Disusun Oleh:
M. Farhaan K 21010119130133
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Dengan ini menerangkan bahwa nama-nama mahasiswa di bawah ini:
Kelompok 2
Hari : ...............................................................................................
Tanggal : ...............................................................................................
KATA PENGANTAR
Kami panjatkan puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas Rahmat
serta karunia yang dilimpahkan kepada kami sehingga Laporan Tugas Perencanaan
Bangunan Keairan Pantai Groin Series ini dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
Akhir kata, kami berharap agar laporan yang kami susun ini dapat
bermanfaat bagi penyusun dan kepada pembaca.
Penyusun
DAFTAR ISI
BAB 1
SOAL
TUGAS MATA KULIAH
PERENCANAAN BANGUNAN KEAIRAN (TEKNIK PANTAI)
Kelas :A
Nama anggota Kelompok :2
No Nama NIM
1 Ardhy Permana Ramadhan 21010119130118
2 M. Farhaan Kristanto 21010119130133
3 Fauzan Adhima 21010119140174
H. Perintah :
1. Analisis data pasang surut yang ada, tentukan design water level (DWL)
2. Analisis data angin, buat wind rose
3. Hitung fetch yang terjadi
BAB 2
DATA
Timur 67.5-112.5
Tenggara 112.5-157.5
Selatan 157.5-202.5
Barat 247.5-292.5
Utara 337.5<;<22.5
ARAH ANGIN
KECEPATAN (knot) JUMLAH
Barat Barat Laut Utara Timur Laut Timur Tenggara Selatan Barat Daya
<1 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
1-3 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
4-6 5,56% 3,72% 0,68% 0,66% 0,66% 0,30% 0,44% 1,23% 13,25%
7 - 10 15,03% 7,61% 1,45% 1,20% 0,49% 0,63% 0,47% 8,21% 35,09%
11 - 16 12,35% 10,54% 2,49% 3,09% 1,20% 0,79% 1,34% 7,06% 38,87%
17 - 21 2,05% 2,57% 0,82% 0,44% 0,60% 0,44% 1,40% 0,85% 9,17%
22 - 27 0,47% 0,47% 0,03% 0,08% 0,05% 0,19% 0,14% 0,16% 1,59%
>27 1,01% 0,47% 0,08% 0,05% 0,05% 0,05% 0,11% 0,19% 2,03%
TOTAL 36,46% 25,38% 5,56% 5,53% 3,07% 2,41% 3,89% 17,71% 100,00%
Melalui gambar mawar angin diatas, dapat diketahui bahwa arah mata
angin dominan adalah arah barat laut, barat, dan barat daya. Dimana dalam
jangka waktu 1 tahun, angin lebih sering berhembus dari ketiga arah tersebut
menuju garis pantai.
Data Pasang Surut yang akan diolah berupa pencatatan elevasi muka
air laut setiap jamnya selama 24 jam setiap hari selama 1 bulan penuh.
BAB 3
ANALISIS
a) Skema I
Pada tahap ini data disusun dalam tabel dimana secara horizontal
data diurutkan sesuai waktu pengamatannya (arah ke kanan, mulai dari
jam 01.00 sampai 24.00) dan secara vertikal data diurutkan sesuai
tanggalnya (untuk metode Admiralty, hanya digunakan data
pengamatan selama 29 hari).
Jam Pengamatan
Tanggal
01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00
1 01/08/2019 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 100
2 02/08/2019 100 110 130 140 140 150 140 140 120 110 100 100
3 03/08/2019 90 110 120 130 140 140 140 130 120 110 100 100
4 04/08/2019 80 100 120 130 140 140 140 130 120 110 100 90
5 05/08/2019 70 90 110 120 130 140 130 130 110 100 90 80
6 06/08/2019 70 80 100 120 130 130 130 120 110 90 80 80
7 07/08/2019 60 80 100 110 120 130 130 120 100 90 80 70
8 08/08/2019 70 80 90 110 120 130 120 120 100 80 70 70
9 09/08/2019 70 80 90 110 120 120 120 110 100 80 70 60
10 10/08/2019 80 90 100 110 120 120 120 120 100 80 60 70
11 11/08/2019 100 100 100 110 120 120 120 120 100 90 70 70
12 12/08/2019 110 110 110 120 120 130 130 120 110 90 70 80
13 13/08/2019 110 120 120 130 130 130 130 120 110 90 80 80
14 14/08/2019 120 120 130 130 140 140 130 120 110 100 80 90
15 15/08/2019 110 120 130 140 140 140 140 130 120 100 90 90
16 16/08/2019 100 120 130 140 140 140 140 130 120 100 90 90
17 17/08/2019 90 110 120 130 140 140 140 130 120 100 90 90
18 18/08/2019 80 100 120 130 140 140 140 130 110 100 90 90
19 19/08/2019 70 90 110 120 130 130 130 120 110 100 90 80
20 20/08/2019 70 80 100 110 120 130 130 120 100 90 80 70
21 21/08/2019 70 80 90 110 120 120 120 110 100 80 70 70
22 22/08/2019 70 80 90 110 120 120 120 110 90 80 70 60
