AGROTEKNOLOGI 07: Penyesuaian Gaya Hela Traktor dan Beban

Mesin

Gambar 9. Skema Traktor dengan mesin pertanian

Traktor digunakan untuk menghela atau menarik mesin pertanian. Mesin pertanian memberi
beban untuk melaksanakan fungsinya berkaitan dengan tanah dan tanaman serta adanya
hambatan roda geraknya.
Dengan demikian beban hela pada drwabar akan sama dengan beban mesin atau sebagai
FDB = FM
Untuk perkerjaan berkaitan dengan perlakuan tanah, misal pembajakan (plowing) maka
beban tergantung pada lebar dan kedalaman kerja serta sifat tanah atau
FM = ks * l * d
Dimana
l = lebar kerja alat, meter
d = kedalaman kerja alat, meter
ks = sifat tanah, N/m2
Untuk perkerjaan berkaitan dengan perlakuan tanaman, misal penyiangan (cultivation) maka
beban tergantung pada lebar kerja serta sifat tanaman dan tanah atau
FM = kt * l
Dimana
d = kedalaman kerja alat, meter
kt = sifat tanah, N/m
Untuk beban yang hanya untuk mengatasi gerakan roda mesin, misal kereta (wgon) maka
beban tergantung pada berat mesin serta sifat permukaan tanah atau
FM = kp * Wm
Dimana
Wm = berat mesin, newton

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 54

kp = koefisien sifat permukaan, desimal.

Table –Kebutuhan daya untuk beberapa jenis alat pertanian.

Draft force required to pull many seeding implements and minor tillage tools operated at
shallow depths is primarily a function of the width of the implement and the speed at which it
is pulled. For tillage tools operated at deeper depths, draft also depends upon soil texture,
depth, and geometry of the tool. Typical draft requirements can be calculated as:
D = F*I [ A + B + C(S)2] W*T
where:
 D is implement draft, N (lbf);
 F is a dimensionless soil texture adjustment parameter (table 1);
 i = 1 for fine, 2 for medium and 3 for coarse textured soils;
 A, B and C are machine-specific parameters (table 1);
 S is field speed, km/h (mile/h).
 W is machine width, m (ft) or number of rows or tools (table 1);
 T is tillage depth, cm (in.) for major tools, or equals one for minor tillage tools and
seeding implements.

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 55

Power-takeoff (PTO) power is power required by the implement from the PTO shaft of the
tractor or engine. Typical PTO power requirements can be determined using rotary power
requirement parameters available from a number of sources.

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 56

Implement power take-off power can be calculated as
Ppto = a + bw + cF
where:
 Ppto is power-takeoff power required by the implement kW (hp);
 w is implement working width, m (ft);
 F is material feed rate, t/h(ton/h) wet basis;
 a, b, and c are machine specific parameters (Table 2)

Effective field capacity is a function of field speed, machine working width, field efficiency,
and unit yield of the field. Area capacity is expressed as
Ca = swEf/10
where:
 Ca is area capacity, ha/h;
 s is field speed, km/h;
 w is implement working width, m;
 Ef is field efficiency, decimal;

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 57

Catatan:
Dalam Sistem Satuan SI berat massa W (kg) menjadi gaya berat Fw dikonversikan dengan”
Fw = W x g dg satuan N = kg x m/s2
Sedangkan pada sistem satuan British, berat massa W# dalam satuan pound, lb weight dan
satuan gaya berat Fw juga dalam satua pound lb force dengan konversi:
1 lb weight = 1 lb force
Sehingga dalam konsersi ke SI
1 lb weight = 0,45 kg
1 lb force = 0,45 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 4,4 N

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 58

Contoh Soal: 15
Alat “disc- plow” lebar kerja L=1,6 meter dengan kedalaman d=0,42 m dan bekerja
dengan kecepatan Va = 6,2 km/jam. Diketahui beban spesifik plow sebesar k=1980
newton/meter pesegi, berapa DB-Power yang diperlukan? Dari Table 1 berapa PTO-Power
yang diperlukan?

