A. Latar Belakang
heritage) mulai dari situs, bangunan dan monumen bersejarah buatan manusia
heritage) seperti tradisi lisan, seni pertunjukan, adat istiadat masyarakat, ritus,
daerah serta devisa negara dalam hal pariwisata. Secara historis, Pulau
lalu yang tidak terpisahkan dari Kerajaan Riau Lingga (Melayu) dengan
ix
dan Johor Malaysia merupakan satu imperium di bawah Kerajaan Melayu
Riau Lingga1.
bangunan, struktur, dan lanskap budaya yang unik. Pulau dengan aneka
atas dua jenis, yaitu warisan budaya benda (tangible heritage) dan warisan
tekstil tradisional, seni teater, musik dan tarian, sistem kepercayaan, adat-
1
Novendra, dkk., Tempat-Tempat Bersejarah di Kepulauan Riau, Bappeda Kepri, Tanjungpinang,
2000, hlm.37.
x
keberlangsungan sistem budaya tersebut. Bukti fisik itu berupa benda,
bangunan, struktur, situs dan lanskap. Sebenarnya sudah banyak para peneliti
atau penulis yang membahas masalah warisan budaya Melayu takbenda itu,
tetapi masih diperlukan pemetaan budaya yang konkret. benda konkret yang
dapat disentuh (tangible) berupa benda hasil buatan manusia untuk memenuhi
sejumlah aspek intangible yang berkenaan dengan konsep mengenai benda itu
dalam kaitan dengan fungsi atau kegunaannya, isi pesan yang terkandung di
dalamnya, khususnya apabila terdapat tulisan pada benda itu, teknologi untuk
membuatnya, serta pola tingkah laku yang terkait dengan benda budaya itu 2.
potensi eksternal yang dapat digali dan dikembangkan dari warisan budaya
(scientific research) untuk semua disiplin ilmu; (2) seni kreatif (creative arts)
atau sumber inspirasi bagi para seniman, sastrawan, penulis, dan fotografer;
(3) pendidikan (education) dalam upaya menanamkan rasa cinta dan bangga
terhadap kebesaran bangsa dan tanah airnya; (4) rekreasi dan turisme
(recreation and tourism), objek wisata budaya dan sekaligus sebagai tempat
2
W.Djuwita Sudjana Ramelan, Dkk, Konsep Zonasi Pulau Penyengat: Sebuah Alternatif.
AMERTA, h.66. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Arkeologi Vol. 35 No. 1, Juni 2017 : 1-
74.
xi
bagi kehidupan manusia; (6) legitimasi tindakan (legitimation of action), yang
dapat digunakan untuk kepentingan politis; (7) solidaritas dan integritas sosial
dan integrasi sosial dalam masyarakat; (8) keuntungan moneter dan ekonomi
ekonomi, baik lokal maupun nasional. Sementara itu, Lipe (1984, 2-10)
yang digali dari konteks nilai potensi ekonomi; nilai estetika yang digali dari
konteks nilai standar estetika; nilai asosiatif atau simbolik yang digali dari
konteks nilai pengetahuan tradisional; dan nilai informational yang digali dari
alam yang ada dan keahlian yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat. Sedangkan jenis
agama pada masa tersebut yang sudah tidak utuh lagi dan beberapa hanya
xii
masih utuh dan difungsikan sampai sekarang seperti Istana Marhum Kantor
dan Masjid Agung Sultan Riau. Selain itu masih terdapat istana, makam dan
yang cukup strategis bagi pertahanan Kerajaan Riau yang berpusat di Hulu
Sungai (Riau Lama), Pulau Penyengat dijadikan pusat kendali dan pertahanan
terjadi perang antara Riau dengan Belanda (1782-1784), yang waktu itu
dipimpin oleh Raja Haji Yang Dipertuan Muda Riau IV (Raja Haji Syahid
saat ini adalah benteng yang berada di Bukit Penggawa, Bukit Tengah, dan
persembunyian.
daya tarik wisata, sehingga orang akan tertarik untuk melakukan perjalanan
wisata ke Pulau Penyengat. Seni dan budaya serta tata cara hidup yang unik
dan khas perlu dipertahankan dan dikembangkan, selain itu menjadi daya
xiii
Permasalahan yang terjadi pada saat ini adalah kondisi lingkungan
sekitar dan fisik benda cagar budaya tersebut sangat memprihatinkan. Hal ini
lahan. Akibat yang dapat dilihat adalah kawasan benda cagar budaya (situs)
bangunan di atas areal benda cagar budaya yang hanya tinggal puing-
Pinang Nomor 229 Tahun 2017 Tentang Penetapan Satuan Ruang Geografis
1) Gedung Hakim ;
2) Gedung Mesiu;
6) Perigi Putri;
3
Surat Keputusan Walikota Tanjung Pinang Nomor 229 Tahun 2017; Tentang Penetapan Satuan
Ruang Geografis Pulau Penyengat Sebagai Cagar Budaya.
xiv
8) Benteng Bukit Kursi;
xv
31) Tapak Istana Raja Marewah;
Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2010 Nomor 130, yang selanjutnya disebut
turunan dari Pasal 32 ayat (1) dan Pasal 33 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar
xvi
1945. Pasal 32 ayat (1) UUDNRI 1945 menjelaskan bahwa negara
ditengah peradapan dunia, untuk itu keberadaan situs budaya wajib dilindungi
Pasal 33 ayat (3) menjelaskan bahwa bumi, air, dan kekayaan alam yang
kemakmuran rakyat5.
benda Cagar Budaya, bangunan Cagar Budaya, struktur Cagar Budaya, situs
Cagar Budaya, dan kawasan Cagar Budaya di darat dan/atau di air yang perlu
arsitektural dan makam yang diperiksa oleh tim ahli Cagar Budaya yang
4
Lihat Pasal 32 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
5
Lihat Pasal 32 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.
6
Lihat Pasal 1 angka 1 Undang-Undang No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
xvii
Pulau Penyengat ditetapkan sebagai situs Cagar Budaya karena telah
memenuhi dua unsur yang dirumuskan dalam Pasal 9 UU No.11 Tahun 2010
menyimpan informasi kegiatan manusia pada masa lalu, yaitu pada masa
Budaya, situs Cagar Budaya adalah lokasi yang berada di darat dan/atau di air
struktur Cagar Budaya sebagai hasil kegiatan manusia atau bukti kejadian
peradaban pada masa kerajaan Riau Lingga yang merupakan moyang dari
pulau tersebut.
pelestarian cagar budaya sebagai jati diri bangsa, berdasarkan Pasal 3 huruf e
UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya, salah satu tujuan pelestarian
7
Lihat Pasal 1 angka 6 Undang-Undang No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
xviii
masyarakat internasional. Tujuan tersebut akan terealisasi apabila Cagar
Cagar Budaya Nasional sebagai warisan dunia atau Cagar Budaya bersifat
terpenuhi.
UNESCO. Padahal UNESCO hanya menerima satu dalam satu tahun untuk
satu negara. Butuh 11 tahun lagi menjadi masa tunggu, ini perlu turut campur
xix
pemerintah daerah dalam pembentukan panitia, karena pulau penyengat sudah
B. Rumusan Masalah
C. Tujuan Penelitian
xx
1. Untuk menganalisis Pulau Penyengat di Kota Tanjungpinang belum
D. Manfaat Penelitian
xxi
1. Manfaat Teoritis
pemikiran untuk dijadikan arah penelitian yang lebih lanjut pada masa
2. Manfaat Praktis
a. Bagi Mahasiswa
b. Bagi Pengajar
xxii
Heritage, terutama dalam hal konstruksi hukum, sistem, mekanisme,
E. Kerangka Teori
yang ideal, dengan beberapa teori-teori yang akan digunakan sebagai pijakan
Istilah lain yang digunakan dalam alam hukum Indonesia adalah the rule of law,
8
Philipus M.Hadjon,1987. Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Rakyat- Sebuah Studi Tentang Prinsip-
prinsipnya, Penanganannya Oleh Pengadilan Dalam Lingkungan Peradilan Umum Dan
Pembentukan Peradilan Administrasi Negara, Bina Ilmu. Surabaya , hlm.30.
xxiii
menggunakan kata-kata “…maka timbul njuga istilah Negara hukum atau
sesungguhnya istilah ini adalah salah, sebab kalau kita hilangkan democratische
Negara hukum itu tidak datang dengan tiba-tiba, tetapi melalui proses dan
perjuangan yang panjang, dalam konteks ini Jaenal Aripin mengemukakan, bahwa
demokrasi, karena pengertian negara hukum kerap dijadikan suatu istilah, yaitu
Bakhri dimulai sejak abad kelima sebelum Masehi. Pandangan baru itu,
Yunani yang telah runtuh dilukiskan sebagai surgawi, untuk memuliakan diri.
Pada abad itu setiap penggagas hukum modern menginsyafi, bahwa pandangan
negara yang timbul dalam Negara adalah suatu pendapat umum, dengan
kebebasan pribadi, dengan adanya ikatan kesusilaan yang erat dalam lingkungan
masyarakat.12
9
O. Notohamidjojo,1970. Makna Negara Hukum, Badan Penerbit Kristen, Jakarta, hlm.27.
10
Padmo Wahyono,1984. Guru Pinandita, Badan Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas
Indonesia, Jakarta, hlm. 67
11
Jaenal Aripin,2008. Peradilan Agama Dalam Bingkai Reformasi Hukum di Indonesia, Kencana
Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, hlm. 88-89
12
Syaiful Bakhri,2010. Ilmu Negara Dalam Konteks Negara Hukum Modern, Total Media,
Jakarta, hlm. 132-134
xxiv
Sementara itu, Muhammad Yamin Menggunakan kata Negara hukum
berikut ini:
penulis).”13
selain istilah rechtsstaat untuk menunjukkan makna Negara hukum, juga dikenal
istilah the rule of law. Namun istilah the rule of law yang paling banyak
rule of law tersebut ditopang oleh latar belakang sistem hukum yang berbeda.
yang sifatnhya revolusioner dan bertumpu pada sistem hukum kontinental yang
disebut civil law. Sebaliknya, the rule of law berkembang secara evolusioner,
yang bertumpu atas sistem hukum common law. Walaupun demikian perbedaan
13
Muhammad Yamin,1982. Proklamasi dan Konstitusi Republik Indonseia, Ghalia Indonesia,
Jakarta, hlm. 72.
14
Philipus M.Hadjon. Op. Cit., hlm. 72
xxv
keduanya sekarang tidak dipermasalahkan lagi, karena mengarah pada sasaran
etat de droit dan the rule of law, namun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa kehadiran
istilah “negara hukum” atau dalam istilah Penjelasan UUD 1945 disebut dengan
“negara berdasarkan atas hukum (rechtsstaat)”, tidak terlepas dari pengaruh kedua
perlu atau bebas dari aturan hukum biasa. Paham negara hukum (rechtsstaat atau
the rule of law), yang mengandung asas legalitas, asas pemisahan (pembagian)
dikembangkan antara lain oleh Immanuel Kant, Paul Laband, Julius Stahl, Fichte,
kepeloporan A.V. Dicey dengan sebutan “The Rule of Law”. Menurut Julius Stahl,
konsep Negara Hukum yang disebutnya dengan istilah „rechtsstaat‟ itu mencakup
2. Pembagian kekuasaan.
xxvi
4. Peradilan tata usaha Negara.
Sedangkan A.V. Dicey menguraikan adanya tiga ciri penting dalam setiap
Negara Hukum yang disebutnya dengan istilah “The Rule of Law”, yaitu:
1. Supremacy of Law.
tersebut di atas pada pokoknya dapat digabungkan dengan ketiga prinsip “Rule of
Law‟ yang dikembangkan oleh A.V. Dicey untuk menandai ciri-ciri Negara
yang di zaman sekarang makin dirasakan mutlak diperlukan dalam setiap negara
hukum klasik, dan negara hukum materiel atau Negara hukum modern 15. Negara
hukum formil menyangkut pengertian hukum yang bersifat formil dan sempit,
15
Utrecht,1962. Pengantar Hukum Administrasi Negara Indonesia, Ichtiar, Jakarta, hlm. 9.
