guardian, 16 Nopember 2021, https://www.
theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/16/xi-biden-virtual-summit-us-
china-conflict-taiwan-hong-kong
57
Ibid
article/does-taiwan-have-right-self-defense
61
Ibid
62
Ibid
DIPLOMASI VAKSIN
CHINA VS AS
P
andemi covid-19 dimulai dengan ditemukannya virus
mematikan yang pertama kali meledak di Wuhan,
China, pada Desember 2020 yang kemudian dengan
cepat menyebar ke berbagai negara. Luasnya cakupan
geografi dari penyebaran virus membuat WHO pada bulan
Maret 2020 menyebut gejala virus global ini sebagai pandemi.
Penyebaran virus yang berlangsung ditengah perang dagang
Amerika vs China dimanfaatkan Presiden Trump untuk
mengkambing hitamkan China. Trump dan beberapa pejabat
pemerintah Amerika menyebut pandemi ini sebagai virus
Wuhan atau virus China.1 Trump bahkan menuduh WHO
sebagai “wayang China” karena membiarkan covid-19 menye
bar keseluruh dunia. Pemerintah China menanggapi tuduhan
politisi Amerika ini dengan meminta Amerika untuk berhenti
1
Mari Webel, “Calling Covid-19 a ‘Chinese virus’ is wrong and
dangerous-the pandemic is global,” The Conversation, March 25, 2020,
https://theconversation.com/calling-covid-19-a-chinese-virus-is-
wrong-and-dangerous-the-pandemic-is-global-134307
2
Coronavirus: China accuses US of spreading conspiracies,”
BBC, March 24, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-
china-52790634
3
Chad P. Bown, “COVID-19: China’s exports of medical supplies
provide a ray of hope, PIIE, March 26, 2020, https://www.piie.com/
blogs/trade-and-investment-policy-watch/covid-19-chinas-exports-
medical-supplies-provide-ray-hope
4
Lukasz Kobierski, “Belt and Road in the fight against COVID-19,”
Warsawinstitute, 22 June 2020, https://warsawinstitute.org/belt-road-
fight-covid-19/
26
Cliff Venson, “Philippines starts COVID vaccinations, courtesy
of China,” Nikkei, 1 March 2021, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/
Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/Philippines-starts-COVID-vaccinations-
courtesy-of-China
27
Devina Halim, “Philipines gets 500.000 more vaccine doses
from China,” AA, 29 April 2021, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/
asia-pacific/philippines-gets-500-000-more-vaccine-doses-from-
china/2224411
28
“Philippines seeking more Chinese vaccines, not returning them:
ambassador,” Global Times, 10 May 2021, https://www.globaltimes.cn/
page/202105/1223027.shtml
29
“Number of coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine doses that arrived
china/a-56467728
43
“China’s Distribution of Covid-19 Vaccination in Africa,” Borgen
Project, 3 Juni 2021, https://borgenproject.org/covid-19-vaccinations-
in-africa/
44
Veda Vaidyanathan, “China Is Manufacturing Vaccines in
Africa. The Quad Should Too,” The Diplomat, 5 Oktober 2021, https://
thediplomat.com/2021/10/china-is-manufacturing-vaccines-in-africa-
the-quad-should-too/
45
Ibid
46
“Xi Pledges a Billion More Vaccines for Africa in Wake of
Omicron,” Bloomberg, 30 Nopember 2021, https://www.bloomberg.
com/news/articles/2021-11-29/china-s-xi-pledges-additional-1-billion-
vaccine-doses-to-africa
47
Ibid
48
“China’s Xi promises 1bn COVID-19 vaccine doses to
Africa,” Aljazeera, 29 Nopember 2021, https://www.aljazeera.com/
news/2021/11/29/chinas-xi-promises-1-billion-covid-19-vaccine-
doses-to-africa
49
Ibid
50
Ibid
51
Josh Rogin, “Opinion: The United States can’t ignore China’s
vaccine diplomacy in Latin America,” The Washington Post, 22 April
2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/
the-united-states-cant-ignore-chinas-vaccine-diplomacy-in-latin-
america/2021/04/22/64f7f12c-a390-11eb-a774-7b47ceb36ee8_story.
html
52
Ibid
53
Ibid
54
Ibid
55
Ibid
56
Oliver Stuenkel, “Vaccine Diplomacy Boosts China’s Standing
in Latin America,” Foreign Policy, 11 Juni 2021, https://foreignpolicy.
com/ 2 0 2 1 / 0 6 / 1 1 /v a cc i n e -d i p l o m a cy -b o o s ts -c hina-in-latin-
america/
57
Elena Cossu, “Chinese vaccine diplomacy in Latin America could
change the international order,” The Loop, 8 Juli 2021, https://theloop.