Penyelesaian:
Gaya yang diperlukan untuk menghela bajak dikemukakan sebagai:
Fd = keof x L x d = 1980 N/m2 x 1,6 m x 0,42 m = 1330.56 N
Va = 6,2 km/jam = 1,72 m/s
Gaya hela FDP = Fd x Va = 1330,56 N x 1,73 m/s = 2291,52 Watt
Dari soal N diketahui
FDP pada firm soil = 0,625 PTOP
PTOP = FDP/0,625 =2291,52 Watt/0,625 = 3666,4 Watt

Contoh Soal: 16
Alat “chisel plow” lebar kerja 2,4 meter dan bekerja dengan kecepatan 6,4 km/jam. Diketahui
beban spesifik chisel kf chisel = 965 newton/meter.
a. Berapa gaya hela yang diperlukan?
b. Dengan kecepatan diatas berapa DB-Power yang diperlukan?
c. Berapa AXLE-Power yang diperlukan?

Penyelesaian:
Gaya yang diperlukan untuk menghela Alat “chisel plow”dikemukakan sebagai:
Fd = Koef x L = 965 N/m x 2,4 m = 2316 N
Va = 6,4 km/jam = 1,78 m/s
Gaya hela drwa bar DBP:
DBP = Fd x Va = 2316 N x 1,78 m/s = 4177,3 Watt
Dari grafik sebelumnya
DBP = 0,70 P Axle
Paxle = DBP/0,70 = 4177,3 watt/0,7 = 5881,9 watt

Contoh Soal: 17
Traktor menghela wagon dengan berat 5000 kg dihela pada pada permukaan tanah. Berapa
beban yang diperlukan untuk menghela wagon?
Bila tinggi batang hela 0,6 m dari muka tanah dan dianggap beban wagon dalam posisi
mendatar, berapa pindah berat yang terjadi?

Penyelesaian:
Berat wagon atau gaya berat wagin Fw:
Fw = mw x g = 5000 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 49 000 kg m/s2 atau newton, N
MR wagon = θ x Fw = 0,05 x 49000 N = 2450 N
Beban hela Fd akibat dari MR wagon, Fd = 2450 N
Dari rumus yang ada
ΔRr= - ΔRf = ( Fd x Hd ) ] / Wb = 2450 x 60 /280 = 525 N

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 59

Contoh Soal: 18
Titik berat CG terletak 1,8 m diatas permukaan tanah. Bila traktor digunakan pada tanah
tanjakan dengan kelerengan 10%, saat tidak membawa beban berapa berat di roda depan dan
roda belakang?

Penyelesaian:
Hcg = 1,8 m = 180 cm
Wb = 280 cm
Xf = 86 cm
Xr = 194 cm
Kelerengan 10% berarti sudut kelerangan a = arctan (0,10) = 5,71º
Wx = W sin (a) = 29400 sin (5,71) = 2925 N
Wy = W cos (a) = 29400 cos (5,71) = 29254 N
Rfs0 = ( Wy x Xr – Wx x Hcg) / Wb = (29254 x 86 – 2925 x 180)/280 = 7104,8 N
Rrs0 = ( Wy x Xf + Wx x Hcg) / Wb = (29254 x 194 + 2925 x 180)/280 = 22149,2 N
Dibandingkan dengan Soal 1 maka diroda depan ada pengurangan berat dan dibelakang ada
penambahan berat.
Gaya diperlukan untuk menggerakkan ntraktor ditannjakan
F-traktor = θ x berat vertikal permukaan + berat traktor sejajar permukaan
= θ x Wy + Wx = 0,05 x 29254 + 2925 = 4387,7 N

Contoh Soal: 19
Traktor “two wheel drive” diketahui beratnya 3000 kg. Menghela wagon dengan berat
5000 kg dipermukaan tanah dengan koefisien MR atau RR sebesar θ = 0,05. Tanah
menanjak dengan kelerengan 10%. Traktor berjalan menanjak dengan kecepatan 8,2 km/jam
Berapa daya batang hela untuk menarik wagon?