23 23/08/2019 80 80 90 110 120 120 110 100 90 70 60 50
24 24/08/2019 90 90 100 110 120 120 110 100 90 70 50 50
25 25/08/2019 100 100 110 110 120 120 120 110 90 70 50 60
26 26/08/2019 100 110 110 120 130 130 120 110 100 80 60 60
27 27/08/2019 110 110 120 130 130 130 130 120 100 80 60 70
28 28/08/2019 110 120 120 130 140 140 130 120 110 90 70 80
29 29/08/2019 110 120 120 130 140 140 130 130 110 100 80 90
30 30/08/2019 90 100 110 120 130 130 130 130 120 110 100 90
31 31/08/2019 80 90 100 110 120 130 130 120 120 110 100 90
Tertinggi 110 120 120 130 140 140 150 140 140 120 110 100
Terendah 50 60 80 90 110 120 120 110 100 90 70 50
Jam Pengamatan
Tanggal
13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 00.00
1 01/08/2019 90 80 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 50 50 60
2 02/08/2019 90 90 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 50 50
3 03/08/2019 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 60 50 50 50 50
4 04/08/2019 90 80 90 90 90 90 90 80 70 60 50 50
5 05/08/2019 80 80 80 90 100 100 100 90 80 70 60 50
6 06/08/2019 70 70 70 80 90 100 110 100 100 90 70 70
7 07/08/2019 60 60 60 70 90 100 110 110 110 100 90 80
8 08/08/2019 50 50 50 60 70 90 100 110 110 110 100 90
9 09/08/2019 50 40 40 50 60 80 90 100 110 110 110 100
10 10/08/2019 50 40 30 40 50 60 80 90 100 110 110 110
11 11/08/2019 50 40 30 30 40 50 60 80 90 100 100 110
12 12/08/2019 60 50 40 30 40 40 50 60 80 90 90 100
13 13/08/2019 70 60 50 40 40 40 50 50 60 70 80 90
14 14/08/2019 80 60 60 50 50 50 50 50 50 60 70 80
15 15/08/2019 80 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 50 60 70
16 16/08/2019 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 50 50 50 60
17 17/08/2019 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 70 60 60 50 50
18 18/08/2019 80 80 80 90 90 90 90 80 70 60 60 50
19 19/08/2019 80 80 80 90 100 100 100 100 90 80 70 60
20 20/08/2019 70 70 70 80 100 100 110 110 100 90 80 70
21 21/08/2019 60 60 70 80 90 100 110 110 110 100 90 80
22 22/08/2019 50 50 50 70 80 100 110 120 110 110 100 90
23 23/08/2019 40 40 40 60 70 90 100 110 120 110 110 100
24 24/08/2019 40 40 40 50 60 80 90 100 110 110 110 110
25 25/08/2019 40 40 30 40 50 70 80 90 100 110 110 110
26 26/08/2019 50 50 30 30 40 60 70 80 90 100 100 100
27 27/08/2019 60 60 40 40 40 50 60 70 80 90 90 100
28 28/08/2019 70 70 40 40 40 50 60 60 70 80 80 90
29 29/08/2019 80 80 60 60 50 50 60 60 60 70 70 80
30 30/08/2019 80 80 70 70 70 70 60 60 60 60 60 70
31 31/08/2019 90 90 80 80 80 80 80 70 60 60 60 60
Tertinggi 90 90 90 90 100 100 110 120 120 110 110 110
Terendah 40 40 30 30 40 40 50 40 40 40 50 50
Keterangan:
Air tertinggi : 150 cm
Air terendah : 30 cm
X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X4 Y4
No Tanggal
(+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-)
1 01/10/2019 1170 -1000 700 -1470 1030 -1170 1000 -1170 730 -720 1100 -1070
2 02/10/2019 1200 -970 760 -1410 1010 -1200 970 -1200 720 -720 1110 -1060
3 03/10/2019 1250 -970 840 -1380 1000 -1250 970 -1250 740 -740 1110 -1110
4 04/10/2019 1230 -980 930 -1280 940 -1230 980 -1230 740 -750 1120 -1090
5 05/10/2019 1190 -1000 980 -1210 900 -1190 1000 -1190 720 -730 1090 -1100
6 06/10/2019 1130 -1070 1020 -1180 910 -1130 1070 -1130 740 -740 1100 -1100
7 07/10/2019 1060 -1130 1040 -1150 910 -1060 1130 -1060 730 -730 1090 -1100
8 08/10/2019 970 -1160 990 -1140 920 -970 1160 -970 710 -710 1040 -1090
9 09/10/2019 920 -1210 940 -1190 950 -920 1210 -920 710 -720 1050 -1080
10 10/10/2019 890 -1230 870 -1250 1010 -890 1230 -890 710 -700 1050 -1070
11 11/10/2019 890 -1220 780 -1330 1030 -890 1220 -890 700 -700 1060 -1050
12 12/10/2019 920 -1190 730 -1380 1050 -920 1190 -920 700 -710 1060 -1050
13 13/10/2019 980 -1150 700 -1430 1060 -980 1150 -980 720 -700 1080 -1050
14 14/10/2019 1070 -1100 710 -1460 1050 -1070 1100 -1070 730 -720 1090 -1080
15 15/10/2019 1120 -1050 730 -1440 1020 -1120 1050 -1120 720 -730 1090 -1080