ecpr.eu/chinese-vaccine-diplomacy-in-latin-america-could-change-the-
international-order/
58
Ibid
59
Lucie Keneip,”China’s Vaccine Diplomacy in Latin America,” The
Diplomat, 10 Agustus 2021, https://thediplomat.com/2021/08/chinas-
vaccine-diplomacy-in-latin-america/
60
Ibid
61
“China COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker,” Bridge Beijing, 29 Nopember
2021, https://bridgebeijing.com/our-publications/our-publications-1/
china-covid-19-vaccines-tracker/#China8217s_Vaccines_in_
Asia
62
Gregory B. Poling, “Vaccine Diplomacy Is Biden’s First Test
in Southeast Asia,” CSIS, January 28, 2021, https://www.csis.org/
analysis/vaccine-diplomacy-bidens-first-test-southeast-asia
63
Takashi Nakano and Kentaro Iwamoto, “ASEAN courts Biden as
China speeds ‘vaccine diplomacy’,” Nikkei, January 22, 2021, https://
asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Biden-s-Asia-policy/
ASEAN-courts-Biden-as-China-speeds-vaccine-diplomacy
68
Zeke Miller, “Biden Announces International COVID-19
Vaccine Sharing Plan,” The Diplomat, June 4, 2021, https://thediplomat.
com/2021/06/biden-announces-international-covid-19-vaccine-
sharing-plan/
69
“Tambahan 1,5 Juta Dosis Vaksin Moderna Yang Disumbangkan
AS Diterima Hari Ini,” US Embassy, 15 Juli 2021, https://id.usembassy.
gov/id/tambahan-15-juta-dosis-vaksin-moderna-yang-disumbangkan-
as-tiba-di-indonesia-hari-ini/
70
“United States Contribute 1 Million Pfizer Vaccine Doses to
Malaysia’s COVID-19 Response,” US Embassy, July 5, 2021, https://
my.usembassy.gov/united-states-contributes-1-million-pfizer-vaccine-
doses-to-malaysias-covid-19-response-050721/
71
“Two Million Doses of Moderna Vaccines Donated by USA
through the COVAX Facility Arrive in Viet Nam,” Unicef, July 9,
2021, https://www.unicef.org/vietnam/press-releases/two-million-
doses-moderna-vaccines-donated-usa-through-covax-facility-arrive-
viet
72
“Over 1 million Covid-19 vaccines donated by United States
through COVAX facility arrive in Laos,” The Star, 18 July 2021, https://
www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2021/07/18/over-
1-million-covid-19-vaccines-donated-by-united-states-through-covax-
facility-arrive-in-laos
73
Sofia Tomacruz, “PH to receive 3 million J & J vaccine doses
donated by US in July,” Rappler, July 8, 2021, https://www.rappler.
com/nation/philippines-to-receive-johnson-johnson-vaccine-doses-
united-states-july-2021
74
Sofia Tomacruz, “Philipines gets 1.6 more J & J vaccine doses
from US,” Rappler, July 17, 2021, https://www.rappler.com/nation/
philippines-gets-united-states-donated-johnson-johnson-covid-19-
doses-july-17-2021
75
Zeke Miller, “US to swiftly boost global vaccine sharing,
Biden annouces,” AP News, 4 Juni 2021, https://apnews.com/
article/biden-announces-international-covid-vaccine-sharing-plan-
cc4630f1d45b379c573c55a2042026e0
83
Greek Weeks, “U.S. vaccine diplomacy in Latin America is
failing,” The Global Americans, 27 Mei 2021, https://theglobalamericans.
org/2021/05/u-s-vaccine-diplomacy-failing/
84
Ibid
85
Ibid
86
Narissa Fraser, “US to donate covid19 vaccines to Latin
America, Caribbean,” Newsday, 3 Juni 2021, https://newsday.
co.tt/2021/06/03/us-to-donate-covid19-vaccines-to-latin-america-and-
the-caribbean/
87
Kate Sullivan, “US to send millions of Covid-19 vaccines to Latin
America,” CNN, 7 Juli 2021, https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/07/
politics/us-latin-america-covid-vaccines/index.html
88
Fin Gomez, “U.S. to send 3.5 million Moderna doses to Argentina,
biggest vaccine shipment yet to Latin America,” CBS News, 16 Juli 2021,
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/biden-administration-sending-
moderna-vaccines-to-argentina/
89
Ibid
90
“US sends nearly 1 million COVID vaccine doses to Caribbean
nations,” Bangor Daily News, 11 Agustus 2021, https://bangordailynews.
com/2021/08/11/news/world-news/us-sends-nearly-1-million-covid-
vaccine-doses-to-caribbean-nations/
RIVALITAS MILITER
AS VS CHINA
K
enaikan anggaran militer tidak dapat dilepaskan dari
peningkatan kemampuan ekonomi sebuah bangsa.