Penyelesaian:
Kelerengan 10% berarti sudut kelerangan a = arctan (0,10) = 5,71º
Berat traktor = 3000 kg = 29400 N
Berat wagon = 5000 kg = 49000 N
Komponen gaya berat
Tegak lurus permukaan tanah
Traktor: Wy = 2940 N cos 5.71º = 29254 N
Wagon Fwy = 49000 N x cos 5,71º = 48757 N
Sejajar permukaan tanah atau kelerangan tanah
Traktor Wx = 29400 x sin 5.71º = 2925 N
Wagon: Fwx = 49000 sin 5.71º = 4875 N
Hambatan guling MR (RR) pada wagon MRw = θ x Fwy = 0,05 x 48757 N = 2438 N
Gaya Drawbar untuk menghela wagon FDw = Fwx + MRw
FDw = 4875 N + 2438 N = 7313 N
Daya Drawbar yang dibutuhkan
DBP = Fdw x v = 7313 N x 8,2 km/jam x 1000/3600 m jam/km sekon
= 16657 W = 16,66 kW = 22,.21 HP (SI) = 22, 32 HP (British)

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 60

Memprediksi Kinerja Lapang Tractor
Definisi

Gambar 1
DH = Tingga batang Drawbar. inci
WB = Jarak poros depan –belkang. wheelbase, inci
RWS = Berat statis di poros belakang, lbs.
FWS = Berat statis di poros depan, lbs.
WT = Berat Total Tractor, lbs .
RWD = Berat Dinamis Belakang, lbs .
DWC = Koefisien Pindah Berat Dinamis
LR = Radius Efektif Ban saat bergulir atau berjalan, inci
R = Resultante Gaya Total antara gaya beban kerja implement dan gaya beban
tractor, lbs .
θ = Sudut hela dengan bidang Horizontal
B & H = Koordinat Horisontal dan Vertikal titik tangkap resultante gaya implement,
inci .
SO = Jarak tempuh "Tanpa beban" atau kecepatan keliling roda pada radius dengan
muatan, MPH .
SA = Jarak tempuh nyata atau real traktor, MPH
T = Torsi pada poros atau as roda, lbs inci .
AHP = Daya pada poros atau as roda, horse power HP atau Tenaga Kuda
GR = Ratio daya pada motor traktor dengan daya pada poros
P = Beban hela pada Drawbar atau komponen horizontal gaya total R, lbs
DBHP = Daya Drawbar, horsepower, HP
DR = Rasio Dinamis
TE = Rasio efisiensi ban
TR = Penurunan jarak tempuh roda penggerak, %
TRA = Rasio jarak tempuh
WSP = Ratio Berat - Kecepatan - Daya
WTR = Pindah Berat Traktor

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 61

 Hubungan Dan Persamaan Variabel
H B
DWC= [ +(1+ ) tan(θ )]
Koefisien Pindah Berat Dinamis: WB WB
H B
WTR=P [ +(1+ ) tan(θ )]
WB WB
Pindah berat total ke roda belakang :
H B
WTR= P [ + tan(θ)]
WB WB
Dari roda depan:
Dari implement, MPH: WTR= P tan(θ )
P
DR=
H B
RWS+ P [ +(1+ ) tan ( θ ) ]
: WB WB

Rasio Dinamis
DBHP
TE=
Rasio efisiensi ban: Persamaan. 3) AHP
T × Axle RPM
AHP=
Daya pada poros atau as roda, HP: 63025
P× SA
DBHP=
Daya Drawbar, horsepower, HP: 375

Penurunan jarak tempuh roda penggerak, % :