16 16/10/2019 1170 -1000 780 -1390 990 -1170 1000 -1170 720 -730 1100 -1070
17 17/10/2019 1190 -1010 850 -1350 950 -1190 1010 -1190 730 -740 1110 -1090
18 18/10/2019 1190 -990 920 -1260 930 -1190 990 -1190 720 -730 1080 -1100
19 19/10/2019 1180 -1040 1030 -1190 930 -1180 1040 -1180 730 -740 1120 -1100
20 20/10/2019 1090 -1090 1050 -1130 910 -1090 1090 -1090 720 -720 1090 -1090
21 21/10/2019 1050 -1140 1060 -1130 920 -1050 1140 -1050 730 -730 1090 -1100
22 22/10/2019 950 -1200 1040 -1110 910 -950 1200 -950 730 -700 1060 -1090
23 23/10/2019 880 -1250 990 -1140 920 -880 1250 -880 710 -710 1050 -1080
24 24/10/2019 870 -1270 940 -1200 960 -870 1270 -870 710 -720 1070 -1070
25 25/10/2019 870 -1270 870 -1270 990 -870 1270 -870 720 -710 1050 -1090
26 26/10/2019 880 -1250 800 -1330 1000 -880 1250 -880 710 -700 1080 -1050
27 27/10/2019 950 -1220 780 -1390 1050 -950 1220 -950 730 -720 1100 -1070
28 28/10/2019 1000 -1160 750 -1410 1050 -1000 1160 -1000 730 -710 1100 -1060
29 29/10/2019 1090 -1100 780 -1410 1060 -1090 1100 -1090 740 -730 1110 -1080
30 30/10/2019 1120 -1050 810 -1360 1020 -1120 1050 -1120 720 -720 1090 -1080
31 31/10/2019 1170 -1020 890 -1300 1010 -1170 1020 -1170 740 -720 1110 -1080
X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X4 Y4
No Tanggal
(+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-) (+) (-)
1 01/10/2019 1170 1000 700 1470 1030 1170 1000 1170 730 720 1100 1070
2 02/10/2019 1200 970 760 1410 1010 1200 970 1200 720 720 1110 1060
3 03/10/2019 1250 970 840 1380 1000 1250 970 1250 740 740 1110 1110
4 04/10/2019 1230 980 930 1280 940 1230 980 1230 740 750 1120 1090
5 05/10/2019 1190 1000 980 1210 900 1190 1000 1190 720 730 1090 1100
6 06/10/2019 1130 1070 1020 1180 910 1130 1070 1130 740 740 1100 1100
7 07/10/2019 1060 1130 1040 1150 910 1060 1130 1060 730 730 1090 1100
8 08/10/2019 970 1160 990 1140 920 970 1160 970 710 710 1040 1090
9 09/10/2019 920 1210 940 1190 950 920 1210 920 710 720 1050 1080
10 10/10/2019 890 1230 870 1250 1010 890 1230 890 710 700 1050 1070
11 11/10/2019 890 1220 780 1330 1030 890 1220 890 700 700 1060 1050
12 12/10/2019 920 1190 730 1380 1050 920 1190 920 700 710 1060 1050
13 13/10/2019 980 1150 700 1430 1060 980 1150 980 720 700 1080 1050
14 14/10/2019 1070 1100 710 1460 1050 1070 1100 1070 730 720 1090 1080
15 15/10/2019 1120 1050 730 1440 1020 1120 1050 1120 720 730 1090 1080
16 16/10/2019 1170 1000 780 1390 990 1170 1000 1170 720 730 1100 1070
17 17/10/2019 1190 1010 850 1350 950 1190 1010 1190 730 740 1110 1090
18 18/10/2019 1190 990 920 1260 930 1190 990 1190 720 730 1080 1100
19 19/10/2019 1180 1040 1030 1190 930 1180 1040 1180 730 740 1120 1100
20 20/10/2019 1090 1090 1050 1130 910 1090 1090 1090 720 720 1090 1090
21 21/10/2019 1050 1140 1060 1130 920 1050 1140 1050 730 730 1090 1100
22 22/10/2019 950 1200 1040 1110 910 950 1200 950 730 700 1060 1090
23 23/10/2019 880 1250 990 1140 920 880 1250 880 710 710 1050 1080
24 24/10/2019 870 1270 940 1200 960 870 1270 870 710 720 1070 1070
25 25/10/2019 870 1270 870 1270 990 870 1270 870 720 710 1050 1090
26 26/10/2019 880 1250 800 1330 1000 880 1250 880 710 700 1080 1050
27 27/10/2019 950 1220 780 1390 1050 950 1220 950 730 720 1100 1070
28 28/10/2019 1000 1160 750 1410 1050 1000 1160 1000 730 710 1100 1060
29 29/10/2019 1090 1100 780 1410 1060 1090 1100 1090 740 730 1110 1080
30 30/10/2019 1120 1050 810 1360 1020 1120 1050 1120 720 720 1090 1080
31 31/10/2019 1170 1020 890 1300 1010 1170 1020 1170 740 720 1110 1080
Pada tahap ini, kolom perhitungan Skema III berisi indeks nilai
X0, X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X4 dan Y4, dimana nilai kolom indeks X0 didapat
melalui penjumlahan nilai data selama 24 jam dalam 1 hari nya.
Sedangkan nilai kolom sisanya didapat melalui penjumlahan nilai (+)
dan (-) dari masing-masing set dalam 1 hari. Untuk menghindari adanya
nilai negatif, maka nilai pada 1 set kolom yang memiliki nilai negatif
perlu diberi tambahan nilai.