xxvii
yaitu Negara Hukum Materiel yang lebih mutakhir mencakup pula pengertian
Changing Society‟ membedakan antara “rule of law‟ dalam arti formil yaitu
dalam arti, “organized public power‟, dan, “rule of law‟ dalam arti materiel yaitu,
negara hukum itu, keadilan tidak serta-merta akan terwujud secara substantif,
terutama karena pengertian orang mengenai hukum itu sendiri dapat dipengaruhi
oleh aliran pengertian hukum formil dan dapat pula dipengaruhi oleh aliran
pikiran hukum materiel. Jika hukum dipahami secara kaku dan sempit dalam arti
dikembangkan juga bersifat sempit dan terbatas serta belum tentu menjamin
keadilan substantive. Karena itu, di samping istilah “the rule of law” oleh
Friedman juga dikembangikan istilah “the rule of just law‟ untuk memastikan
bahwa dalam pengertian kita tentang “the rule of law‟ tercakup pengertian
“the rule of law‟, pengertian yang bersifat luas itulah yang diharapkan dicakup
dalam istilah “the rule of law‟ yang digunakan untuk menyebut konsepsi tentang
xxviii
tegaknya satu negara modern sehingga dapat disebut sebagai Negara Hukum (The
empirik akan prinsip supremasi hukum, yaitu bahwa semua masalah diselesaikan
kedudukan setiap orang dalam hukum dan pemerintahan, yang diakui secara
law), yaitu bahwa segala tindakan pemerintahan harus didasarkan atas peraturan
tentara, organisasi kepolisian dan kejaksaan. Selain itu, ada pula lembaga-
lembaga baru seperti Komisi Hak Asasi Manusia, Komisi Pemilihan Umum,
16
Jimly Asshiddiqie, Cita Negara Hukum Indonesia Kontemporer, Papper. Disampaikan dalam
Wisuda Sarjana Hukum Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sriwijaya Palembang, 23 Maret 2004 dalam
Simbur Cahaya No. 25 Tahun IX Mei 2004 ISSN No. 14110-0614
xxix
lembaga Ombudsman, Komisi Penyiaran, dan lain sebagainya. Lembaga, badan
tidak lagi sepenuhnya merupakan hak mutlak seorang kepala eksekutif untuk
6. Peradilan Bebas dan Tidak Memihak; Adanya peradilan yang bebas dan tidak
memihak ini mutlak harus ada dalam setiap Negara Hukum. Dalam menjalankan
tugas judisialnya, hakim tidak boleh dipengaruhi oleh siapapun juga, baik karena
7. Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara; Meskipun peradilan tata usaha negara juga
secara khusus sebagai pilar utama Negara Hukum tetap perlu ditegaskan
tersendiri. Dalam setiap Negara Hukum, harus terbuka kesempatan bagi tiap-tiap
tata usaha negara yang diharapkan memberikan jaminan tegaknya keadilan bagi
xxx
tiap-tiap warga negara, Negara Hukum modern juga lazim mengadopsikan
hak asasi manusia dengan jaminan hukum bagi tuntutan penegakannya melalui
perlindungan terhadap hak-hak asasi manusia sebagai ciri yang penting suatu
12. Transparansi dan Kontrol Sosial; Adanya transparansi dan kontrol sosial yang
xxxi
a. Supremasi hukum, dari regular law untuk menentang pengaruh arbitrary
b. Persamaan di hadapan hukum, (equality before the law) dari semua golongan
kepada ordinary law of the land yang dilaksanakan oleh ordinary court, ini
berarti bahwa tidak ada orang yang berada di atas hukum, baik pejabat
maupun warga negara biasa berkewajiban untuk menaati hukum yang sama;
c. Konstitusi adalah hasil dari ordinary law of the land, bahwa hukum konstitusi
Ciri khusus yang melekat dalam negara hukum menjunjung tinggi hak
asasi manusia, Baharuddin Lopa mengutip dari Jan Materson dari Komisi PBB
yang menegaskan, bahwa hak asasi manusia adalah hak-hak yang melekat pada
setiap manusia, yang tanpanya manusia mustahil dapat hidup sebagai manusia 18.
Ciri negara hukum diungkapkan antara lain oleh Ahmad Sukardja dalam
tulisannya yang mengatakan, bahwa dalam sebuah Negara hukum, ada ciri khusus
yang melekat pada negara hukum tersebut, yaitu menjunjung tinggi posisi hak
asasi manusia, kesetaraan dan kesamaan derajat antara satu dengan yang lainnya
17
Jaenal Aripin, Op.Cit, hlm. 88, lihat juga HLM. Irianto A. Baso Ence, Negara Hukum & Hak
Uji Konstitusionalitas Mahkamah Konstitusi Telaah Terhadap Kewenangan mahkamah Konstitusi,
PT. Alumni, Bandung, 2008, mengungkapkan dengan pemakaian angka (1) ganti huruf a. dan
tambahan dalam kurung setelah supermasi hukum (supremacy of law), hlm. 4
18
Triwulan Tuti,2010. Konstruksi Hukum Tata Negara Indonesia Pasca-Amandemen UUD 1945,
Kencana, Jakarta, hlm. 21
xxxii
di samping berpegang teguh kepada aturan-aturan, norma-norma yang telah
Salah satu lembaga peradilan tersebut adalah Badan Peradilan Tata Usaha
Negara yang dibentuk dengan Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1986, dengan fungsi
yang dijalankan peradilan, yaitu untuk menjamin tertib hukum, penegakan hukuk,
dan pencapaian tujauan hukum, ketertiban dan keadilan sosial bagi seluruh warga
Negara.
Civil Law adalah sistem hukum yang saat ini dianut oleh Negara-
negara Eropa Kontinental atas dasar resepsi corpus iuris civilis. Sistem
hukum civil law merupakan proses romanisasi hukum Romawi dalam rangka
hukum Romawi tidak berlangsung dengan kekuatan yang sama, dengan kata
Perancis tidak terjadi resepsi secara resmi karena hukum Romawi diterima
19
Ahmad Sukardja,2012. Piagam Madinah & Undang-undang Dasar NKRI 1945, Kajian
Perbandingan Tentang Dasar Hidup Bersama dalam Masyarakat yang Majemuk, Sinar Grafika,
Jakarta,hlm. 15
20
Ibid, hlm. 336.
xxxiii
hanya sebagai ratio scripta (akal tertulis)21, namun sebagian besar Code Civil
sejak Negara tersebut ditaklukan oleh Willem sang Penakluk tahun 106622.
pada saat sekarang ini sebagai tatanan hukum benua Eropa (continental / civil
law)23.
positif dari Negara yang satu dengan Negara yang lain menunjukkan
21
Ibid, hlm. 301.
22
Ibid, hlm. 351.
23
Ibid, hlm. 304.
24
Ibid, hlm. 305.
xxxiv
Serikat). Pada awalnya yakni abad I sampai dengan abad V, Inggris
Setelah jatuhnya Negara Roma Suci Barat, di Inggris pun sejak abad
setempat26.
sejalan dengan pendapat Gustav Radbruch, namun dalam hal tujuan hukum, cita
hukum (rechtsidee) itu tidak lain adalah keadilan dan harus sejalan dengan konsep
negara hukum, atau apa yang dikenal dalam sistem civil law dengan rechtsstaat
Selain itu para pemikir positivis hukum seperti H.L.A Hart, John Austin,
bahkan Jeremy Bentham yang seharusnya layak menyandang bapak ilmu hukum
25
Van Caenegem menamakan periode Romawi tersebut “halaman kosong” di dalam sejarah
Inggris.
26
Jhon Gilissen dan Frits Gorle, 2005, Sejarah Hukum Suatu Pengantar, Bandung: Refika
Aditama, hlm. 350.
27
Tommy Leonard, 2013, Op. Cit., h. 43.
xxxv
Inggris karena dialah yang dengan gigih memperjuangkan untuk merombak
hukum civil law pada abad modern di Eropa Kontinental. Namun gagasan mereka
dalam sistem hukumnya, juga pula mengakui hukum tertulis seperti Magna
Charta, Bill of Rights, dan Acts of Union, walaupun pada dasarnya Inggris tidak
atau fasilitas yang ada dan disiapkan dalam sistem, misalnya kepolisian,
aktual yang diterbitkan oleh sistem hukum, misalnya putusan hakim yang
atau nilai-nilai komitmen moral dan kesadaran yang mendorong bekerjanya sistem
28
Satjipto Rahardjo, 2000, Ilmu Hukum, Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, hlm. 269.
xxxvi
hukum, atau keseluruhan faktor yang menentukan bagaimana sistem hukum
berlaku bagi pelaksanaan hukum maupun pencari keadilan. Kultur pada dasarnya
atau tindakan. Nilai antara baik dan buruk merupakan dua hal yang memerlukan
hukum, bahwa pembangunan hukum harus mencakup tiga aspek di atas, yang
29
Otje Salman dan Anton F. Susanto, Teori Hukum Mengingat, Mengumpulkan dan
Membuka Kembali. PT Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2004, hlm.153.
30
Ibid, hlm.154.
xxxvii
a. Faktor hukumnya sendiri
menerapkan hukum.
atau diterapkan
e. Faktor kebudayaan, yakni sebagai hasil karya, cipta, hak cipta 31 dan rasa
faktor-faktor yang merupakan esensi dari penegak hukum, juga merupakan tolok
semacam itu akan timbul apabila terdapat faktor-faktor tertentu yang menjadi
31
Anis Masdurohatun, 2012. Problematika Perlindungan Hak Cipta Di Indonesiayustisia Vol.1
No.1 Januari – April. Pandangan Islam terhadap Hak Cipta Pemikir Islam Imam al- Qaraafi adalah
tokoh Islam pertama yang membahas masalah hak cipta. Dalam kitabnya yang berjudul al-
Ijtihadat, Imam al-Qaraafi berpendapat bahwa hasil karya cipta (hak cipta) tidak boleh diperjual
belikan karena hak tersebut tidak bisa dipisahkan dalam sumber aslinya. Namun demikian
pendapatnya ini dibantah oleh Fathi al-Daraini yang berpendapat bahwa hak cipta merupakan
sesuatu yang dapat diperjual belikan, karena adanya pemisahan dari pemiliknya. Dalam hak cipta
ia mengatakan harus ada standar orisinalitas yang membuktikan keaslian ciptaan tersebut. Karena
hak cipta tersebut hak milik pribadi, maka agama melarang orang yang tidak berhak (bukan
pemilik hak cipta), baik untuk kepentingan pribadi maupun untuk kepentingan bisnis.
32
Soerjono Soekanto, Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Penegakan Hukum, PT
RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta, 2004, hlm.8.
xxxviii
hukum, para pencari keadilan (Jastitabeken) maupun golongan-golongan lain di
dalam masyarakat33.
tersebut adalah:
aturan).
menegakkan norma hukum, dan golongan apa yang berhak diatur oleh
Mengenai sistem hukum, erat kaitannya dengan tiga teori yaitu : teori
kepastian hukum; teori keadilan; dan teori kemanfaatan. Keterkaitan ketiga teori
tersebut karena pada hakekatnya suatu hukum harus menciptakan suatu kepastian
bagi kehidupan bermasyarakat dan tidak berat sebelah. Hukum juga diciptakan
tidak semata-mata untuk sekedar tulisan dalam selembar kertas, melainkan harus
33
Ibid., hlm.127.
34
Ibid, hlm.15.
xxxix
memiliki manfaat yang berguna untuk kehidupan umat manusia. Berikut dibawah
tidak ada alasan untuk tidak menjunjung hal tersebut, karena dalam
dari penguasa.
pasti karena mengatur secara jelas dan logis. Jelas dalam artian tidak
xl
ditimbulkan dari ketidakpastian aturan dapat berbentuk konsestasi
hukum menyatakan adalah sesuatu yang dibuat pasti memiliki cita atau
tujuan.36
35
Sudikno Mertokusumo, Mengenal Hukum : Suatu Pengantar, Liberty, Yogyakarta, 2002,
hlm.130.
36
Muhamad Erwin, Filsafat Hukum: Refleksi krisis terhadap hukum, Raja Garfindo
Persada, Jakarta, 2011, hlm.123.
xli
olehnya manusia tak mungkin mengembangkan bakat-bakat dan
Qur’an surat Al-Israa’ ayat 15 dan Al-Qur’an surat al-Maidah ayat 95.