TR= 1−
SA
SO (
×100% )
SA
TRA=
Rasio jarak tempuh: SO
Engine RPM ×LR
SO=
Jarak tempuh "Tanpa beban", MPH: GR×1 68,1
Jarak tempuh nyata atau real traktor, MPH: SA= SO×TRA
H B
RWD=RWS+ P [ +(1+ ) tan(θ )]
WB WB
Berat Belakang Dinamis Traktor :
P
DR=
H B
RWS+ P [ +(1+ ) tan ( θ ) ]
enghitung Rasio Dinamis : WB WB

M
RWS
P=
1
− DWC
Hitung DR
Ekspresi ,
TE×AHP×375
P=

Maka didapat
(
SO 1-
TR
100 )
Chart Pemerkira Kinerja Kemampuan Hela DrawbarTraktor

Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 62

 Dari ranglkaian persamaan yang komplek dibat charat atau bagan “Pemerkira Kinerja
Kemampuan Hela Drawbar Traktor”. Grafik didasarkan pada kurva kinerja ban rata-rata pada
empat macam permukaan. Tiga koefisien perpindahan berat badan yang digunakan untuk
setiap jenis tanah. Grafik ini dirancang sedemikian rupa sehingga mudah diperoleh atau
mudah digunakan yaitu untuk mencaridrawbar didasarkan pada berat belakang statis,
kecepatan gerak pada "tanpa beban". Dengan grafik, kinerja traktor dapat ditentukan.
Pnggunaan chart lihat contoh soal.

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Handout Pengoperasian Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 64
Contoh Soal: 20 Menggunakan chart “Memprediksi Kinerja Traktor
Dari hasil uji traktor daya PTO 93,5 HP atau daya pada Drwbar DBHP 82,8 HP. Pada
concrete/beton slip yang terjadi 5,5%. Berat statis di roda belakang 9600 lbs. Kecepatan
dengan ban ukuran 18.4-34 dan dengan gigi gear 4 terukur 5,2 MPH. Bagaimana
memperkirakan kinerja traktor pada permukaan tanah padat (firm soil)?

1) Dari gambar AHP/PTO HP = 0,96 maka daya pada poros AHP = 0,96 x 93,5 HP =
90,0 HP atau dengan chart pada slip 5,5% di beton (concrete) didapat rasio
DBHP/AHP = 0,92 maka AHP = 82,8/0,92 = 90,0 HP
2) RWS/AHP = 9600/90,0 = 106 lbs/HP
3) Dengan kecepatan 5,2 MPH dan dengan rasio RWS/AXP = 106 ke garis “firm soil”
didapat slip 13,5% atau travel ratio TRA = 0,865. Dari grafik juga didapatkan ratio
(Rear Weight x No Load Speed) / (375 AHP) = 1,39 atau 1,4
4) Dari chart didapat Travel Ratio TRA = 0,865 maka kecepatan nyata = 0,865 x 5,2
MPH = 4,5 MPH. Atau dari (Rear Weight x No Load Speed) / (375 AHP) x TRA =
1,4 x 0,865 = 1,2 ditarik ke garis RWS/AHP = 106 lbs/HP didapat kecepatan nyata
4,5 MPH.
5) Dengan slip 13,5% didapat P/RWS = 0,6 atau gaya hela mendatar P = 0,6 x 9600 lbs
= 5760 lbs
6) Dengan slip 13,5% dan ratio DBHP/AXP = 0,76 maka DBHP = 0,76 x 90,0 HP =
86.6 HP