Ketika sebuah bangsa memasuki masa kemakmuran
kebutuhan untuk meningkatkan anggaran belanja militer pun
terjadi sebagai konsekwensi keinginan untuk melindungi
keamanan dan kemakmuran bangsa bersangkutan. Namun
beberapa negara meningkatkan anggaran belanja militernya
sedemikian rupa sehingga melampaui kebutuhan untuk
melindungi warganya dari serangan musuh. Persiangan ke
naikan anggaran belanja militer ini besar-besar antara AS dan
China lebih mencerminkan tumbuhnya rivalitas militer kedua
negara.
Berdasarkan laporan SIPRI (Stockholm International
Peace Research Institute) 2021 AS dan China merupakan dua
negara paling besar anggaran militernya. Sepanjang tahun
2020 AS telah mengeluarkan anggaran militer sebesar 778
milyar dolar AS. Jumlah anggaran ini naik sebanyak 4% dari
1
“World military spending rises to almost $2 trillion in 2020,” SIPRI,
26 April 2021, https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2021/
world-military-spending-rises-almost-2-trillion-2020
2
Ibid
3
John Grady, “Panel: Many U.S. Defense Spending Trends Based on
What’s Happening in China, Russia,” 26 USNI, Pebruari 2021, https://
news.usni.org/2021/02/26/panel-many-u-s-defense-spending-trends-
based-on-whats-happening-in-china-russia
4
Zhou Bo, “The Future of PLA,” Foreign Policy, 6 Agustus 2019,
https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/08/06/the-future-of-the-pla/
5
Ibid
6
Ibid
7
Ibid
8
Grace Shao, “China, the world’s second largest defense spender,
becomes a major arms exporter,” CNBC, 26 September 2019, https://
www.cnbc.com/2019/09/27/china-a-top-defense-spender-becomes-
major-arms-exporter.html
9
“How Dominant is China in the Global Arms Trade?” CSIS,
27 Mei 2021, https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-
trade/
10
Ibid
11
Ibid
12
Ibid
13
April Herlevi, “China as a Niche Arms Exporter,” CNA, 31
Agustus 2021, https://www.cna.org/news/InDepth/2021/08/china-
as-a-niche-arms-exporter
14
Ibid
15
Matthew P. Funaiole, Brian Hart, Bonnie S. Glaser, Bonie Chan,
“Understanding China’s 2021 Defense Budget,” CSIS,5 Maret 2021,
https://www.csis.org/analysis/understanding-chinas-2021-defense-
2021, https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/11/10/chi
nese-army-ai-defense-contracts-520445
20
Ibid
21
Aaron Parsley, “Pentagon Report Assesses China’s Military
Might: Hypersonic Missiles and 1,000 Nuclear Warheads by 2030,”
Yahoo, 5 Nopember 2021, https://news.yahoo.com/pentagon-report-
assesses-chinas-military-205401029.html
Ibid
22
Ibid
23
24
Mark Hibbs, “Military-Civil Fusion and China’s Nuclear Program,”
Carnegie Endowment, 10 Juni 2021, https://carnegieendowment.
org/2021/06/10/military-civil-fusion-and-china-s-nuclear-program-
pub-84749
25
Tong Zhao, “What’s Driving China’s Nuclear Buildup?”
Carnegie Endowment 5 Agustus 2021, https://carnegieendowment.
org/2021/08/05/what-s-driving-china-s-nuclear-buildup-
pub-85106
26
Ibid
27
Ibid
28
Paul Mclearly,”Pentagon predicts 5 times increase in China’s
nuclear weapons over next 10 years,” Politico, 3 Nopember 2021, https://
www.politico.com/news/2021/11/03/pentagon-china-nuclear-
weapons-519048
29
Ibid
30
Ellen Mitchell and Jordan Williams, “China triggers growing fears
for US military,” The Hill, 7 Nopember 2021, https://thehill.com/policy/
defense/580248-china-triggers-growing-fears-for-us-military
31
Ibid
Ibid
32
Ibid
33
34
John Mearsheimer, “The Inevitable Rivalry,” Foreign Affairs,
November/Desember 2021, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/
china/2021-10-19/inevitable-rivalry-cold-war?utm_medium=promo_
email&utm_source=lo_flows&utm_campaign=registered_user_
welcome&utm_term=email_1&utm_content=20211128
35
Ibid
36
Ibid
RIVALITAS IDEOLOGI
AS VS CHINA
R
ivalitas ideologi tak pelak lagi merupakan bagian tak
terpisahkan dari rivalitas AS vs China saat ini. Hal
itu tercermin dari perang narasi antara Biden dan X
Jinping, antara pejabat AS dan pejabat China, antara media
massa AS vs media pemerintah China.Perang narasi ini mulai
menghangat sejak Joe Biden memasuki Gedung Putih, bahkan
sejak masih dalam kampanye pemilihan presiden.