ض ُّل َعلَ ۡيهَ ۚا َو ََل ت َِز ُر َ ٱهتَ َد ٰى فَإِنَّ َما يَ ۡهتَ ِدي لِن َۡف ِس ِۖۦه َو َمن
ِ َض َّل فَإِنَّ َما ي ۡ َّم ِن
ث َرس ا
٥١ ُوَل َ ة ِو ۡز َر أُ ۡخ َر ٰٰۗى َو َما ُكنَّا ُم َع ِّذ ِبٞ از َر
َ ين َحتَّ ٰى ن َۡب َع ِ َو
Artinya :
ِّم ۡث ُل َما قَتَ َل ِم َن ٱلنَّ َع ِم يَ ۡح ُك ُم بِِۦه َذ َوا َع ۡد ٖل ِّمن ُكمۡ هَ ۡد َۢيَا ٰبَلِ َغ ۡٱل َك ۡعبَ ِة أَ ۡوٞفَ َج َز َٰٓاء
37
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja & B. Arief Sidharta, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Suatu
Pengenalan Perrtama Ruang Lingkup Berlakunya Ilmu Hukum, Alumni, Bandung, 2000, hlm.3.
xlii
ٰ
َّ ق َوبَا َل أَمۡ ِر ٰۗ ِهۦ َعفَا
ٱَّللُ َع َّما َ صيَ ااما لِّيَ ُذو َ ِين أَ ۡو َع ۡد ُل ٰ َذل
ِ ك َ ٰ ة طَ َعا ُم َمٞ َكفَّ َر
َ س ِك
Artinya :
ayat 95)
b. Teori Keadilan
xliii
negara dipimpin oleh pemimpin yang cerdik, pandai dan bijaksana,
keadilan. Berlaku sebaliknya jika negara tidak dipimpin oleh para filsuf,
manusia sebagai suatu unit atau wadah yang sama, oleh karena itu
38
Marwan, Effendy, Teori Hukum, Materi Kuliah Program Doktor Ilmu Hukum, Fakultas
Hukum Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 2014, hlm.22.
xliv
pengertian tersebut merupakan varian dari asas persamaan, yang
39
. B.Arief Sidharta, terjemahan Meuwissen tentang Pengembanan Hukum, Ilmu Hukum,
Teori Hukum dan Filsafat Hukum, Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2007, hlm.
40
. Appeldorn, Pengantar Ilmu Hukum, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta, 2009, hlm.12.
xlv
mengesampingkan atau menggugat rasa keadilan dari setiap orang yang
keadilan.41
keadilan, tokoh aliran ini adalah Hans Kelsen. Hans Kelsen dalam
bahwa hukum sebagai tatanan sosial yang dapat dinyatakan adil apabila
alam, yakni lahir dari hakekat suatu benda atau hakekat manusia, dari
manusia yang berbeda dari hukum positif, yang lebih tinggi dan
sepenuhnya sahih dan adil, karena berasal dari alam, dari penalaran
41
.Marwan Effendi, Op Cit., hlm.26.
42
Ibid., hlm.7.
xlvi
pemikirannya terhadap konsep keadilan menimbulkan dualisme antara
tentang dunia realitas dan dunia model Plato. Inti dari filsafat plato ini
pertama adalah dunia kasat mata yang dapat ditangkap melalui indera
yang disebut realitas; yang kedua dunia ide yang tidak tampak.
yang lain atau dengan berusaha mecapai suatu kompromi menuju suatu
legalitas. Untuk menegakkan diatas dasar suatu yang kokoh dari suatu
43
Ibid., hlm.14.
xlvii
benar-benar diterapkan. Sementara itu suatu peraturan umum adalah
“tidak adil“ jika diterapkan pada suatu kasus dan tidak diterapkan pada
kasus yang lain yang serupa44. Konsep keadilan dan legalitas inilah
lainya sesuai tingkat dan derajatnya dan peraturan hukum itu memiliki
c. Teori Kemanfaatan
44
Ibid., hlm.16.
45
Artidjo Alkostar, “Fenomena-fenomena Paradigmatik Dunia Pengadilan Di Indonesia
(Telaah Kritis Terhadap Putusan Sengketa Konsumen)”, Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, Vol. 26
No. 11 (Mei 2004), FH UII, Yogyakarta, 2004, hlm.130-131.
xlviii
dan ketentraman dalam kehidupan masyarakat karena hukum
46
Teori kemanfaatan (kegunaan) hukum bisa dilihat sebagai perlengkapan masyarakat
untuk menciptakan ketertiban dan keteraturan. Oleh karena itu ia bekerja dengan memberikan
petunjuk tentang tingkah laku dan berupa norma (aturan-aturan hukum. Lihat Satjipto Rahardjo,
Ilmu Hukum Cet. Ke-3, Alumni, Bandung, 1991, hlm.13.
47
Sudikno Mertokusumo, Op.Cit., hlm.161.
48
Darji Darmodihardjo dalam Hyronimus Rhiti, Filsafat Hukum; Edisi lengkap (Dari
Klasik sampai Postmoderenisme), Universitas Atma Jaya Press, Yogyakarta, 2011, hlm.159.
xlix
kesengsaraan. Bentham menyebutkan bahwa “The aim of law is The
perasaan yang selalu ada dan tak tertahankan ini seharusnya menjadi
tersebut50.
diderita, baik oleh diri sendiri maupun oleh siapa saja yang
49
H.R Otje Salman, S, Filsafat Hukum (Perkembangan & Dinamika Masalah), Refika
Aditama, Bandung, 2010, hlm.44.
50
W. Friedman, Teori dan Filsafat Hukum ; Idealisme Filosofis dan Problema Keadilan,
diterjemahkan dari buku aslinya Legal Theory oleh Muhamad Arifin, Disunting oleh Achmad
Nasir Budiman dan Suleman Saqib, Rajawali, Jakarta, 1990, hlm.112.
l
semua persyaratan moral yang hakiki bagi kesejahteraan umat
oleh diri sendiri maupun oleh siapa saja yang mendapat simpati dari
lebih luas dari itu sampai kepada orang lain yang kita samakan dengan
manusia52.
51
H.R. Otje Salman, S, Op Cit., hlm. 44.
52
Bodenheimer dalam Satjipto Rahardjo, Ilmu Hukum, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2006,
hlm.277.
li
dipertimbangkan juga, karena ada kesenangan yang lebih tinggi
mutunya dan ada yang rendah; Kedua, bahwa kebahagian bagi semua
orang yang terlibat dalam suatu kejadian, bukan kebahagian satu orang
saja yang bertindak sebagai pelaku utama, kebahagiaan satu orang tidak
keadilannya54.
53
Muh. Erwin, Filsafat Hukum ; Refleksi Kritis Terhadap Hukum, Rajawali Press, Jakarta,
2011, hlm.183-184.
54
W. Friedman, Op Cit, hlm. 121
lii
Paparan mengenai teori sistem hukum dan beberapa teori yang
ada di dalamnya seperti teori kepastian hukum, teori keadilan, dan teori
55
Setyawan, Darma, Manajemen Pemerintahan Indonesia, Djambatan, Jakarta, 2004,
hlm.223.
liii
negara mengartikulasikan kepentingan-kepentingan mereka, memediasi
mengelola sumber daya publik dan menjamin realita hak asasi manusia. Good
pemerintahan hukum56.
gubernare yang diserap ke bahasa Inggris menjadi govern, yang berarti steer
demokrasi dan pasar yang efisien, penghindaran salah alokasi dan investasi
yang langka dan pencegahan korupsi baik secara politik maupun administratif,
56
Ibid., hlm.224.
57
Mardiasmo, Otonomi Daerah dan Manajemen Keuangan Daerah, Andy Offset, Jakarta,
1998, hlm.18.
liv
good governance sebagai hubungan sinergis dan konstruktif diantara negara,
dipenuhi dengan baik. Tujuan dan harapan dari good governance adalah
sesuatu hal, baik menyangkut benda atau orang. Menurut sebagian besar teori,
keadilan memiliki tingkat kepentingan yang besar. John Rawls, filsuf Amerika
Serikat yang dianggap salah satu filsuf politik terkemuka abad ke-20,
58
Effendi, Sofian, Membangun Martabat Manusia: Peranan Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial Dalam
Pembangunan, UGM Press, Yogyakarta, 1996, hlm.47.
lv
kebanyakan teori juga, keadilan belum lagi tercapai: “Kita tidak hidup di
dilawan dan dihukum, dan banyak gerakan sosial dan politis di seluruh dunia
yang berjuang menegakkan keadilan. Tapi, banyaknya jumlah dan variasi teori
keadilan memberikan pemikiran bahwa tidak jelas apa yang dituntut dari
keadilan dan realita ketidakadilan, karena definisi apakah keadilan itu sendiri
tempatnya.
ia menyatakan bahwa keadilan adalah apa pun yang ditentukan oleh si terkuat.
Dalam Republik, Plato meresmikan alasan bahwa sebuah negara ideal akan
Keadilan Sosial Bagi Seluruh Rakyat Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut 59:
59
Ibid.
lvi
b) mengembangkan sikap adil terhadap sesama;
e) suka memberi pertolongan kepada orang lain agar dapat berdiri sendiri;
Keadilan bermartabat adalah suatu teori hukum atau apa yang dikenal
substantif dari suatu sistem hukum. Ruang lingkup teori keadilan bermartabat
tidak hanya pengungkapan dimensi yang abstrak dari kaidah dan asas-asas
hukum yang berlaku. Lebih jauh daripada itu, teori keadilan bermartabat
mengungkap pula semua kaidah dan asas-asas hukum yang berlaku di dalam
sistem hukum, dalam hal ini sistem hukum dimaksud sistem hukum positif
lvii
Indonesia atau sistem hukum berdasarkan Pancasila. Itu sebabnya, Keadilan
lapisan fondasi hukum yang tampak di permukaan dari suatu sistem hukum.
fondasi hukum yang berada dibawah permukaan fondasi hukum dari sistem
hukum yang tampak itu. Teori keadilan bermartabat, sesuai dengan ciri
filosofis lama di bawah permukaan fondasi sistem hukum yang baru yang
tampak saat ini, serta mendobrak dari bawah landasan kolonial. Fondasi yang
sudah lama ada di dalam jiwa bangsa oleh teori keadilan bermartabat
dipandang sebagai bottom-line dari suatu sistem hukum dimana seluruh isi
keadilan.
tingkat, yaitu Pertama; pada tingkat outcome. Kedua; pada tingkat prosedur.
60
Teguh Prasetyo, 2015, Keadilan Bermartabat, Perspektif Teori Hukum, Nusa Media,
Bandung, h. 43
61
Ahmad Fadlil Sumadi, 2012, Hukum Dan Keadilan Sosial, Materi Peruliahan
Program Doktor Ilmu Hukum Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Tanpa Penerbit, Jakarta, h. 5.
62
Ibid., h. 5-6.
lviii
keadilan dalam hal ini berhubungan dengan suatu objek yang dalam
nilai yang terkandung dalam sila-sila Pancasila. Salah satu nilai tersebut adalah
Adil dan Beradab. Dalam sila kedua ini terkandung beberapa nilai
(1) Pengakuan terhadap harkat dan martabat manusia dengan segala hak
(2) Perlakuan yang adil terhadap sesama manusia, diri sendiri, alam
(3) Manusia sebagai makhluk beradab dan berbudaya yang memiliki daya
63
Teguh Prasetyo dan Abdul Halim Barakatullah, 2012, Filsafat, Teori dan Ilmu
Hukum: Pemikiran Menuju Masyarakat yang Berkeadilan dan Bermartabat, Raja Grafindo
Persada, Jakarta, h. 384.
64
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Pemantapan Cita Hukum dan Asas-Asas Hukum Nasional
di Masa Kini dan Masa Yang Akan Datang, dalam Majalah Hukum Nasional, Nomor 1, 1995,
Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional Departemen Kehakiman, Jakarta, h. 97.
lix
penghapusan penjajahan, kesengsaraan dan ketidakadilan dari muka bumi65.
Dalam rangka memenuhi sifat adil, Bung Hatta, sebagaimana dikutip Yudi
kedudukan manusia sebagai hamba Allah, yang satu sama lain harus merasa
bersaudara”. Oleh karena itu pula, sila kemanusiaan yang adil dan beradab
sumber dimana teori ini mulai digagas ditemukan bahwa teori keadilan
bermatabat adalah teori hukum yang dibangun atas dasar pemahaman bahwa
menyelami pikiran tentang teori dan paradigma hukum yang dikemukakan oleh
para pakarnya haruslah dirunut dan diteliti dari latar belakang politik dan
kondisi sosial masyarakat tempat ahli pikir tersebut hidup, sehingga bisa
ditentukan paradigma yang diajukan oleh ahli pikir tersebut masih relevan atau
tidak dalam memahami hukum pada saat ini dengan kondisi dan struktur sosial
yang sangat berbeda dengan latar belakang sosial dimana paradigma tersebut
65
Teguh Prasetyo dan Abdul Halim Barakatullah, Op.Cit, h. 375.