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 65

 G. Operasi Lapang Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian
Agar Pengelolaan / manajemen pengunaan traktor dan mesin pertanian bisa baik perlu
memahami
 prinsip-prinsip mekanik dan keterbatasan setiap mesin,
 operasi yang efisien di bidang,
 perawatan mesin yang sesuai, tepat waktu dan perbaikan penggantian, dan
 pemilihan sistem mesin
Salah satu aspek manajemen traktor dan mesin pertanian adalah operasi implementasi mesin
di lapangan harus efisien.
Casual tractor steering and inappropriate tractor speeds can reduce an implement’s efficiency.
Effective steering of the tractor–implement combination or self-propelled machine consists of
several factors. Tillage implement paths often are overlapped to insure complete coverage
Steering to reduce excessive overlap improves operation efficiency. The problem is greatest
for wide implements, as it is difficult for the centrally located tractor driver to judge the
overlap occurring some distance away. Overlap is wasteful in grain seeding machines, as is
the unplanted space if successive paths are not adjacent. Guidance markers are used on many
seed and chemical distributing implements in recognition of the difficulty for the tractor
driver to use strictly adjacent paths
Efficient field patterns are a responsibility of the machinery manager. Acceptable patterns
depend on the field boundaries and the maneuverability of the self-propelled machine or the
tractor–implement combination. Some common patterns (Fig. 2.11), are reported by Hunt [1],
as is much of the following pattern analysis

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 66

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 67
 H. Kapasitas dan Efisiensi Kerja Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian
The capacity of a machine is the number of units which it can process or cover in a specific
time. Capacity may be expressed as the acreage covered per hour, in bushels harvested per
day, bales handled per hour, etc.
Calculating Effective Field Capacity
Theoretical field capacity (TFC) depends only on the full operating width of the machine and
the average travel speed in the field. It represents the maximum possible field capacity that
can be obtained at the given field speed when the full operating width of the machine is being
used. It can be calculated from equation (1).
(1) TFC (A/h) = width (ft) 3 speed (mph)/8.251
A machine cannot maintain its TFC for very long periods of time. The ratio of actual or
effective field capacity (EFC) to TFC is called the machine’s field efficiency (FE).
Field efficiency is expressed as the percentage of a machine’s TFC actually achieved under
real conditions. It accounts for failure to utilize the full operating width of the machine
(overlapping) and many other time delays. These might include turning, idle travel across
headlands or to wagons, filling seed and pesticide hoppers, emptying grain tanks, cleaning a
plugged machine, checking a machine’s performance and making adjustments, and waiting
for wagons and operator rest stops. Delay activities that occur outside the field, such as daily
service, travel to and from the field, and major repairs, are not included in a field efficiency
measurement.
Average field speed can be easily measured by marking off a distance of 88 feet in the field,
placing a stake at each end, and counting the seconds it takes to drive between the stakes.
Average field speed can then be calculated from equation (2).
(2) Speed (mph) = 60/seconds to travel 88 feet
For example, if you traveled between the stakes in 12 seconds, your average field speed was
5 mph. After you have calculated the machine’s average field speed, TFC can be calculated
from equation (1) using the full width of the machine. The FE can be taken from the table in
this publication or estimated using equation (3) if you have a representative value of EFC.
(3) FE (%) = EFC/TFC 3 100
Conversely, if you need to estimate a machine’s EFC and have an estimate of FE, use
equation (4).
(4) EFC(A/h) = TFC 3 FE%/100 = (width (ft) 3 speed (mph) 3 FE%) / (8.25 3 100)
The working capacity of harvesting machines is often measured by the quantity of material
harvested per hour. This capacity is called the machine’s material capacity (MC), expressed
as bushels per hour or tons per hour. It is the product of the machine’s EFC and the average
yield of crop per acre, and can be calculated from equation (5).
(5) MC(bu or tons/h) = EFC(A/h) 3 crop yield (bu or tons/A)
For example, a baler with an EFC of 2.5 A/h working in a field yielding 2 tons of hay per
acre would have an MC of 2.5 A/h 3 2 tons/A, or 5 tons/h.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 68

Typical Performance and Field Efficiency for Various Machines1

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Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 70
Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 71
Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 72
 I. Keamanan Kerja Traktor
Selama operasi lapang traktor paling banyak terjadi kecelakaan dibandingkan mesin
pertanian lainnya. Faktor utama penyebab kecelakaan traktor ada kehilangan kestabilan.
Prinsip utama menjaga kestabilan traktor adalah menjaga titik berat CG masih bekerja
mengarah dalam wilayah titik tumpu roda geraknya

Base of stability is defined as the area within the points where the tractor’s wheels contact
the ground. The base of stability depends upon the front- and rearwheel spacing and the axle-
to-axle spacing.