1
Alex Ward, “Joe Biden wants to prove democracy works
9
Hung Trun, “Is the US-China strateigic competition a cold war,”
The Atlantic Council, 21 April 2021, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/
blogs/new-atlanticist/is-the-us-china-strategic-competition-a-cold-
war/
10
Wright, Op Cit
11
Arha, Op Cit,
12
Jill Lawless, “Authoritarianism advances as world battles the
pandemic,” 15 Juli 2021, https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-busi
ness-health-religion-government-and-politics-a127151d7208b79c
02767b435355511d
13
Ibid
14
Rush Doshi, “The long game,” Brookings, 2 Agustus 2021, https://
www.brookings.edu/essay/the-long-game-chinas-grand-strategy-to-
displace-american-order/
15
Ibid
16
Evan Osnos, “The future of America’s Contest with China,”
Realcleardefense, 7 Januari 2020, https://www.realcleardefense.
com/2020/01/07/the_future_of_america039s_contest_with_
china_311529.html, dalam Doshi, “The long game,”
17
“China Will Never Seek Hegemony: Xi Jinping After Biden’s
“New Cold War” Reference,” NDTV, 22 September 2021, https://www.
ndtv.com/world-news/china-will-never-seek-hegemony-xi-jinping-
after-bidens-new-cold-war-reference-2549066
18
Edith M. Lederer, “China hopes Biden turns statement on no
Cold War into action,” The Washington Post, 28 September 2021, https://
www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-hopes-biden-turns-statement-
on-no-cold-war-into-action/2021/09/28/a987692e-20b0-11ec-a8d9-
0827a2a4b915_story.html
19
Paul Heer, “There Will Be a U.S.-China Cold War,” The Nastional
Interest, 3 Oktober 2021, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/there-
will-be-us-china-cold-war-194791
20
Ken Moritsugu, “China’s communists bash US democracy
before Biden summit,” ABC News, 4 Desember 2021, https://abcnews.
go.com/US/wireStory/chinas-communists-bash-us-democracy-biden-
summit-81553342
21
Ibid
22
Vincent Ni, “China attacks ‘US-style democracy’ prior to Biden
summit,” The Guardian, 6 Desember 2021, https://www.theguardian.
com/world/2021/dec/06/china-attacks-us-style-democracy-prior-to-
biden-summit
23
“Weapon Of Mass Destruction...”: China Slams US After Biden’s
Summit,” NDTV, 11 Desember 2021, https://www.ndtv.com/world-
news/china-slams-us-after-biden-democracy-summit-weapon-of-mass-
destruction-2646315
24
Zack Beauchamp, “The biggest threat to democracy isn’t coming
from China. It’s coming from within,” Vox, 28 Juli 2021, https://www.
vox.com/policy-and-politics/22590777/biden-china-democracy-
voting-india-doctrine
29
Tomasz Kamusella, “How China combined authoritarianism with
capitalism to create a new communism,” The Conversation 26 Oktober 2021,
https://theconversation.com/how-china-combined-authoritarianism-
with-capitalism-to-create-a-new-communism-167586
30
Ibid
I
su yang menjadi bahasan utama buku ini adalah
bagaimana bentuk hubungan AS dan China di tahun
pertama era Joe Biden. Joe Biden membuka tahun pertama
pemerintahannya dengan menabuh genderang perang
melawan kebangkitan China yang bagi AS tampaknya
semakin sulit dikendalikan. Harapan AS bahwa China,
yang sangat berhasil mengelola perekonomianya dengan
menerapkan sistem kapitalisme ala China, akan berubah
menjadi pemerintahan yang semakin terbuka dan demokratis
ternyata tidak lebih dari harapan kosong yang tidak pernah
terwujud. Dalam kenyataan China justru semakin otoriter dan
represif. Bahkan kini China semakin agresif menunjukkan jati
dirinya sebagai pesaing utama AS yang semakin tidak bisa
lagi dipandang enteng.
Meningkatnya kemampuan ekonomi China sebagaimana
tercermin pada meluasnya proyek-proyek BRI di Afrika, Timur
Tengah, Asia, Eropa dan Amerika Latin merupakan bukti
bahwa China merupakan pesaing utama AS dalam bidang
ekonomi. Kemajuan China dalam penguasaan teknologi tinggi