66
Teguh Prasetyo, Filsafat, Teori & Ilmu Hukum, 2012, Op. Cit., h. 138.
lx
Memperhatikan postulat dasar pengajuan teori sebagaimana
diketahui bahwa teori keadilan berartabat adalah suatu alat atau instrumen
filsafati yang dibuat dengan sengaja, hasil dari proses berpikir untuk
dan justifikasi terhadap gejala hukum. Dalam konteks penelitian ini, teori
asas hukum yang berlaku secara kontekstual. Kebutuhan untuk membuat dan
menggunakan teori yang sesuai dengan latar belakang sosial dari penggagas itu
sangat penting.
yaitu suatu sistem yang dibangun dari proses penemuan, seperti yang dilakukan
berbagai sistem yang telah ada. Kaitan dengan itu, didalam konteks teori
suatu sistem, dalam hal ini sistem hukum Indonesia setidak-tidaknya harus
lxi
dipergunakan dalam teori keadilan bermartabat dimaksud sejatinya merupakan
analogi dari pikiran orang Indonesia sendiri. Oleh sebab itu, postulat lainnya
yang ada di dalam teori keadilan bermartabat adalah bahwa sistem hukum
dengan keadilan68 itu dipandang sebagai suatu sistem. Dalam hal ini hukum
a. Terdiri dari sejumlah unsur atau komponen atau fungsi/ variabel yang
saling mempengaruhi dan terkait satu sama lain oleh satu atau
beberapa asas.
67
Cetak tebal oleh penulis dalam rangka kontekstualisasi grandtheory yang dirujuk dan
digunakan untuk analisis dalam penelitian ini.
68
Pendirian bahwa hukum itu hakikatnya adalah keadilan itu sendiri, selain yang dikenal
dlam perspektif teori keadilan bermartabat, dapat juga dibandingkan dengan karya-karya filsafat
seperti Raymond Wacks, 2006, Philosophy of Law a Very Short Introduction, Oxford University
Press, Oxford, h., 58.
69
Teguh Prasetyo, Hukum dan Sistem Hukum, 2013, Op. Cit., h. 82.
lxii
yang lain, yang berlaku universal maupun lokal, atau di dalam dan bagi
satu dari postulat penting teori dimaksud. Sistem yang diacu dalam teori ini
pada menunjuk kepada wujudnya yang abstrak dan koseptual dan oleh sebab
itu disebut dengan deskriptif. Deskripsi mengenai sistem itu susunan dasarnya
berikut; Keadilan berasal dari kata ‘adil”, yang apabila dilihat dari asal katanya
adalah kata serapan dari Bahasa Arab, yaitu al-‘adl, yang berarti “tengah” atau
“pertengahan”. Kata al-‘adl sinonim dengan kata inshaf, yang dapat berarti
70
Ibid., merujuk, Wicipto Setiadi, 2012, Arti Penting Lembaga-Lembaga Hukum di
Indonesia dalam Merespos Perubahan Sosial, dalam Dialektika Pembaruan Sistem Hukum
Indonesia, Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, h. 66.
71
Ibid.
72
Ibid.
lxiii
“sadar”, yakni sadar dalam mengambil keputusan/sikap yang tepat73. Kata al-
‘adl lawan kata dari zalim (al-zhulm) dan kejahatan (al-jur)74. Kata al-‘adl juga
berarti ungkapan tentang perkara (perbuatan) yang pertengahan antara dua sisi
Terminologi yang dibuat oleh para ahli Hukum Islam, al-‘adl dalam
pengertian subyek (orang) yang berbuat adil, berarti orang yang menjauhi
perbuatan dosa besar dan tidak terus menerus melakukan dosa kecil, namun
versi lain kata al-‘adl berarti al-adalah, yakni berdiri tegak dan konsisten,
Jadi secara literal, arti adil dalam bahasa Arab klasik adalah suatu kombinasi
dari moral dan nilai-nilai sosial yang menunjukkan arti berbuat baik (fairness),
(straightforwardness).77
73
Nurcholish Madjid, 1992, Islam Doktrin dan Peradaban: Sebuah telaah Kritis
tentang Masalah Keimanan, Kemanusiaan, dan kemodernan, Yayasan Wakaf Paramadina,
Jakarta, h. 512
74
Al-Munjid fi al-Lughah wa al-‘Alam, Beirut, hlm. 491
75
Ahmad Ali MD, 2012, Keadilan Hukum Bagi Orang Miskin, Jurnal Mimbar Hukum
dan Keadilan, Edisi No. 75, h. 132
76
Al-Jurjan, 2003, al-Ta’rifat, Dar al Kutub al Ilmiyah, Beirut, hlm. 150
77
Majid Khadduri, 1984, The Islamic Conception of Justice, The Johns Hopkins
University, USA, h. 8.
lxiv
Keadilan dalam Islam sama dengan suatu keyakinan suci, suatu
berlaku adil secara moral dan rahmat dalam memberikan kepada setiap
manusia atas haknya. Hal ini dijelaskan dalam Al Qur’an, yakni kata “amanat”
sebagai jamak dari “amanah”, terdiri dari segala bentuk amanah yang harus
dilaksanakan oleh seseorang, dimana yang paling utama adalah keadilan, dan
dalam otoritas manusia tidak boleh menghakimi menurut tingkah laku mereka
Keadilan dalam Islam berasal dari jantung penerapan syariat, dan bukan
dinamika sesuai situasi dan kondisi (konteks) ruang dan waktu adalah hukum-
tersebut adalah pencapaian realisasi keadilan syar’i, dan tidak ada nilai
penalaran ijtihad jika bukan penalaran yang sahih secara syara’, yaitu
individual dan syahwat yang menafikan tujuan syara’ yang universal dalam
78
Muhammad Muslehudin, 1985, Philoshophy of Islamic Law and The Orientalist; a
Comparative Study of Islamic Legal System, Markazi Makatab Islami, Delhi, h. 101-102
79
Wahbah al Zuhaili, 2009, al-Fiqh Islam wa Adillatuhu, Dar al Fikr, Juz IX, Beirut, h.
411
80
Ibid., h. 412
lxv
Menegakkan keadilan merupakan cita-cita tertinggi dalam hukum,
yaitu polisi, jaksa penuntut umum, advokat, dan hakim. Oleh karenanya,
diantara tugas hakim adalah memutus pihak-pihak yang berbuat dzalim dari
tindakan mengambil hak orang lain secara tidak sah, dan melampaui batas,
setiap yang berhak81. Itulah keadilan hukum yang harus ditegakkan, namun
keadilan hukum itu menjadi mahal karena tidak ada yang mampu membelinya,
namun keadilan akan menjadi murah tatkala para penegak hukum tidak lagi
atau “bangunan”.
81
Wahbah al Zuhaili, Op.Cit., h. 402
82
Al Jurjawi, 2007, Hikmat al Tasyri’ wa Falsafatuhu, Juz II, Beiru,t: Dar al Fikr, h.
102-110
lxvi
kembali”. Rekonstruksi yang diharapkan adalah pembangunan kembali
Tanjungpinang dengan jarak sekitar 1,5 km, dan dapat ditempuh dengan
lxvii
Sebelah Timur : Kelurahan Tanjungpinang Kota dan Tanjungpinang Barat;
sebesar 240 Ha. Wilayah darat hanya seluas 3,5 km² yang terbagi menjadi
untuk pembagian wilayah dalam rukun warga dan rukun tetangga terdiri dari
5 RW dan 11 RT.
Struktur Cagar Budaya, Situs Cagar Budaya, dan Kawasan Cagar Budaya di
83
Lihat Pasal 1 angka 1 UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
84
Lihat Pasal 2 UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
lxviii
Budaya yang ada di Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan baik dan sesuai dengan
No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya, antara lain: melestarikan warisan
budaya bangsa dan warisan umat manusia; meningkatkan harkat dan martabat
hal ini sesuai dengan Pasal 13 UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar
paling lama 30 setelah rekomendasi dari Tim Ahli Cagar Budaya yang
geografis yang didaftarkan layak sebagai Cagar Budaya, sesuai dengan Pasal
85
Lihat Pasal 3 UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
86
Lihat Pasal 13 UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
87
Lihat Pasal 32 ayat (1) UU No.11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya.
lxix
kawasan, dan/atau situs yang mempunyai nilai sejarah. Heritage memiliki
(budaya) masa lalu, apa yang saat ini dijalani manusia, dan apa yang
Echols dan Hassan Shadily, heritage berarti warisan atau pusaka. Sedangkan
dalam kamus Oxford, heritage ditulis sebagai sejarah, tradisi, dan nilai-nilai
yang dimiliki suatu bangsa atau negara selama bertahun-tahun dan diangap
material maupun alam. Selama ini warisan budaya lebih ditujukan pada
pusaka.
Budaya, dan Pusaka Saujana. Pusaka Alam adalah bentukan alam yang
istimewa. Pusaka Budaya adalah hasil cipta, rasa, karsa, dan karya yang
istimewa dari lebih 500 suku bangsa di tanah air Indonesia, secara sendiri-
lxx
budaya lain sepanjang sejarah keberadaannya. Pusaka Budaya mencakup
lxxi
UUD 1945
Normatif Yuridis:
Landasan Teori: 1. Studi
1. Teori Negara Hukum (Grand Theory); Kepustakaan;
2. Teori Sistem Hukum (Midle Theory); 2. Dokumentasi;
3. Teori Good Governance (Applied Theory) 3. Wawancara;
Teori Keadilan Bermartabat (Applied 4.
Theory) Sosiologis Yuridis:
1. Angket ;
lxxii
H. Metode Penelitian
ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif. Dalam penilitian ini juga mengacu
penilitian ini dimulai dengan kejadian tertentu dari sutau wawancara, catatan
data yang sama atau dalam dengan kejadian lain dalam kumpulan data yang
sosiologis. Contoh isu-isu hukum (Legal Issues) yang dapat diangkat dalam
yang terdiri atas buku-buku teks (textbooks) yang ditulis para ahli hukum
88
Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised
and Expanded from: Case Study Research in Education. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco. h. 20
89
Johnny Ibrahim, Op Cit., h. 284.
90
Ibid., h. 295.
lxxiii
yurisprudensi, dan hasil-hasil symposium mutakhir yang berkaitan berkaitan
bersifat relatif, berlaku sesuai konteks spesifik yang dinilai relevan oleh
World Heritage
lxxiv
dukungan penelitian ilmiah. Dengan memperhatikan keadaan tersebut,
melingkupi satu kawasan bukan per bangunan atau struktur. Apabila telah
Warisan Dunia UNESCO. Saat ini telah ada 1.092 situs dari 167 negara
92
Sri Anindiati Nursastri, 2019 “Kota di Indonesia Masuk Nominasi Situs Warisan Dunia
UNESCO 2019” . kompas .com. PT. kompas Cyber Media.
lxxv
yang telah masuk dalam daftar tersebut. Destinasi yang berhasil masuk
dalam Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO akan semakin dikenal. Tak hanya
itu, destinasi itu juga akan mendapat perlindungan dari UNESCO dan bisa
Ekuador.
alam. Kategori kedua adalah situs budaya, dan yang ketiga ialah gabungan
antara unsur budaya dan alam. Destinasi mana yang akan masuk ke
dalam Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO telah melalui evaluasi panjang dari
lxxvi
infrastruktur mulai dibangun untuk mendukung aktivitas pertambangan,
batu bara selama dua abad telah menjadikan Kota Sawahlunto kental
dengan interaksi budaya timur dan barat. Hal itu terlihat dari tata ruang
kota yang unik. Hingga saat ini, masih ada beberapa peninggalan sejarah
di sana.
diusulkan sejak tahun 1995 kembali tidak masuk daftar penilaian tahun
ini. Ketidak jelasan penyebab pulau di Tanjung Pinang Kepulauan Riau itu
tidak masuk daftar penilaian. Apakah karena tidak diusulkan lagi atau ada
alasan lain. Hal yang jelas, tidak ada satupun usulan dari Indonesia yang
masuk daftar penilaian komite tersebut tahun ini. Dari Asia Tenggara
dari amanat Undang-Undang No. 11 Tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya maka
lxxvii
melingkupi satu kawasan bukan per bangunan atau struktur saja. Apabila
apabila telah ditentukan suatu lokasi menjadi situs atau kawasan, zonasinya
rambu yang jelas sehingga dapat meminimalkan ancaman kerusakan situs dan
pelaksanaan kegiatan zonasi situs. Zonasi situs yang selama ini dilaksanakan
luas sehingga dapat dibagi ke dalam zona inti, zona penyangga, zona
Pulau Penyengat. Penerapan zonasi terhadap situs semacam itu tentunya akan
lxxviii
diterapkan harus dapat mengakomodasi berbagai kondisi situs. Kegiatan yang
bersifat teknis, khususnya zonasi situs dalam upaya pelestarian struktur dan
penataan:
Berikut :
lxxix
1. Kebijakan atau Koordinasi antara pemerintah pusat dengan Pemerintah
Daerah.
kepetingan pribadi.
pulau Penyengat
Nasional (KCN).