As long as the tractor is operated so that its center of gravity is within the base of stability, the
tractor will not roll over.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 73

Terbalik (Terguling Kebelakang, Rear Rollovers)
Traktor terbalik kebelakang terjadi karena berat diroda depan Rf = 0.
Dalam kondisi dinamis atau traktor menghela beban maka berat dinamis di roda depan:
Rf = ( W * Xr ) / Wb - ( Fd * Hd ) / Wb
Traktor terbalik erjadi bilamana Fd > ( W * Xr ) / Hd

Rear rollovers are particularly dangerous because they happen so quickly, giving operators
little time to react.
Research shows that it takes only 0.75 seconds to reach the critical point of no return where
the center of gravity moves over the rear axle and outside the base of stability.
From the time the tractor begins to roll over, the incident can take as little as 1.5 seconds.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 74

Preventing rear rollovers
Some design features that reduce the risk of rear rollovers are standard on new tractors, while
others are optional and are used in specific circumstances to maintain proper weight balance.
These include
 rear-wheel weights,
 tire ballasts,
 front-end weights, and
 fixed drawbar height.

Traktor Terguling Kesamping (Side Rollovers)

Traktor terguiling kesamping terjadi saat jalan sejajar dengan kelerangan atau traktor
berbelok dengan tajam
Traktor terguiling terjadi karena berat roda yang ditumpu di salah satu sisi roda mencapai nol

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 75

About 85 percent of all tractor rollovers are side rollovers. The major causes of side rollovers
are
 driving too close to an incline or embankment,
 driving too fast when negotiating a curve,
 driving the tractor with a loaded front-end loader in the raised position,
 uneven braking while traveling at high speeds, and
 losing control of the tractor because of excessive load on the drawbar.
Studies show that when tractor speed is doubled, the danger of rollover is increased four
times.
Preventing side rollovers
Tractor manufacturers attempt to prevent side rollovers with design features and options that
widen the base of stability and lower the tractor’s center of gravity. These features include
 wide front-end design versus narrow or tricycletype designs,
 adjustable rear wheel width and dual wheel tractors,
 wide tires,
 ability to lock brakes together, and
 fixed drawbar height.
To reduce the risk of a side rollover operators should
 drive at appropriate speeds,
 set wheel tread as wide as possible,
 stay away from steep slopes, ditches and embankments,
 keep front-end loader buckets low during transport or when turning,
 lock brakes together when traveling at high speeds,
 drive forward down steep slopes and back up them, and
 slow down when pulling rear-mounted equipment.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 76

 REFERENSI CONTOH SOAL
Contoh : 21.
How large a moldboard plow can a 60-PTO horse·power tractor handle in medium-textured
soil whenplowing at a depth of 8 inches, at a speed of 4.5 milesper hour?
From Table I, we find that on firm soil, a tractor can be expected to deliver
approximately 62.5 percent of its maximum observed PTO horsepower to the tractordrawbar
for use by the implement. Thus:
60-PTO HP X 62.5% = 37.5 DBHP available for the plow.
From Table 2, we find that when plowing at adepth of 8 inches in medium-textured
soil at a speedof 4.5 miles per hour, approximately 9.0 drawbarhorsepower per foot of plow
width is required.
37.5 DBHP = 4.17 feet, or 50.0 inches of 9.0 DBHP per foot plow width.
From this it appears that a 3-bottom, l6-inch plow(48 inches of plow width) would be
the most appropriateplow size. Certainly, a 4-bottom, 14-inch plow(56 inches of plow width)
would overload the tractorunder the stated operating conditions.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 77