X0 X1 Y1 X2 Y2 X4 Y4
No Tanggal
40 80 30 50 10 10
1 01/10/2019 210 -690 -110 -120 20 40
2 02/10/2019 2170 270 -570 -160 -180 10 60
3 03/10/2019 2220 320 -460 -220 -230 10 10
4 04/10/2019 2210 290 -270 -260 -200 0 40
5 05/10/2019 2190 230 -150 -260 -140 0 0
6 06/10/2019 2200 100 -80 -190 -10 10 10
7 07/10/2019 2190 -30 -30 -120 120 10 0
8 08/10/2019 2130 -150 -70 -20 240 10 -40
9 09/10/2019 2130 -250 -170 60 340 0 -20
10 10/10/2019 2120 -300 -300 150 390 20 -10
11 11/10/2019 2110 -290 -470 170 380 10 20
12 12/10/2019 2110 -230 -570 160 320 0 20
13 13/10/2019 2130 -130 -650 110 220 30 40
14 14/10/2019 2170 10 -670 10 80 20 20
15 15/10/2019 2170 110 -630 -70 -20 0 20
16 16/10/2019 2170 210 -530 -150 -120 0 40
17 17/10/2019 2200 220 -420 -210 -130 0 30
18 18/10/2019 2180 240 -260 -230 -150 0 -10
19 19/10/2019 2220 180 -80 -220 -90 0 30
20 20/10/2019 2180 40 0 -150 50 10 10
21 21/10/2019 2190 -50 10 -100 140 10 0
22 22/10/2019 2150 -210 10 -10 300 40 -20
23 23/10/2019 2130 -330 -70 70 420 10 -20
24 24/10/2019 2140 -360 -180 120 450 0 10
25 25/10/2019 2140 -360 -320 150 450 20 -30
26 26/10/2019 2130 -330 -450 150 420 20 40
27 27/10/2019 2170 -230 -530 130 320 20 40
28 28/10/2019 2160 -120 -580 80 210 30 50
29 29/10/2019 2190 30 -550 0 60 20 40
So M2 S2 N2 K1 O1 M4 MS4
X00 1
X10 1 -0,08
X12-Y1B 0,07 -0,02 1 0,02
X13-Y1C
Untuk skema 5 PR
X20 -0,03 1 -0,03
cos r
X22-Y2B 1 0,015 0,038 0,002 -0,058 -0,035
X23-Y2C -0,06 1
X42-Y4B 0,03 1
X44-Y4D 1 0,08
Y10 0 0 0 0 1 -0,08 0 0
Y12+X1B 0 0,07 0 0 -0,02 1 0 0,02
Y13+X1C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Untuk skema 6 PR Y20 0 -0,03 1 -0,03 0 0 0 0
sin r Y22+X2B 0 1 0,015 0,038 0,002 -0,058 0 -0,035
Y23+X2C 0 -0,06 0 1 0 0 0 0
Y42+X4B 0 0,03 0 0 0 0 0 1
Y44+X4D 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0,08
Untuk skema 7 Deler P 696 559 448 566 439 565 507 535
Untuk skema 7 Konstanta P 0 333 345 327 173 160 307 318
So M2 S2 N2 K1 O1 M4 MS4
f) Skema VII
no So M2 S2 N2 K1 O1 M4 MS4 K2 P1
1 V : PR cos r 60600 -3836,6 1932,85 -164,48 -2087,42 876,58 -350 155,15 0 0
2 VI : PR sin r 0 -12170,5 -12230,75 -12146,4 -11833,1 -10387,1 -12050 -12833,25 0 0
3 PR 60600 12760,90004 12382,53426 12147,5136 12015,80534 10424,0222 12055,08192 12834,18782 0 0
4 P 696 559 448 566 439 565 507 535 0 0
5 f 1 1,009674913 1 1,009674913 0,984954417 0,975287946 1,01944343 1,009674913 0,943294255 1
6 1+W 1 1 1,226268526 2,185282346 0,7261 1 1 1,226268526 1 1
7 V' 204,623 70,353 10,093 194,530
8 V'' 212,583 299,507 224,776 174,062
9 V''' 18,7 195,7 13,8 4,9
10 V -48,02889 0 -428,83747 250,371945 1501,599165 -456,05778 1391,97111 -39,25611 109,628055
11 u 2,070192532 0 2,070192532 8,853942052 -10,96786161 4,140385064 2,070192532 16,47473558 0
12 w 0 1,0258768 -1,391238815 1,0258768 -13,1858 0 0 0,226268526 0 0
13 p 333 345 327 173 160 307 318
14 r 360 72,50318553 278,9803003 89,22417886 79,99565531 274,8238306 88,336275 270,6926544
15 jumlah = g 360 360,5703649 622,5890615 -9,517221804 499,0358 1925,455134 -56,58111994 1982,960225 -22,78137442 109,628055
16 n*360 0 360 360 0 360 1080 0 1080 0 0
17 A (cm) 87,06896552 22,60934252 22,53958641 9,72706549 38,27102028 18,91707664 23,32378747 19,37525655 6,085688331 12,62943669
18 go 360 0,570364859 262,5890615 -9,517221804 139,0358 845,455134 -56,58111994 902,9602255 -22,78137442 109,628055
Keterangan:
TABEL V'
Tahun M2 N2 K1 O1
TABEL V''
TABEL V'''
Tanggal M2 N2 K1 O1
1 0 0 0 0
2 335,6 322,6 1 334,6
3 311,2 285,1 2 309,3
4 286,9 247,7 3 283,9
5 262,5 210,2 3,9 258,5