Undang undang disebut juga sebagai aturan, norma dan aturan norma
memiliki dua sisi yang tidak bisa dipisahkan. Pertama berisi ide-ide dan cita-
teks pembukaan UUD 1945 dapat dilihat bahwa cita-cita atau tujuan
eksternal.
Indonesia dan seluruh darah Indonesia yang tumpah dan untuk memajukan
lxxx
menerapkan tatanan dunia berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi dan
keadilan sosial.
ideologi negara Indonesia dengan ideologi lain, baik sosialis maupun liberal.
warisan dunia pulau penyengat adalah warisan benda yang telah ada sejak
merupakan bagian dari jiwa bangsa dan oleh teori keadilan bermartabat
Pancasila.
J. PENUTUP
1. Simpulan
lxxxi
beberapa kerajaan di burma ataupun Thailand; b) belum ditetapkannya
pulau penyengat sebagai kota pusaka dan menjadi anggota kota pusaka
melayu pada saat itu baik tinggalan bukti sejarah fisik non fisik yang
Budaya untuk kegiatan yang lebih sesuai dengan kebutuhan masa kini
lxxxii
antara pemerintah pusat dengan Pemerintah Daerah; c) Masyarakat
lxxxiii
Internasional. Pasal 46 : Cagar Budaya Peringkat Nasional Yang Telah
2. Saran
lxxxiv
kebudayaan tersebut dan meningkatkan harkat dan martabat bangsa.
Dalam penelitian yang penulis lakukan masih perlu adanya peneliti lain
a. Kepemilikan salah satu isu pokok yang harus segera diatur dan
karena itu, setelah dibentuk tim ahli cagar budaya, Pulau Penyengat
lxxxv
dapat ditentukan status dan peringkatnya, yaitu dengan; i)
1. Implikasi Teoritis
Secara teoritik bahwa hasil penemuan baru dari penelitian yang diperoleh
rill situs yang belum memenuhi kategori World Heritage. Perlunya tim
atau Islamic World Heritage baik yang dikeluarkan oleh UNESCO atau
ICESCO.
1. Implikasi Paradigmatik
lxxxvi
Perlu adanya perubahan paradigma baru terhadap pengusulan yang
tahapan yang panjang. Oleh karena itu untuk mendapatkan predikat world
2. Implikasi Praktis
maupun mancanegara.
lxxxvii
b. Keuntungan bagi masyarakat
menarik hasil kerajinan adat yang dijual. Ini akan memberikan efek
masyarakat.
lxxxviii
SUMMARY
A. Background
Riau Islands of Indonesia are built based on the history, culture and Malay
customs. Biting the opposite island with Malaysia and Singapore, the
island Biting have a typical relationship, because the past is part and parcel
of the Riau Lingga (Malay) with Malaysia. The set of historical data, Biting
Island, Singapore, and Malaysia Johor is one of empire under the Royal
Islands Province located between 0º40 'latitude and 07º19' latitude and
and unique cultural landscape. The island with a variety of buildings that
form the exclusive government complex bounded by the ocean. Based on the
characteristics, no doubt that the island Biting is one of the central region of
1
Novendra, et al., Historic Places in Riau Islands, Bappeda Riau, Tanjungpinang, 2000, hlm.37.
lxxxix
the Malay culture. Malay culture is the "spirit" of Indonesian culture,
Intangible cultural heritage is a system that regulates all public life in the
form of the system, the system of science, technology, art, language, beliefs,
language, literature, traditional textiles, art, theater, music and dance, belief
systems, customs (marriage and promiscuity), culinary, and other parts of the
but still required the concrete cultural mapping. concrete objects that can be
needs. The cultural heritage that can be touched to have a number of aspects
of intangibles related to the concept of the thing itself, the symbolism of which
is realized through it, the significance in terms of the function or usage, the
contents of the message contained in it, especially when there is writing on it,
xc
the technology for making, as well as patterns of behavior associated with the
cultural property94,
that can be explored and developed from material cultural heritage into the
disciplines; (2) the creative arts (creative arts) or a source of inspiration for
effort to instill a love and pride in the greatness of the nation and homeland;
(4) recreation and tourism (recreation and tourism), cultural attractions and
action), which can be used for political purposes; (7) solidarity and social
solidarity and social integration in society; (8) economic and monetary gain
(monetary and economic gain), which can bring economic benefits, both
cultural heritage objects that have economic value extracted from the context
of the potential economic value; aesthetic value extracted from the context of
extracted from the context of formal research value. (8) economic and
94
Sudjana W.Djuwita Ramelan, et al, Biting Island Zoning Concept: An Alternative. AMERTA,
h.66. Journal of Archaeological Research and Development Vol. 35 No. 1 June 2017: 1-74.
xci
monetary gain (monetary and economic gain), which can bring economic
benefits, both locally and nationally. Meanwhile, Lipe (1984, 2-10) gives an
overview of cultural heritage objects that have economic value extracted from
the context of the potential economic value; aesthetic value extracted from the
informational value extracted from the context of formal research value. (8)
economic and monetary gain (monetary and economic gain), which can bring
economic benefits, both locally and nationally. Meanwhile, Lipe (1984, 2-10)
extracted from the context of the potential economic value; aesthetic value
and expertise possessed by the public. While this type of main livelihood is
xcii
trade, labor, and the informal sector. In general, the economy of the
community, including good Biting Island, and the majority of the productive
age population has a job commensurate with their skills and wishes.
relics of the 19th century showing the progress of science and religion in the
past that are no longer intact and only a few ruins alone. But there are still
historic buildings that are still intact and functioned until now as the Palace
and the Office Marhum Sultan Riau Grand Mosque. In addition there are
palaces, tombs and forts whose existence is less well maintained. Because of
its strategic location for defense Riau kingdom centered in Upper River (Old
Riau), made Biting Island control center and the main defense. The island is
many times become a battleground, even when there is a war between Riau
and the Netherlands (1782-1784), who was headed by Raja Haji Yang
king built a fortress defense Biting the Riau Island, where castles are made
using Portuguese style defense system has been developed. The remaining
fortresses that we can see the rest of today is a historic fortified complex at
penggawa Hill, Middle Hill, and Hill Chair. Fortresses are equipped with
people will be interested to travel to the island Biting. Arts and culture and
xciii
the way of life that is unique and distinctive needs to be maintained and
developed, in addition to the main attraction as well as the pride and national
identity.
conditions and cultural heritage objects are very alarming. This happens
because of the high population growth, so the demand for housing also
increased, because it happened to land use conflicts. A result that can be seen
narrow, there is even a tendency for people building on the area of cultural
heritage objects which only ruins stay only. In addition to the more dense
Historic sites on the island of Biting have historical value to the state
follows95:
1) Building Judges;
2) Munitions Building;
95
Tanjung Pinang Mayor's Decree No. 229 Year 2017; On Establishment of Space Geographical
Unit For Biting Island Heritage.
xciv
6) Women cistern;
xcv
29) Tread Yellow Palace;
the State Gazette of the Republic of Indonesia Year 2010 No. 130, hereinafter
xcvi
regulation is a derivative of Article 32 paragraph (1) and Article 33
1945 explained that the state has the authority to promote national culture
paragraph (3) explains that the earth, water and natural resources contained
within the territory of Indonesia is an Indonesian state power and used for
exploitation of cultural sites prioritized for the prosperity of the people 97,
site, and Cultural Reserve area on land and / or water which needs to be
has been designated as a Cultural Heritage site which is a site that still have
96
See Article 32 paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945.
97
See Article 32 paragraph (1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945.
98
See Article 1 paragraph 1 of Law 11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
xcvii
Biting island designated as a Cultural Heritage site because it has
met the two elements defined in Article 9 of Act 11 of 2010 Concerning the
and / or structure of the Cultural Heritage, with artefacts, mosques and tombs
relics of the kingdom of Riau Langga; and stores information on past human
the past99, Biting island has many heritage sites Riau Lingga Kingdom
(Malay), so that the island Biting can be categorized as Heritage sites that
Law No.11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage, one of the objectives is
99
See Article 1 point 6 Act No. 11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
xcviii
Promotion of Cultural Property in the international level can be
(UNESCO)" World cultural heritage. In 2015, the island Biting into a waiting
one year for the country. It took 11 years longer the waiting period, these
because the island is already registered stinger since 1995. Indonesia has
recognized.
xcix
Noting the background has been described by the researchers, the
Heritage?
Heritage?
C. Research purposes
Heritage.
c
D. Benefits of Research
In conducting this study the authors expect any benefits that may be
determination Heritage region that still has some weaknesses and require
Law No.11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage. The benefits expected
3. Theoretical benefits
ci
d. Can be useful in conducting similar research, further research as well
as other guidelines.
4. Practical benefits
a. for Students
Indonesia.
b. for Teachers
E. Theoretical framework
cii
In this study researchers will conduct the legal construction of the
ideal, with some theories that will be used as the basis for this study as
follows.
term used in Indonesian legal nature is the rule of law, which is also used to mean
"rule of law". Notohamidjojo use the words "... then the resulting njuga term State
State laws do not come suddenly, but through a process and a long
struggle, in this context Jaenal Aripin argued that the law state concept has
historical roots in the struggle for democracy, for understanding the state of law
is often used as a term, namely the concept of a state of law democratic 103,
100
Philip M.Hadjon, 1987. Legal Protection for Principles for People A Study On principle,
Handling by the Court of General Jurisdiction In And Establishment Environmental Justice Public
Administration, Development Studies. Surabaya, hlm.30.
101
O. Notohamidjojo, 1970. Meaning of State of Law, Christian Publisher Agency, Jakarta,
hlm.27.
102
Padmo Wahyono, 1984. Teacher Pinandita, Publisher Firm Faculty of Economics, University of
Indonesia, Jakarta, p. 67
103
Jaenal Aripin 2008. Religious Courts In the Frame Law Reform in Indonesia, Kencana Prenada
Media Group, Jakarta, p. 88-89
ciii
Thoughts on the State and the law, as stated by Saiful Bakhri began in the
fifth century BC. The new view, presented beautifully by Augustine, by saying that
that century every modern realize the initiators of the law, that view state arising
in the state is a common opinion, with personal freedom, with their close ties
decency in society.104
Meanwhile, Muhammad Yamin Using the same law with rechtsstaat State
government and justice, are not also the Republic of Indonesia is a country
not state power (machtsstaat) where the power of weapons and the power
to the term rechtsstaat to show the meaning of rule of law, also known as the term
the rule of law. But the term the rule of law is the most widely used today.
104
Saiful Bakhri 2010. State Science in the Context of Modern Legal State, Total Media, Jakarta, p.
132-134
105
Muhammad Yamin, 1982. Proclamation and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonseia,
Ghalia Indonesia, Jakarta, p. 72.
106
Philip M.Hadjon. Op. Cit., P. 72
civ
revolutionary and resting on the continental legal system called civil law. Instead,
the rule of law is developing evolutionary, which is based on the common law
system. However the differences were now no question anymore, because it leads
rechtsstaat or etat de droit and the rule of law, but it is undeniable that the
presence of the term "state of law" in the words of explanation the 1945 so-called
"state based on law (rechtsstaat)", can not be separated from the influence of both
unnecessary or free from the rules of ordinary law. Understand the state law
(rechtsstaat or the rule of law), which contains the principle of legality, the
judicial power are, all of which aim to control the state or government of the
developed among others by Immanuel Kant, Paul Laband, Julius Stahl, Fichte,
and others using the German term, namely "rechtsstaat", While the Anglo-
Dicey called "The Rule of Law". According to Julius Stahl, the concept of the
State of Law which he called by the term "rechtsstaat" it includes four essential
elements, namely:
cv
6. The division of power.
4. Supremacy of Law,
Constitutional State coupled with the principle of free and impartial judiciary
classical law, and state law or state law materiel modern107, State laws
concerning the formal legal sense formal review and narrow, ie in the sense of the
107
Utrecht, 1962. Introduction to Indonesian State Administrative Law, Ichtiar, Jakarta, p. 9.
cvi
legislation is written. While the second, namely the State of Law Materiel more
recently also includes the notion of justice in it. Therefore, Wolfgang Friedman in
his book "Law in a Changing Society" distinguish between the "rule of law" in
formal sense that in a sense, "organized public power"And "rule of law" in the
This distinction is intended to make clear that in the conception of the state
the understanding of people about the law itself can be influenced by the flow of
the formal legal sense and can also be influenced by the flow of material legal
mind. If the law is rigidly and narrowly understood in the sense of the legislation
alone, surely understanding the law states that developed also be narrow and
to the term "the rule of law" Friedman also dikembangikan term "the rule of just
the narrow sense. Even if the terms used remains "the rule of law",
Based on the descriptions above, there are twelve main principles of the
State of Law (Rechtsstaat) that applies today. Twelfth of the basic principles are
the main pillars that hold up the establishment of a modern state that can be
called as the State of Law (The Rule of Law, or Rechtsstaat) in the true sense.
cvii
The principles in question are as follows 108:
recognition of the principle of the rule of law, namely that all problems are
2. Equality in law (Equality before the Law); Their equal position of each person
3. The principle of legality (Due Process of Law); In every State of Law, required
the enactment of the principle of legality in all its forms (due process of law),
namely that all government action should be based on legislation valid and in
writing.
horizontally.
