KARDIOVASKULER (99)
Fisiologi
• Bersifat asianotik.
• Darah mengalir dari sisi kiri jantung ke sisi
kanan melalui defek atrium (ASD) atau
ventrikel (VSD), atau dari aorta ke
sirkulasi pulmonal (PDA).
• Menyebabkan darah beroksigen dari sisi
kiri ke sisi kanan jantung atau ke paru-
paru.
• Menyebabkan aliran darah pulmonal
meningkat dan menyebabkan hipertrofi
pembuluh paru.
• Peningkatan jumlah darah kesisi kanan
dapat menyebabkan gagal jantung sisi
kanan dan diikuti gagal jantung sisi kiri
Shunt kanan-ke-kiri
• Bersifat sianotik
• Darah mengalir dari sisi kanan
jantung ke sisi kiri atau dari arteri
pulmonalis langsung ke sirkulasi
sistemik melalui paten ductus
arteriosus.
• Arteri pulmonalis kekurangan
oksigen, shunt kanan ke kiri
menambahkan darah
terdeoksigenasi ke sirkulasi sistemik,
menyebabkan hipoksia dan sianosis.
• Manifestasi karena hipoksia jaringan:
kelelahan, peningkatan HR, dan jari
tabuh.
Emboli
• Adalah zat yang bersirkulasi dari satu lokasi di tubuh ke lokasi lain,
melalui aliran darah.
• Terutama merupakan gumpalan darah (thrombus), dapat juga
terdiri dari: potongan jaringan, gelembung udara, cairan ketuban,
lemak,bakteri, sel tumor, atau zat asing.
• Emboli dapat berasal dari vena dan arteri
– Dari sirkulasi vena, seperti dari trombosis vena dalam, berjalan
ke sisi kanan jantung. ke sirkulasi pulmonal dan akhirnya
bersarang di kapiler, menyebabkan infark paru dan kematian.
– Emboli arteri berasal dari sisi kiri jantung dari kondisi seperti
aritmia, penyakit katup jantung,infark miokard, gagal jantung,
atau endokarditis. Emboli arteri dapat bersarang di organ,
seperti otak, ginjal, atau ekstremitas, menyebabkan iskemia atau
infark.
Pelepasan enzim jantung dan protein
• CHD/ASHD/IHD
• Infark Myokard
• Infection : Myocarditis or endocarditis
• Heart valve disorders
• Arrhythmias
• Pulmonary hypertension and Embolism
• Hyper/hypothyroidism
• Anemia
• Kydney failure
Signs and symptoms and why
• Electrocardiograph
y (EKG): shows
heart strain, LVH,
ischemia, LAD.
Tests:
• EKG: shows heart
strain,
enlargement,
ischemia.
Tests:
• Chest x-ray:
reveals
pulmonary
infiltrates and an
enlarged heart.
• CTR > 50%
Tests:
• Echocardiogram: evaluates
pumping ability of the heart
and function of the valves.
• Pulmonary artery (PA)
pressure monitoring: shows
elevated PAWP and LVEDP in
left-sided heart failure.
Treatments:
Goal : is to decrease workload on the heart.
• Diuretics: decrease fluid volume
• ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin II receptor blockers: dilate
blood vessels decreasing workload of heart.
• Beta-blockers: slow the heart rate; prevent remodeling.
• Vasodilators: cause blood vessels to dilate.
• Positive inotropic drugs: makes the heart muscle
contract more forcefully.
• Anticoagulants: prevent clot formation.
Treat...
• Opioids: relieve anxiety and decrease
the workload on the heart especially
in pulmonary hypertension.
• Oxygen therapy: improves
oxygenation.
• Coronary artery bypass surgery
(CABS) or angioplasty: for heart
failure due to coronary artery disease
(CAD).
• Heart transplant: when aggressive
medical treatments are not effective.
Treat...
• Lifestyle modification:
exercise; weight loss; reduced
sodium, alcohol, and fat
intake; smoking cessation;
stress reduction to reduce
symptoms of heart failure.
What can harm my client?
• Pulmonary edema.
• Organ failure (heart,
brain, and kidney).
• Myocardial infarction.
CORONARY ARTERY
DISEASE
What is it?
• Narrowing of the
lumen of blood
vessels
• Atheroma formation
• Decreased blood
vessel elasticity
Angina : Oklusi 70 % iskemia
Infark: Oklusi 80 – 90 % Injury/infark
ECG
ISCHEMIA INJURY/INFARK
INFARK/ISCHEMIA REGIO
Cause :
• Atherosclerosis
• Congenital defects
• Coronary artery spasm
• Aneurysm
• Infectious vasculitis
• Syphilis
• High blood levels of C-reactive
Protein
RISK FACTORS
• Age
• DM
• Men are at increased risk
• CKD
but women risk post
menopause • Abdominal obesity
• Positive family history • Sedentary lifestyle:
Inaktivities
• Diets high in
cholesterol and fat • Autoimmune disorders :
RA
• Hypertension
• Smooking
Framingham Heart scale
CHD 10-year risk
Predictors
• Age
• Total cholesterol
• HDL
• SBP
• Treatment for hypertension
• Smoking status
Terminologi
• Angina Pectoris : stable, unstable, variant,
Prizmental, Pre infark
• Infark : IMA (stemi, non stemi),
• Nekrosis : OMI
• Acut Coronary Syndrome ??
PRECIPITING FACTOR (ANGINA)
• Emotion/stress
• Exercise
• Eating more
• Ekstrime Exposure
PRECIPITING FACTOR (INFARK)
Pembentukan
Trombus Lepas Proses AS trombus
Mendorong
Oklusi Arteri Aliran koroner trombus dan
oleh trombus turun lepas
Zone ischemia
Mekanisme HR dan
Zone infark
kompensasi kontraksi
Zone injury meningka
Sign and Symtomes
• Angina
• High Blood Pressure
• Nuesea and movite
• Fainting
• Sweting
• Cold Extremities
• Shorteness of Breath
Tests:
• MI.
• Myocardial ischemia/Angina.
• Complete coronary artery
blockage can cause ventricular
fibrillation and sudden cardiac
death (SCD).
• Arrhythmias.
• Heart failure.
DISCUSION