6 238,1 172,8 4,9 233,2
7 213,7 135,3 5,9 207,8
8 189,3 97,9 6,9 182,4
9 164,9 60,4 7,9 157,1
10 140,6 23 8,9 131,7
11 116,2 345,5 9,9 106,3
12 91,8 308,1 10,8 81
13 67,4 270,6 11,8 55,6
14 43 233,2 12,8 30,2
15 18,7 195,7 13,8 4,9
16 354,3 158,3 14,8 339,5
17 329,9 120,9 15,8 314,1
18 305,5 83,4 16,8 288,8
19 281,1 46 17,7 263,4
20 256,8 8,5 18,7 238,5
21 232,4 331,1 19,7 212,7
22 208 293,6 20,7 187,3
23 183,6 256,2 21,7 161,9
24 159,2 218,7 22,7 136,6
25 134,8 181,3 23,7 111,2
26 110,5 143,8 24,6 85,8
27 86,1 106,4 25,6 60,5
28 61,7 68,9 26,6 35,1
29 37,3 31,5 27,6 9,7
30 12,9 354 28,6 344,4
31 348,6 316,6 29,6 319
g) Skema VIII
e. (w) = w/f x f
g. (1+W) = 1+W
e. (w) = w/f x f
f. (W) = W/f x f
g. (1+W) = 1+W
e. (1+W) = 1+W
TABEL 1+W
S2, MS4, 2MS6 K1, MK3 N2, MN4, 2MN6
sudut () w/fK2() W/fK2 () wfK1() WfK1 () w () 1+W
0 0,7 -0,214 0 0,331 0 1,184
10 -6,6 -0,192 -2,5 0,327 1,6 1,182
20 -12,3 -0,131 -4,9 0,316 3,1 1,174
30 -15,5 -0,046 -7,3 0,297 4,6 1,163
40 -16,5 0,047 -9,6 0,271 5,9 1,147
50 -15,6 0,134 -11,8 0,239 7,2 1,127
60 -13,4 0,207 -13,8 0,201 8,3 1,104
70 -10,3 0,258 -15,6 0,157 9,2 1,077
80 -6,6 0,284 -17,1 0,107 9,9 1,048
90 -2,6 0,284 -18,3 0,053 10,4 1,017
100 1,6 0,256 -19,1 -0,003 10,6 0,984
110 5,6 0,204 -19,3 -0,06 10,4 0,953
120 9,2 0,131 -19 -0,118 10 0,922
130 12 0,041 -17,8 -0,173 9,1 0,893
140 13,7 -0,058 -15,9 -0,224 7,8 0,867
150 13,6 -0,157 -13,1 -0,268 6,2 0,846
160 11,2 -0,245 -9,3 -0,302 4,3 0,83
170 6 -0,307 -4,9 -0,323 2,2 0,819
180 -0,9 -0,33 0 -0,331 0 0,816
190 -7,8 -0,308 4,9 -0,323 -2,2 0,819
200 -12,6 -0,247 9,3 -0,302 -4,3 0,83
210 -14,9 -0,163 13,1 -0,268 -6,2 0,846
220 -14,8 -0,067 15,9 -0,224 -7,8 0,867
230 -13 0,029 17,8 -0,173 -9,1 0,893
240 -9,8 0,115 19 -0,118 -10 0,922
250 -6 0,186 19,3 -0,06 -10,4 0,953
260 -1,8 0,236 19,1 -0,003 -10,6 0,984
270 2,6 0,263 18,3 0,053 -10,4 1,017
280 6,9 0,265 17,1 0,107 -9,9 1,048
290 10,8 0,241 15,6 0,157 -9,2 1,077
300 14,1 0,192 13,8 0,201 -8,3 0,104
310 16,5 0,124 11,8 0,239 -7,2 1,127
320 17,5 0,039 9,6 0,271 -5,9 1,147
330 16,8 0,051 7,3 0,297 -4,6 1,163
340 13,7 -0,133 4,9 0,316 -3,1 1,174
350 8 -0,193 2,5 0,327 -1,6 1,182
360 0,7 -0,214 0 0,331 0 1,184
Tanggal Jenis
1 Tunggal
2 Tunggal
3 Tunggal
4 Ganda
5 Ganda
6 Ganda
7 Ganda
8 Ganda
9 Ganda
10 Ganda
11 Ganda
12 Tunggal
13 Tunggal
14 Tunggal
15 Tunggal
16 Tunggal
17 Tunggal
19 Ganda
20 Ganda
21 Ganda
22 Ganda
23 Ganda
24 Ganda
25 Ganda
26 Tunggal
27 Tunggal
28 Tunggal
29 Tunggal
3.1.4 Hasil
Setelah data dikelola melalui 8 skema yang ditentukan, hasil dari
Tabel 3.8 (Tabel Skema VII) perlu direkap untuk dapat dikelola guna
menentukan nilai/besaran pasang surut yang terjadi. Besaran pasang surut
diklasifikasikan menjadi 5 tingkatan, yaitu:
1. HHWL = Highest High-Water Level, diukur dari datum
= S0 + M2 + S2 + K1 + O1 + K2 + P1
2. MHWL = Mean High Water Level, diukur dari datum
= S0 + M2 + S2
= S0
4. MLWL = Mean Low Water Level, diukur dari datum
= S0 – M2 – S2 – K1 – O1 – K2 – P1
HHWL = 208,121116
MHWL = 132,217894
MSL = 87,0689655
MLWL = 41,9200366
LLWL = -33,9831854
El. HHWL = 121,052151
El. MHWL = 45,1489289
El. MSL = 0
El. MLWL = -45,1489289
El. LLWL = -121,052151
3.2 Gelombang
3.2.1 Analisis Fetch
Fetch merupakan daereah dimana gelombang terbangkitkan oleh
hembusan angin pada suatu arah tertentu. Fetch dihitung menggunakan
rumus berikut:
∑ 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
Pada daerah yang tidak memiliki fetch efektif yang jelas, maka
peramalan gelombang dapat dihitung menggunakan nilai fetch minimum.