5. Independent Executive Organs; In order to limit the power that, in the current
"independent", as the central bank, the organization of the army, the police and
the prosecutor's organization. In addition, there are also new institutions such
have previously considered entirely within the executive power, but has now
108
Asshiddiqie, Cita State of Law Indonesia Contemporary, Papper. Delivered in a graduation
ceremony Law Faculty of Law, University of Sriwijaya Palembang, March 23, 2004 in Simbur
Light No. 25 Year IX May 2004 ISSN No. 14110-0614
cviii
executive to determine the appointment or dismissal of leaders. The
to guarantee democracy,
its duties judisialnya, the judge should not be influenced by anyone, either
(economy).
main pillar of the State of Law still needs to be confirmed separately. In every
State of Law, should open the opportunity for every citizen to sue the State
the modern State of Law is also prevalent adopt the idea of a constitutional
with legal guarantees for their enforcement demands through a fair process. The
protection of human rights are promoted widely in order to promote respect for
cix
and protection of human rights as an important feature of a democratic State of
Law.
established and enforced reflect a sense of justice who live in the community.
12. Transparency and Social Control; Transparency and social control that is open
to every process of making and law enforcement, so that the weaknesses and
Dicey was quoted as saying by Jaenal Aripin stated that there are three
a. The rule of law, from regular law to oppose the influence of arbitrary power
government;
b. Equality before the law, (equality before law) of all classes to the ordinary
law of the land carried out by an ordinary court, this means that no one is
above the law, both officers and ordinary citizens are obliged to obey the
same law ;
cx
c. The constitution is the result of the ordinary law of the land, that the
formulated and confirmed by the court, in short the principles of private law
Baharuddin Lopa quote from Jan Materson of the United Nations Commission
emphasized that human rights are rights inherent in every human being, without
which the human being impossible to live as a human 110, Characteristic law
countries expressed among others by Ahmad Sukardja in his article said that in a
uphold the position of human rights, equality and equality between one another in
addition to adhering to firmly to the rules, the norms that have been established
ensure the rule of law, enforcement hukuk, and the achievement of tujauan law,
109
Jaenal Aripin, op.cit, p. 88, see also HLM. Baso irianto A. Ence, State Legal & Judicial
Assessing the Constitutionality of the Constitutional Court against the Authority of the
Constitutional Court, PT. Alumni, Bandung, 2008, disclose the use of numbers (1) replace the
letter a. and additions in brackets after the supremacy of law (supremacy of law), p. 4
110
Tuti quarter of 2010. Construction Indonesia Constitutional Law Post-Amendment 1945,
Kencana, Jakarta, p. 21
111
Ahmad Sukardja 2012. Medina Charter and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia in
1945, Comparative Study On Basic Living Together in the Pluralistic Society, Sinar Grafika,
Jakarta, p. 15
cxi
6. Theory of Legal System As Middle Theory
European countries on the basis of the reception corpus iuris civilis. Civil law
system is the process of romanization of Roman law in order to fill the legal gaps
Roman law did not take place with the same strength, in other words the degree of
underway in Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands, while France does not occur
receptions officially because Roman law accepted only as ratio scripta (written
sense)113But most of the 1804 Civil Code in fact directly influenced by Roman law.
indigenous legal common law has evolved since the country was conquered by
Although the process of Romanization uneven, but in the late Middle Ages
and into modern times and the use of elements common legal terminology on
Roman law has been interpreted at the present time as the legal system of
112
ibid, P. 336.
113
ibid, p. 301.
114
ibid, p. 351.
115
ibid, p. 304.
cxii
Because the process of Romanization did not take place evenly across
European countries Continental, then it is natural that the law on the European
of law in all countries of continental Europe using notions are almost the same,
but the positive law of country to another country shows striking differences as a
The common law system is the legal system that developed in the
first century until the fifth century, England was part of the Roman state, but the
subsequent periods117,
After the fall of the Holy Roman West Country, in England even since the
attacks clans Angel-Sekson and Denmark, so the law registries do. However, a
big difference with the continental European countries that recording is done in
English law is not the Latin language, but the language of local people118,
law (rechtsidee) Pancasila. In the perspective of the theory of justice with dignity,
in line with the opinion of Gustav Radbruch, but in terms of objective law, ideals
of law (rechtsidee) is none other than justice and should be in line with the
116
ibid, p. 305.
117
Van Caenegem called the Roman period "blank page" in the history of England.
118
John Gilissen and Frits Gorle, 2005, An Introduction to Legal History, Bandung: Refika
Aditama, p. 350.
cxiii
concept of a state of law, or what is known in the civil law system with rechtsstaat
Besides the legal positivist thinkers such as HLA Hart, John Austin, even
Jeremy Bentham who should deserve the father of English law since he
codified120is a positive thinker who was a British law. Figures originator of the
legal positivism flow affecting and shaping civil law system in modern times in
Continental Europe. But their ideas were not implemented in the British legal
system as Jeremy Bentham struggle for codified in Britain have failed. Therefore,
besides English common law recognizes as a source of law in the legal system, as
well as the written law also recognizes the Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, and
the Acts of Union, although basically the UK does not have codified laws.
facilities and set up in the system, such as police, prosecutors, courts. Substance
Law (Legal Substance), the actual results published by the legal system, such as
the judge's decision under the Act. Culture Law (Legal Culture), that public
attitudes or values of moral commitment and awareness that drives the operation
119
Tommy Leonard, 2013, Op. Cit., P. 43.
120
Satjipto Rahardjo, 2000, Law, Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, p. 269.
cxiv
of the legal system, or all factors that determine how the legal system derive a
the order of formal legal institutions, the relationship between these institutions,
rights and obligations. Substance includes the contents of legal norms as well as
law and the justice seekers. Kultur basically covers the underlying values of the
applicable law, the values of which are abstract conceptions of the good or bad a
behavior or action. Values between good and bad are two things that need
the legal development should include three aspects above, which is scientifically
Planing). The manufacturing process (law making procces), to the rule of law
(law inforcement) built by the awareness of law (law awareness) community. 122
are several factors that affect the applicability of the law. These factors are as
follows:
121
Otje Salman and F. Anton Susanto, Legal Theory Given, Collecting and Reopened. PT
Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2004, hlm.153.
122
Ibid, hlm.154.
cxv
b. Law enforcement apparatus, namely the parties to form and apply the
law.
applied
Development where certain laws were established and applied, it was not
effective. Such symptoms will arise if there are certain factors that are a barrier
to these factors, can be derived from forming legal, law enforcement, justice
Parson had the idea that the legal system can function effectively if it solve
123
Anis Masdurohatun, 2012. Copyright Protection Problems In Indonesia yustisia Vol.1 # 1 from
January to April. Islam views Muslim thinker Copyright Imam al Qaraafi is the first Muslim
leaders to discuss copyright issues. In his book entitled al Ijtihadat, Imam al-Qaraafi found the
work of authorship (copyright) should not be traded for the rights inherent in the original source.
However, this opinion is disputed by Fathi al-Daraini who argue that copyright is something that
can be traded, because of the separation from their owners. In the copyright he said there should
be a standard of originality that proves the authenticity of the creation. Because of the copyright
private property, religion prohibits unauthorized people (not the owner of the copyright),
124
Soerjono Soekanto, Factors Affecting Law Enforcement, PT RajaGrafindo Persada,
Jakarta, in 2004, hlm.8.
125
Ibid., Hlm.127.
cxvi
1) The problem of legitimacy (which became the basis for the arrangement to
the rules).
3) The issue of sanctions (penalties confirms what, how it is applied and who
is applying it).
4) Juridical issues that define lines of authority for the ruling upholding the
rule of law, and what groups are entitled are governed by the norms
devices126,
Regarding the legal system, closely related to the three theories, namely:
the theory of legal certainty; theory of justice; and the theory of expediency.
Linkage of these theories because in essence a law should create a rule of law as
the basis for action. Laws are created to achieve justice for social life and not
one-sided. The law also created not merely to simply writing a piece of paper, it
should have useful benefits for the life of mankind. Here below is an explanation
of these theories:
Legal certainty must always uphold whatever the cost and there is no
reason to not uphold it, because in the paradigm of positive law is the only law.
126
Ibid, hlm.15.
cxvii
Legal certainty is a legal question diperundangkan and implemented with
certainty by the State. Legal certainty means that each person can demand that
the law be implemented and demands that must be met. However, the positivist
paradigm, that the legal system is not organized to provide justice for the people,
sociology. Normative legal certainty is when a rule is made and enacted exactly
as set out clear and logical. Obviously in the sense not cause doubts (multi-
interpretation) and logical in the sense that it becomes a system of norms the
other norms that do not clash or conflict norm. Conflict norms arising from the
means that a person will be able to obtain something that is expected in certain
certainty the public will be more orderly. Legal charge of creating legal certainty
cxviii
because it aims public order127, While Gustav Radbruch stated theory states legal
requirement for an organization of life beyond the confines of the present moment.
That's why there are legal institutions, such as marriage, property rights and
contracts. Without the rule of law and public order are incarnated by her man can
develop the talents and abilities God has given him optimally within the
Legal certainty regarding Islam has formulated in the Quran surah Al-
من ٱهتدى فإنما يهتدي لنفسه ومن ضل فإنما يضل عليها وَل تزر
This means:
127
Sudikno Mertokusumo, Know the Law: An Introduction, Liberty, Yogyakarta, 2002,
hlm.130.
128
Mohammed Erwin, Philosophy of Law: Reflections on the crisis of the law, King
Garfindo Persada, Jakarta, 2011, hlm.123.
129
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja & Arief B. Sidharta, Introduction to Law, An Introduction to
the First Scope of Applicability of Legal Sciences, Alumni, Bandung, 2000, hlm.3.
cxix
(loss) himself. And a sinner can not bear the sins of
يأيها ٱلذين ءامنوا َل تقتلوا ٱلصيد وأنتم حرم ومن قتله منكم متعمدا
فجزآء مثل ما قتل من ٱلنعم يحكم به ذوا عدل منكم هديا بلغ ٱلكعبة أو
كفرة طعام مسكين أو عدل ذلك صياما ليذوق وبال أمره عفا ٱَّلل عما
This means:
will torture him. Allah Almighty again have the (power to)
e. theory of Justice
cxx
According to Plato (427 BC-347 BC), justice will be achieved if the state
ingenious, clever and wise, it will be born a real justice. Plato considered the
country led by the philosopher, though without the law will create happiness for
the community with the realization of justice. Opposite applies if the country is not
led by philosophers, then justice can not be realized without the law. According to
Plato legally required in the state of the state is led by philosophers, to bring
Other views emerged from a student of Plato, which Aristotle in his ethics
and proclaimed the right of equality in accordance with the right proportion. The
similarity of human rights is seen as a unit or the same container, and therefore
accordance with the abilities and achievements that have been made. Justice
justice and fairness kommulatif. The second definition is a variant of the principle
130
Marwan Effendy, Legal Theory, Subject Matter Doctoral Program of Law, Faculty of
Law, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, 2014, hlm.22.
131
, B.Arief Sidharta, translation pengembanan Meuwissen of Law, Jurisprudence, Legal
Theory and Philosophy of Law, Refika Aditama, Bandung, 2007, p.
cxxi
Distributive justice is justice gives to each person according to the portion
according to his services, he did not demand that everyone get the same part
number, not equality but proportionality. While justice kommulatif give as much
century in his work A theory of justice, Political Liberalism and The law of
people, which gives effect to the discourse thinking big enough justice values.
justice", argues that justice is the main virtue of the presence of social institutions
(social institutions). Virtues for the whole community can not be ruled out or sue
the sense of justice of any persons who have a sense of justice, especially the weak
Positivistic have other pastures flow of justice, this flow figure is Hans
Kelsen. Hans Kelsen in his book, the general theory of law and state, argued that
the law as a social order that can be expressed only fair that can regulate human
132
, Appeldorn, Introduction to Law, Pradnya Paramita, Jakarta, 2009, hlm.12.