Contoh: 22.
How large a tractor would be required to handlean 8-foot tandem disk when disking freshly
plowedground (first disking) at a speed of 4.0 miles per hour?
From Table 2, we find that on freshly plowed soil,a tandem disk requires a drawbar
pull of approximately 340 pounds per foot of width, when operating at 4.0 miles per hour.
Using the Horsepower Equation mentioned earlier, we :find:
340 pounds pull X 4.0 mph =3.63 DBHP per foot375 of disk width.
It then follows that for an 8-foot disk:
3.63 DBHP1ft X 8.0 ft = 29.0 DBHP for the8-foot tandem disk.
From Table I, we find that only approximately47.5 percent of the maximum observed
tractor PTOhorsepower is available for implement use when thetractor is operating on freshly
plowed soil. Thus:
29.0 DBHP47.5% = 61.1 PTO horsepower.
Thus, we find that a 61.I-PTO horsepower tractoris the size that should be used to pull
an 8-foot tandemdisk when operating under the stated conditions. Dueto the fact that we have
allowed for a 17-percentpower reserve, a 60.0-PTO horsepower tractor would,undoubtedly,
substitute satisfactorily in this situation.
By following these examples, it should be fairlyeasy to match tractor power and
implement size fora wide range of farming operations. It should bepossible to determine
implement size for a giventractor horsepower or to determine the tractor horsepowerrequired
for an implement of a given size.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 78

Table I-Where the PTO Horsepower Goes

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 79

Table 2 - Drawbar Horsepower Requirements per Foot of Implement Width for Selected
Farm Machines.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 80

Contoh: 23.
A single-tine subsoiler is used at a speed of 5 km/hr, and at a spacing of 2m. From field
observations it is determined that 17 percent of the time is spent on turning at the headlands
and refuelling the tractor.
Working speed = 5 km/hr
Working width = 2m
Field efficiency = (100 - 17) percent
= 83%
= 0.83
Field capacity = 5 x 2 x 0.83
= 8.3 Ha/10hr day
In the following tables, the column “kW Required” gives an indication of the actual
power required to perform an operation at the specified field capacity. It should be kept in
mind that under Highveld conditions a naturally aspirated engine can only deliver
approximately 80 percent of its rated power as measured at sea level. A turbo charged engine
is assumed not to lose any power with an increase in altitude. Therefore, if the table indicates
that 40 kilowatts are required, a tractor with a rated power of 50 kilowatts is required (40kW /
0.8 = 50kW). If the tractor is fitted with a turbo charger, a 40kW turbo-charged tractor will
suffice.
In some instances a tractor size is specified. This is for certain operations where the
physical size of the tractor, and not the power of the tractor, determines the field capacity
needed for the operation. An example of such an operation is the use of a high-speed planter
where a smaller tractor is unstable at high speeds even though sufficient power is available.
The lifting power of a 3-point hitch may also be a limiting factor in certain operations.
The field capacities listed in Table 1 can be adjusted to suit specific requirements by
interpolation between the work rates for the machines. If, for instance, a 55kW tractor is
available and the work rate for ploughing in a sandy soil has to be determined, it can be done
as follows:
Available kW at Highveld altitude
= 55kW x 0.8
= 44kW
From Table it can be seen that a 48 kilowatts is required to plough 10 ha per day. The field
capacity with 44 kilowatts available will then be:
Field capacity (ha per 10hr day) = (10ha/day x 44kW) / 48kW)
= 9.2 ha/day
Table 1 provides for three soil types; namely sandy, sandy-loam, and clay-loam. This
classification is very broad and the work rates need to be adjusted for an operation in the
specific soil and comparing it with the field capacities in Table 1. The tabulated figures can
then be adjusted for the specific soil type.

Handout Pengoperasioan Traktor dan Mesin Pertanian 81