Fetch minimum dirumuskan sebagai berikut:
3
1 2
𝑔3 𝑡𝑖
𝐹𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ( 1)
68,8 𝑈𝐴3
Keterangan:
Sudut Xi cos Δ
No Cos Δ Xi (km)
(Δ) (km)
1 42 0,743 400 297,258
2 36 0,809 400 323,607
3 30 0,866 400 346,410
4 24 0,914 378,132 345,441
5 18 0,951 377,497 359,021
6 12 0,978 383,286 374,910
7 6 0,995 400 397,809
8 0 1,000 400 400,000
9 6 0,995 400 397,809
10 12 0,978 400 391,259
11 18 0,951 400 380,423
12 24 0,914 400 365,418
13 30 0,866 400 346,410
14 36 0,809 40,8099 33,016
15 42 0,743 197,07 146,451
TOTAL 13,511 5376,795 4905,242
Fecth Efektif (km) 363,058 Km
Fecth Efektif (km) 363,058 KM
Sudut Xi cos Δ
No Cos Δ Xi (km)
(Δ) (km)
1 42 0,743 400 297,258
2 36 0,809 400 323,607
3 30 0,866 400 346,410
4 24 0,914 400 365,418
5 18 0,951 400 380,423
6 12 0,978 400 391,259
7 6 0,995 152,998 152,160
8 0 1,000 158,653 158,653
9 6 0,995 400 397,809
10 12 0,978 400 391,259
11 18 0,951 400 380,423
12 24 0,914 367,011 335,281
13 30 0,866 374,614 324,425
14 36 0,809 400 323,607
15 42 0,743 400 297,258
TOTAL 13,511 5453,276 4865,249
Fecth Efektif (km) 360,098 Km
Fecth Efektif (km) 360,098 KM
Sudut Xi cos Δ
No Cos Δ Xi (km)
(Δ) (km)
1 42 0,743 26,7836 19,904
2 36 0,809 24,457 19,786
3 30 0,866 28,2864 24,497
4 24 0,914 357,883 326,942
5 18 0,951 23,9449 22,773
6 12 0,978 293,84 287,419
7 6 0,995 400 397,809
8 0 1,000 400 400,000
9 6 0,995 400 397,809
10 12 0,978 400 391,259
11 18 0,951 400 380,423
12 24 0,914 400 365,418
13 30 0,866 400 346,410
14 36 0,809 400 323,607
15 42 0,743 400 297,258
TOTAL 13,511 4355,195 4001,313
Fecth Efektif (km) 296,154 Km
Fecth Efektif (km) 296,154 KM
Gambar 3.4 Fetch Arah Barat Laut, Barat, dan Barat Daya
3.2.2 Analisis Pembangkit Gelombang
Peramalan gelombang yang digunakan adalah metode SMB
(Sverdrup Munk Bretschneider) yang dikembangkan oleh Resio dan
Vincent (1997). Peramalan ini dibangun berdasarkan pertumbuhan energy
gelombang, dengan menggunakan angin berkecepatan ≥10 knot (≥5 m/det)
yang arahnya efektif untuk membangkitkan gelombang daerah perairan
Ketinggian Arah
Arah KEC. MAX Koreksi Kecepatan Angin (h=10 m)
Uw UA t F check Check Non Fully Developed Fully Developed
No TGL Observasi Angin RL Bulan Musim H0 T0
Utama
meter (m) ( °) Knot m/det (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (jam) (m) ≤ 7,15.104 tc (jam) Fetch/duration? Fterpakai (m) H0 T (dtk) H (m) T (dtk)
66 06/03/2012 5 270 Barat 30,072477 15,4572532 17,0661912 0,9835216 16,7849681 22,7987265 03 Musim Peralihan 1 360097,6 24685,04 Non Fully Developed 15,93576 Duration Limited 5660,579465 0,876247 3,150562 - - 0,88 3,15
67 07/03/2012 5 270 Barat 10,7401704 5,52044757 6,09506827 1,3603623 8,29150129 9,57584596 03 Musim Peralihan 6 360097,6 78477,48 Fully Developed - - - - - 2,274193 7,93985 2,27 7,94
393 27/01/2014 5 290 Barat 15,0362385 7,7286266 8,53309558 1,2372135 10,557261 12,8892129 01 Musim Barat 6 360097,6 52805,53 Non Fully Developed 19,27233 Duration Limited 62552,64401 1,646777 5,802586 - - 1,65 5,80
759 28/01/2015 5 290 Barat 12,8882044 6,62453708 7,31408193 1,2936326 9,46173513 11,2642535 01 Musim Barat 6 360097,6 63199,17 Non Fully Developed 20,15776 Duration Limited 58476,81108 1,391489 5,424499 - - 1,39 5,42