133
.Marwan Effendi, Op Cit., Hlm.26.
134
Ibid., Hlm.7.
cxxii
Hans Kelsen also admitted that absolute justice comes from nature, which
God. Thought is essential as the so-called doctrine of natural law. The doctrine of
natural law considers that there is an order of human relations which differ from
positive law, higher and are fully valid and fair, because it comes from nature,
from human reason or will of God. Hans Kelsen menganutaliran positivism, also
Dualism between positive law and natural law makes the characteristics of
a natural law similar to the metaphysical dualism of the world of reality and the
world a model of Plato. The core of the philosophy of this plateau is doktrinya
about the world of ideas, which contain deep characteristics. The world is divided
into two distinct areas: the first is the visible world can be captured through the
senses is called reality; The second world of ideas that do not appear.
Hans Kelsen put forward two concepts of justice, namely, justice and
knowledge that can bewujud interests that ultimately lead to a conflict of interest.
towards a peace for all interests. Then the concept of justice and legality. To
135
Ibid., Hlm.14.
cxxiii
notion of "Justice" bermaknakan legality. A general rule is "fair", if he really
national laws of Indonesia, who interpret that national law may be used as a legal
umbrella (umbrella act) for the rules of national law other according to the level
and degree and laws that have holding capacity of the material are loaded (the
f. Benefit theory
Basically the rule of law that brings benefit or usefulness of the law is to
create order and peace in the society because the law is the artery of the life of a
136
Ibid., Hlm.16.
137
Artidjo Alkostar, "World paradigmatic phenomena Courts in Indonesia (Critical Review
Of Consumer Dispute Verdict)", Journal of Law Ius Quia Iustum, Vol. 26 No. 11 (May 2004), FH
UII, Yogyakarta, 2004, hlm.130-131.
138
Theory usefulness (usefulness) law could be seen as a community fixture to create order
and regularity. Therefore, it works by giving clues about the behavior and the form of norms (rules
of law. See Satjipto Rahardjo, Cet Legal Studies. All 3, Alumni, Bandung, 1991, hlm.13.
cxxiv
Sudikno Mertokusumo argues, that the public would benefit in the
not let it be implemented or enforced as the law will actually arise anxiety in the
community itself139,
reveals that every citizen has longed for happiness, and the law is one
misery. Bentham states that "The aim of law is The Greatest Happines for the
greatest number"141,
mankind under the power, pleasure and distress. Pleasure and distress caused us
to have ideas, all opinions and all conditions in our lives affect. Anyone wishing
to free themselves from the rule, not knowing what he said. The goal is only to
seek pleasure and avoid distress, feelings are always there and unbearable is
139
Sudikno Mertokusumo, op.cit., Hlm.161.
140
Darji Darmodihardjo in Hyronimus Rhiti, Philosophy of Law; Full Edition (From
Classical to Postmoderenisme), Atma Jaya University Press, Yogyakarta, 2011, hlm.159.
141
HR Otje Salman, S, Philosophy of Law (Development & Dynamics Problems), Refika
Aditama, Bandung, 2010, hlm.44.
cxxv
supposed to be the subject of study of moralists and legislators. The principle of
utility put all things under the power of these two things142,
John Stuar Mill agreed with the opinion of Jeremy Bentham, which states
that an act should aim to reach the largest possible happiness. Justice must be
based on human instinct to reject and reply to the damage suffered, either by
themselves or by anyone who is getting sympathy from us, so that the nature of
justice includes all the moral requirements that are vital to the welfare of
fairness should be based on its usefulness, but that the origins of consciousness of
justice is not found on usability, but on two things: the stimulus to defend
and reply to the damage suffered, either by themselves or by anyone who gets
sympathy from us. A sense of justice will rise against damage, suffering, not only
on the basis of individual interests, but more than that up to others that we
identify with ourselves, so that the nature of justice includes all the moral
142
W. Friedman, Theory and Philosophy of Law; Philosophical idealism and the Problem of
Justice, translated from the original book by Muhammad Arifin Legal Theory, edited by Nasir
Ahmad Budiman and Saqib Suleman, Rajawali, Jakarta, 1990, hlm.112.
143
HR Otje Salman, S, Op Cit., P. 44.
144
Bodenheimer in Satjipto Rahardjo, Law, Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2006, hlm.277.
cxxvi
Slight differences between the concept of justice John Stuar Mill with
Jeremy Bentham, namely: First, that pleasure and happiness should be measured
higher pleasure and there is a low quality; Second, that the happiness of all the
people involved in an incident, not the happiness of one person who acted as the
main actors, the happiness of the people should not be considered more important
John Stuar Mill also connect justice with a common purpose that has a
different approach with Jeremy Bentham. The pressure to change that is above
individual interests to the pressure on the public interest and the fact is that the
duty is better than the right, or seek its own interest or pleasure that underlies the
concept of law. The contradiction between its own interests and common interests
instincts in human nature. Concern for public interest refers to the intellectual
instinct, while the exaltation of his own interests point to the non-intellectual
instinct to the same conclusion and amazing in negating the dualism between
Exposure to the theory of the legal system and several theories exist in it
as the theory of legal certainty, equity theory, and the theory of the benefit will be
145
Muh. Erwin, Philosophy of Law; Critical Reflection Against the Law, Eagle Press,
Jakarta, 2011, hlm.183-184.
146
W. Friedman, op cit, p. 121
cxxvii
namely: first, Why Penyengat in Tanjungpinang Not Designated as World
World Heritage; third, how the law Reconstruction of the determination Biting
sync to be used as the third test of the issues raised by the researchers in this
dissertation.
the use of political authority, economy and administration in managing the affairs
of state147,
mediate their differences, and to use their legal rights and obligations.
guarantee the human rights reality. Good governance has the appropriate nature
that is free from abuse and corruption as well as the recognition of the rights
147
Setyawan, Darma, Indonesia Government Management, Djambatan, Jakarta, in 2004,
hlm.223.
148
Ibid., Hlm.224.
cxxviii
The term good governance comes from Europe, Latin, namely gubernare
absorbed into the English language becomes govern, which means steer (steer,
the public sector by the government is good.149according to the World Bank, good
a solid and responsible in line with the democratic and efficient market,
avoidance of wrong allocations and investments are scarce and the prevention of
corruption both politically and administratively run budget discipline and the
activity. The World Bank also equate good governance as synergistic and
make sure that the mandate, powers, rights and obligations are met as well.
qualification, namely that those who have the knowledge, which is able to transfer
149
Mardiasmo, Autonomy and Local Financial Management, Andy Offset, Jakarta, in 1998,
hlm.18.
150
Effendi, Sofian, Building Human Dignity: The Role of Social Sciences in Development,
Press UGM, Yogyakarta, 1996, hlm.47.
cxxix
The theory of good governance, will be used by researchers as applied
theory. The theory of good governance is also used to analyze and address the
level of interest. John Rawls, the philosopher United States is considered one
of the leading political philosopher of the 20th century, states that "Justice is
the excess (virtue) of the first social institutions, as well as the truth of the
justice is achieved: "We do not live in a world that is fair". Most people
believe that injustice must be confronted and punished, and many social and
political movements around the world who struggle for justice. However, the
large number and variety theory of justice gives the idea that it is not clear
what is required of justice and the reality of injustice, because the definition of
the reason that an ideal state will lean on four virtues: wisdom, courage,
abstinence (or concerns), and justice. The addition of the word social is to
cxxx
Social justice is also one of the points included in Pancasila. 45 grains
No. I / MPR / 2003. Social justice for the whole people of Indonesia are as
follows151:
r) do not use the property for things that are wasteful and lavish lifestyle;
interest;
t) hardworking;
u) Like appreciate the work of others that are beneficial to the progress
and prosperity;
justice.
and knowledge of the substantive law of a legal system. The scope of the theory
151
Ibid.
cxxxi
of justice with dignity not only the disclosure of the abstract dimension of the
rules and principles of applicable law. Beyond that, the theory of justice too
dignified uncover all of the rules and principles of law that applies in the legal
system, in this case the legal system is positively Indonesian legal system or
legal system based on Pancasila. That is why, Justice Dignity as a legal theory
based on Pancasila152,
The theory of justice with dignity not only paying attention to the legal
justice theory also trying to discover and reveal the legal foundation layer
under the surface of the legal foundation of the legal system that looks it. The
theory of justice with dignity, in accordance with the characteristics of the old
philosophical beneath the surface of the new foundation of the legal system
that looks at the moment, as well as to break down the runway of the colonial.
The foundations that have long existed in the soul of the nation by dignified
building was placed and functioning system pursue its goal of justice.
formulated at three levels, namely the First; at the level of outcome. Second; at
152
Teguh Prasetyo, in 2015, Dignity Justice, Legal Theory Perspective, Nusa Media,
Bandung, p. 43
153
Ahmad Fadlil Sumadi, 2012, Law and Social Justice, Peruliahan Materials Science
Doctoral Program Law Sultan Agung Islamic University, Without Publishers, Jakarta, p. 5.
154
Ibid., P. 5-6.
cxxxii
the level of the procedure. Third; at the system level. At the level of outcome,
contained in the second, the Just and Civilized Humanity. In this second
(4) The recognition of the dignity of human beings with all their human
Thus, the practice of the precepts Just and Civilized Humanity include an
increase in the dignity of human rights and duties of citizens, the elimination of
155
Teguh Prasetyo and Abdul Halim Barakatullah, 2012, Philosophy, Theory and Legal
Studies: Thoughts Towards Equitable and dignified, King Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, p. 384.
156
Mochtar Kusumaatmadja, Cita Stabilization Law and National Law Principles in the
Present and Future to Come, the National Law Magazine, Number 1, 1995, the National Law
Development Agency Department of Justice, Jakarta, p. 97.
cxxxiii
colonialism, misery and injustice from the earth 157, In order to meet the nature
of the fair, Bung Hatta was quoted Latif, warned "that must be perfected in
Pancasila is the place of humanity as a servant of God, each other should feel
brothers". Hence also, please just and civilized humanity directly located
under the first principle. This construction confirms that justice required by
Pancasila is a dignified justice, namely the justice that refers to the values of
divine and human beings put God has the right and fundamental obligation
carried out continuously. The search for a source where this theory began
conceived discovered that the theory of justice dignity is a legal theory that is
built on the understanding that dive into the mind of the theories and
think that life, so that it can be determined paradigm proposed by the experts
think is still relevant or do not understand the law at the moment with the
conditions and the social structure that is very different social backgrounds
originator of the theory of justice dignified above, it can be seen that the theory
157
Teguh Prasetyo and Abdul Halim Barakatullah, op.cit, p. 375.
158
Teguh Prasetyo, Philosophy, Theory and Jurisprudence, 2012, Op. Cit., P. 138.
cxxxiv
the result of the thought process to find the truth very long in order to perform
the analysis and justification of symptoms law. In the context of this study, the
Postulates above quote suggests that the theory of justice with dignity is
contextually. The need to make and use the theory in accordance with the
established and enforced should is the Indonesian legal system itself, which is
a system that is built from the discovery process, as was done through the
systems. Linkages to it, within the context of the theory of justice with dignity,
the law is synonymous with justice (justice) as a system, in this case the
Indonesian legal system should at least come from Indonesia itself. Earth
dignity of Indonesian people's own mind. Therefore, other postulates that in the
dignity of justice theory is that the Indonesian legal system, 159 should reflect
159
Bold by the author in order to contextualise grandtheory referenced and used for
analysis in this study.
cxxxv
The next Postulate proposed dignified justice theory is that as the object
Because:
variables that influence each other and linked to one another by one or
several principles.
b. The main principle that ties all the elements or components of national
legal discipline162,
The system is derived from the Greek "Systema", who has an idea: (a) a
160
The establishment of that law was essentially a justice itself, in addition to those
known in the development of the perspective of the theory of justice with dignity, can also be
compared with the philosophical works such as Raymond Wacks 2006, Philosophy of Law A Very
Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp., 58.
161
Teguh Prasetyo, Law and Legal System, 2013, Op. Cit., P. 82.
162
Ibid.,referring, Wicipto Setiadi, 2012, The Importance of Legal Institutions in
Indonesia in Merespos Social Change, in Dialectic Indonesian Legal System Reform, Judicial
Commission of Indonesia, Jakarta, p. 66.