1121 25/01/2016 5 250 Barat 38,6646133 19,8736112 21,9422458 0,9 19,7480212 27,8453293 01 Musim Barat 1 360097,6 18907,97 Non Fully Developed 14,90822 Duration Limited 6255,784454 1,125068 3,481841 - - 1,13 3,48
1509 16/02/2017 5 280 Barat 23,6283748 12,1449847 13,4091502 1,0717869 14,371752 18,836287 02 Musim Barat 1 360097,6 31841,06 Non Fully Developed 16,98288 Duration Limited 5145,211683 0,690212 2,863719 - - 0,69 2,86
1511 18/02/2017 5 290 Barat 10,7401704 5,52044757 6,09506827 1,3603623 8,29150129 9,57584596 02 Musim Barat 6 360097,6 78477,48 Fully Developed - - - - - 2,274193 7,93985 2,27 7,94
1843 16/01/2018 5 290 Barat 10,7401704 5,52044757 6,09506827 1,3603623 8,29150129 9,57584596 01 Musim Barat 6 360097,6 78477,48 Fully Developed - - - - - 2,274193 7,93985 2,27 7,94
2205 13/01/2019 5 290 Barat 8,59213629 4,41635805 4,87605462 1,4420329 7,03143105 7,81847636 01 Musim Barat 6 360097,6 102837,6 Fully Developed - - - - - 1,516063 6,48272 1,52 6,48
2568 11/01/2020 5 250 Barat 15,0362385 7,7286266 8,53309558 1,2372135 10,557261 12,8892129 01 Musim Barat 6 360097,6 52805,53 Non Fully Developed 19,27233 Duration Limited 62552,64401 1,646777 5,802586 - - 1,65 5,80
Ketinggian Arah
Arah KEC. MAX Koreksi Kecepatan Angin (h=10 m)
Uw UA t F check Check Non Fully Developed Fully Developed
No TGL Observasi Angin RL Bulan Musim H0 T0
Utama 4
meter (m) ( °) Knot m/det (m/s) (m/s) (m/s) (jam) (m) ≤ 7,15.10 tc (jam) Fetch/duration? Fterpakai (m) H0 T (dtk) H (m) T (dtk)
100 09/04/2012 5 225 Barat Daya 23,6283748 12,1449847 13,4091502 1,0717869 14,371752 18,836287 04 Musim Peralihan 1 296154,1 27950,26 Non Fully Developed 14,90767 Duration Limited 5145,211683 0,690212 2,863719 - - 0,69 2,86
529 12/06/2014 5 240 Barat Daya 10,7401704 5,52044757 6,09506827 1,3603623 8,29150129 9,57584596 06 Musim Timur 5 296154,1 68887,97 Non Fully Developed 18,6788 Duration Limited 41015,61045 0,990689 4,565689 - - 0,99 4,57
921 09/07/2015 5 240 Barat Daya 8,59213629 4,41635805 4,87605462 1,4420329 7,03143105 7,81847636 07 Musim Timur 5 296154,1 90271,38 Fully Developed - - - - - 1,516063 6,48272 1,52 6,48
1285 07/07/2016 5 240 Barat Daya 8,59213629 4,41635805 4,87605462 1,4420329 7,03143105 7,81847636 07 Musim Timur 5 296154,1 90271,38 Fully Developed - - - - - 1,516063 6,48272 1,52 6,48
1718 13/09/2017 5 240 Barat Daya 8,59213629 4,41635805 4,87605462 1,4420329 7,03143105 7,81847636 09 Musim Peralihan 6 296154,1 90271,38 Fully Developed - - - - - 1,516063 6,48272 1,52 6,48
1995 17/06/2018 5 230 Barat Daya 8,59213629 4,41635805 4,87605462 1,4420329 7,03143105 7,81847636 06 Musim Timur 5 296154,1 90271,38 Fully Developed - - - - - 1,516063 6,48272 1,52 6,48
2327 15/05/2019 5 230 Barat Daya 10,7401704 5,52044757 6,09506827 1,3603623 8,29150129 9,57584596 05 Musim Peralihan 6 296154,1 68887,97 Non Fully Developed 18,6788 Duration Limited 53916,42012 1,135856 5,001462 - - 1,14 5,00
2607 19/02/2020 5 230 Barat Daya 10,7401704 5,52044757 6,09506827 1,3603623 8,29150129 9,57584596 02 Musim Barat 6 296154,1 68887,97 Non Fully Developed 18,6788 Duration Limited 53916,42012 1,135856 5,001462 - - 1,14 5,00