163
ibid,
164
Ibid.
cxxxvi
Broadly speaking, dignified justice system in theory is one of the
theory refers to his form of abstract and conceptual, and therefore is called
stated above, starting from the Pancasila, and then followed with a norm of
follows; Justice comes from the word 'fair', which, when viewed from the origin
he is a loan word from Arabic, al-'adl, which means "middle" or "mid". Said
al-'adl synonym inshaf, which can mean "conscious", ie consciously taking the
decision / right attitude165, Said al-'adl opposite of the unjust (al-zhulm) and
evil (al-jur)166, Said al-'adl also means the expression of the cases (actions) are
meaning of the subject (person) to do justice, means a person who avoid big
sin and do not continue sinning small, but dominant true deeds, and avoid
actions that lower167, In another version of the word al-'adl mean al-is, ie
165
Nurcholish Madjid, 1992, Islamic Doctrine and Civilization: A Critical study of the
problem of the Faith, Humanity, and modernity, Paramadina Wakaf Foundation, Jakarta, p. 512
166
Al-Munjid fi al-lughah wa al-'Alam, Beirut, p. 491
167
Ahmad Ali MD, 2012, Justice For The Poor Law, Journal of Law and Justice pulpit,
Issue No. 75, p. 132
cxxxvii
Definition of fair law is an expression of consistency in the way the truth
by means stay away from anything that is forbidden in the religion. 168 So
quality of moral justice and mercy in giving to every man on his right. This is
consisting of all forms of trust that must be carried by a person, where the
main thing is justice, and the human authority should not be judged according
God170,
Justice in Islam comes from the heart of the application of the law, and
Islam is not temporary and subject to change., Which changes and dynamics
appropriate to the circumstances (context) of space and time are the laws that
are branches (furu '), because the laws of this kind are not used as a
168
Al-Jurjan 2003, al-Ta'rifat, Dar al Pole al Ilmiyah, Beirut, p. 150
169
Majid Khadduri, 1984, The Islamic Conception of Justice, The Johns Hopkins
University, USA, p. 8.
170
Muhammad Muslehudin, 1985, Philoshophy of Islamic Law and The Orientalist; A
Comparative Study of Islamic Legal System, Markazi Makatab Islami, Delhi, p. 101-102
171
Wahbah al Zuhaili 2009, al-Fiqh wa Adillatuhu Islam, Dar al-Fikr, the Section IX,
Beirut, p. 411
cxxxviii
destination, because that made the purpose of these laws is the realization of
justice syar'i, and there is no reason ijtihad value if not a valid reason in
Personality ', the opinion / decision purely legal, protected from lust (interest)
Justice is the highest ideals of the law, but justice is not on legal texts
alone, but the man who received the mandate as law enforcement, the police,
public prosecutors, lawyers, and judges. Therefore, the task of the judge is to
decide between parties who do dzalim of the act of taking the rights of others
unlawfully, and beyond its limits, and to help those who persecuted and
delivered right to every eligible173, That legal justice must be upheld, but the
legal justice it becomes expensive because no one can afford it, but justice will
be cheap when law enforcement officials are no longer being honest and
word "re" meaning "about" or "reset" and the word "construction" which
172
Ibid.,h. 412
173
Wahbah al Zuhaili, op.cit., P. 402
174
Al Jurjawi 2007, Hikmat al tasyri 'wa Falsafatuhu, the Section II, Beiru, t: Dar al-Fikr,
p. 102-110
cxxxix
means "manufacture" or "building" or "interpretation" or "arrangement" or
"form" or "building" ,
2014-2034, the local government has set Penyengat in various states, namely
the arrangement:
of about 1.5 km, and can be reached by pompong (powerboat) for 15 minutes.
cxl
North : Village Senggaran;
Biting island has an area of land, the beach and the sea of 240
hectares. Only a land area of 3.5 km² which is divided into six villages
Baru, Kampung Kampung Bulang and Ladi. As for the division of territory in
and Region Heritage on land and / or in the presence of water that needs to
175
See Article 1 paragraph 1 of Law 11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
176
See Article 2 of Law No.11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
cxli
in Indonesia can be done well and in accordance with the purpose of the state
strengthening the national identity; improve the welfare of the people; and
promote the cultural heritage of the nation to the international community 177,
Mayor later than 30 after the recommendation of the Expert Team Heritage
Government.
177
See Article 3 of Law 11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
178
See Article 13 of Law No.11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
179
See Article 32 paragraph (1) of Act 11 of 2010 Concerning the Cultural Heritage.
cxlii
World Heritage (World heritage) is the terminology used by
UNESCO in giving the status of the object, structure, area, and / or sites that
have historical value. Heritage has a lot of sense, namely heritage According
heritage, traditions, and values that are owned by a nation or state for many
cultural and natural materials. During this cultural heritage is more aimed at
publicly cultural heritage, such as the various objects stored in the museum.
publicly cultural heritage, such as the various objects stored in the museum.
cxliii
Referring to the Charter of the Indonesian Heritage Conservation Ciloto
Cultural heritage is the result of creativity, taste, intention, and works that
G. Framework Dissertation
the Constitution, the Act and the implementing rules. This study will examine
Cultural Heritage.
cxliv
1945
normative
Theoretical basis: Juridical:
1. Theory of State Law (Grand Theory); 1. Library Studies;
2. Legal System Theory (Midle Theory); 2. Documentation;
3. Theory of Good Governance (Applied 3. Interview;
Theory) 5.
Dignity Justice Theory (Applied Theory) sociological
Juridical:
2. questionnaire;
Knowing the determination of construction in the city of Tanjungpinang Biting Island as a World
Heritage and know the weaknesses determination Biting Island in Tanjungpinang as World
Heritage
cxlv
H. Research methods
method that aims to do right, in this research begins with certain events of
same data set or in the other events in a data set or in aggregate Additional
data180,
research, it can be seen that the scope of the law is very broad social
problems181,
This study uses primary legal materials and secondary law, primary
legal materials constitute legal material which shall be obtained from direct
jurisprudence, and the results of the symposium to-date related to the topic of
research183,
180
Merriam, S. (1998). Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised
and Expanded from: Case Study Research in Education. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco. h. 20
181
Johnny Ibrahim, Op Cit., P. 284.
182
ibid., H. 295.
183
Ibid., P. 296.
cxlvi
Conducted research paradigm is the paradigm of constructivism
relevant by the social actors. Legal reality is the reality of diverse compound,
qualitative methods.
Island Cultural District, Riau Islands Province. The policy would require
concept of zoning at each site on the island Biting as one step in the
Heritage Area that in 2018 some of the buildings and structures on the
cxlvii
island Biting has been designated as objects of cultural heritage through
building or structure. If it has been set as the region and will be managed,
towards the preservation of cultural heritage Biting as they also have the
UNESCO World Heritage Sites begin deliberations for 11 days in the city
which destination will be entered into the list of UNESCO World Heritage
Site. Currently there are 1,092 sites from 167 countries have been
World Heritage Site will be known. Not only that, the destination will also
get the protection of UNESCO and arguably align with other famous
destinations in the world. Since it was established in 1978 ago, the list of
184
Sri Anindiati Nursastri, 2019 "Cities in Indonesia Sign Nomination UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 2019". .com compass. PT. compass Cyber Media.
cxlviii
Taj Mahal in India, Petra in Jordan, and the Galapagos Islands in
Ecuador.
categories in the nomination list. The first category is a natural site. The
cultural and natural elements. Destinations which will be entered into the
World Heritage Sites in 2019, one of which was derived from Indonesia.
Surely this is good news for the people of Indonesia. The destination is
mining town of the oldest in Southeast Asia. Coal mining activities have
been carried out there in the 19th century when the Dutch East Indies in
support mining activities, such as the rail network to the west coast of
operations for two centuries has made Sawahlunto thick with the
interaction of eastern and western culture. It was seen from a unique city
layout. Until now, there are still some relics of history there.
cxlix
In 2015, the island in the Riau Islands Biting proposed ever since
1995 returns are not included in the list of this year's assessment.
Obscurity cause of the island in Tanjung Pinang Riau Islands that does
not make the valuation list. Is it because there is proposed again, or there
are other reasons. It is clear, none of the proposals from Indonesia which
entered the list of the committee vote this year. Of Southeast Asia there are
heritage.
Biting through Decree No. 112 / M / 2018 on the island of Heritage Region
Biting As pringkat National Heritage Area has its own weaknesses. When
viewed from the mandate of Law No. 11 Year 2010 on Heritage will require
area not per building or structure alone. If it has been set as the region and
necessary spatial delimitation and designation as the core zone, buffer zone,
cl
boundary line of each zone, based on consideration of archaeological,
so as to minimize the threat of damage to the site and the heritage area. In
Zoning site which has been implemented is more enabling applied to sites
that have large areas that can be divided into core zone, buffer zone,
preservation of the site. That's what happens on the island of Biting. The
application of such a zoning of the site will certainly be different to the usual.
out and based on the provisions, both academic and applicable laws.
cli
b. Biting island as a cultural shopping center;
interests box.
Development in Penyengat
Region (KCN).
Legislation referred to as the rules, norms and norms have two sides
that can not be separated. The first contains the ideas and ideals. Second, the
legal function (used) as a tool for law mncapai ideals. associated with the
clii
ideals of the State of Indonesia, based on the text of the opening 1945 can be
Indonesian nation and the entire Indonesian blood was spilled and to
dimensions, applying world order based on freedom, lasting peace and social
justice.
liberal.
separated from good governance and dignified standard of justice for the
world heritage island stinger is a legacy object that has existed since the days
is part of the soul of the nation and by the theory of justice dignified Bottom-
accordance with the precepts Into the 2nd and 4th principle of Pancasila.
cliii
J. CLOSING
1. Conclusions
countries around ever use the Malay language at the time either
form types and symbol letters that is used to distinguish the traditional
making limited changes that will not result in deterioration of the value
cliv
values of Heritage: Exploiting the Cultural Heritage utilization for the
making limited changes that will not result in deterioration of the value
making limited changes that will not result in deterioration of the value
of Reserve Budya.
Indonesia.
clv
1.3 Reconstruction of the law on the determination of the island
and article 46, which reads in the reconstruction of the Act No.
clvi
Heritage in accordance with the UNESCO Convention for the
2. Suggestion
improve the dignity of the nation. In research by the author still need the
countries around the island so that the information needed Biting very
divided the countries into a new state could not avoid the confession
clvii
2. In reality there are several problems that must be followed up.
a. Ownership one of the key issues that must be regulated and defined
determined Biting island status and rank, that is; i) Asking the rating
status of the stipulation and four buildings that have been previously
buildings, and structures that have not been established into the
1. Theoretical implications
clviii
Theoretically that the result of new discoveries from research obtained
Tanjung Pinang City)". "still requires a deeper study, the need for the
preparation of the by improving the material and the real sites that do not
meet the category World Heritage. The need for a team of experts and the
consistency of the role of government, the state and society in the handling
2. implications paradigmatic
Therefore, to obtain the title of world heritage not only of UNESCO who
can issue a certificate acknowledged that, but there are Islamic institution
proposed and approved in the near future, it will be awarded the Islamic
civilization.
3. Practical implications
clix
The title of World Heritage or Islamic World Heritage is the predicate
of the pride of the region and also the state because the predicate is
successful label local government and managed to bring the area into
Icon) also make this source of foreign exchange to bring in both local
Islamic World Heritage and World Heritage, the public will benefit by
sold. This will give the effect of the tip ends of revenue going to the
welfare of society.
KATA PENGANTAR
Bismillahirrahmanirrahiim
clx
untuk mengikuti ujian tertutup tahapan ujian pada Program Doktor Ilmu Hukum
UNISSULA Semarang.
Atas selesainya penulisan disertasi ini, sebagai ungkapan rasa syukur dan
Prabowo Setiyawan, MT., Ph.D. beserta staff dan dosen yang telah
Semarang.
Unissula Semarang.
3. Prof. Dr. Teguh Prasetyo, S.H., M.Si, selaku Promotor yang sangat sabar
4. Dr. Hj. Anis Mashdurohatun, S.H., M.Hum, selaku Ketua Program Studi
promovendus.
clxi
6. Segenap para staf PDIH FH UNISSULA, ucapan terimakasih atas
7. Keluarga yang selalu mendukung dan memberikan semangat dan doa bagi
dari sekaligus balasan yang setimpal dari Allah SWT baik di dunia maupun
akhirat. Amin.
Penulis menyadari bahwa disertasi ini adalah jauh dari harapan, oleh
karenanya kritik, saran dan masukan yang membangun dari pembaca, baik dari
Meitya Yulianty
PDIH. 03.V.14.0199
clxii