3020 07/04/2021 5 240 Barat Daya 30,072477 15,4572532 17,0661912 0,9835216 16,7849681 22,7987265 04 Musim Peralihan 1 296154,1 21668,66 Non Fully Developed 13,9885 Duration Limited 5660,579465 0,876247 3,150562 - - 0,88 3,15
3455 16/06/2022 5 240 Barat Daya 8,59213629 4,41635805 4,87605462 1,4420329 7,03143105 7,81847636 06 Musim Timur 5 296154,1 90271,38 Fully Developed - - - - - 1,516063 6,48272 1,52 6,48
0 < x ≤ 0.4 0.4 < x ≤ 0.8 0.8 < x ≤ 1.2 1.2 < x ≤ 1.6 1.6 < x ≤ 2 x>2 Jumlah
Calm dan Gelombang yang tidak berpengaruh 743 743
Barat 1 96 230 668 49 295 1339
Barat Laut 0 119 144 392 75 192 922
Barat Daya 0 37 227 369 16 0 649
Total 1 252 601 1429 140 487 2910
Jumlah Data Angin Total 3653
0 < x ≤ 0.4 0.4 < x ≤ 0.8 0.8 < x ≤ 1.2 1.2 < x ≤ 1.6 1.6 < x ≤ 2 x>2 Jumlah
Calm dan Gelombang yang tidak berpengaruh
20,34% 20,34%
Barat 0,03% 2,63% 6,30% 18,29% 1,34% 8,08% 36,65%
Barat Laut 0,00% 3,26% 3,94% 10,73% 2,05% 5,26% 25,24%
Barat Daya 0,00% 1,01% 6,21% 10,10% 0,44% 0,00% 17,77%
Total 0,03% 6,90% 16,45% 39,12% 3,83% 13,33% 79,66%
Jumlah Data Angin Berpengaruh 79,66%
Jumlah Data Angin Total 100,00%
Keterangan:
𝑃(ℎ𝑆 ≤ 𝐻𝑆 ) = Probabilitas untuk nilai 𝐻𝑆 tidak terlampaui
ℎ𝑆 = Tinggi gelombang representative
𝐻𝑆 = Tinggi gelombang dengan periode ulang tertentu
𝐴 = Parameter skala (regresi linier)
𝐵 = Parameter Lokasi (regresi linier)
𝑘 = Parameter bentuk
Rumus perhitungan:
𝑚 − 0.44
𝑃(ℎ𝑠 ≤ 𝐻𝑆𝑀 ) = 1 −
𝑁𝑟 + 0.12
Keterangan:
𝑃(ℎ𝑠 ≤ ℋ𝑆 ) = Probabilitas tak terlampauinya nilai 𝐻𝑆𝑀
𝑌 = 𝐴. 𝑋𝑖 + 𝐵 ≫≫≫ 𝐻𝑚 = 𝐴. 𝑦𝑚 + 𝐵
Keterangan:
𝑌 = 𝐻𝑚 = Tinggi gelombang signifikan variable 𝑦𝑚
𝐻𝑠𝑟 = 𝐴. 𝑦𝑟 + 𝐵
Keterangan:
0.27
𝑚 − 0.2 − ( )
𝑃(ℎ𝑠 ≤ 𝐻𝑆 ) = 1 − 𝑘
0.23
𝑁𝑇 + 0.2 + ( )
√𝑘
Keterangan:
𝑃(ℎ𝑠 ≤ ℋ𝑆𝑚 ) = Probabilitas tak terlampauinya nilai 𝐻𝑆𝑀
𝐻𝑆𝑚 = Tinggi gelombang urutan ke-m
𝑚 = Nomor urut tinggi gelombang signifikan
𝑁𝑇 = Jumlah kejadian gelombang selama pencatatan
(bisa lebih besar dari gelombang representative)
𝑌 = 𝐴. 𝑋𝑖 + 𝐵 ≫≫≫ 𝐻𝑚 = 𝐴. 𝑦𝑚 + 𝐵
Keterangan:
𝑌 = 𝐻𝑚 = Tinggi gelombang signifikan variable 𝑦𝑚
Keterangan:
Keterangan:
𝜎𝑛𝑟 = Standar deviasi yang dinormalkan dari tinggi gelombang
signifikan dengan periode ulang 𝑇𝑟
𝑁 = Jumlah data tinggi gelombang signifikan
−1.3 +𝑘√− ln(𝑣)
𝛼 = 𝛼1 𝑒 𝛼2 𝑁
𝑁
𝑣 =𝑁
𝑇
Distribusi ∝1 ∝2 k c ℇ
Fisher-Tippett Type
I 0.64 9.0 0.93 0.00 1.33
80 1.28r 10.0
85 1.44r 7.5
90 1.65r 5.0
95 1.96r 2.5
99 2.58r 0.5
𝑇𝑠𝑚 = 𝐴. 𝑦𝑚 + 𝐵
1
Yr = − ln {− 𝑙𝑛 (1 − 𝐿𝑇 )}
𝑟
1
𝜎𝐻𝑠 = (𝑁−1) * Σ(Tsm − Ťsm)^2
𝜎𝑟 = 𝜎𝑛𝑟 𝜎𝐻𝑠
𝑑𝑏 1
= 𝑎.𝐻𝑏 ≫≫ (𝑏. 𝑑𝑏 . 𝑔. 𝑇 2 )/(𝑔. 𝑇 2 + 𝑎. 𝑑𝑏
𝐻𝑏 𝑏−( )
𝑔.𝑇2
Keterangan:
4) C0 = Kecepatan gelombang
= L0/T (m/s)
𝑜 𝑜𝐿 𝑛
18. Kolom 18 (Ks) = √[𝐾𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚 17][𝐾𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑚 11]
No. H0 (m) α0 (m) depth (m) a b m d/L0 d/L L (m) Check C (m/dt) (C/C0) sinα α1 (o) Kr n Ks H' (m) Hb (m) db (m)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
1 2,031 13,0 42,1 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,500 0,50016 84,265 0,498 11,449 0,225 12,996 0,9999915 0,512 0,989 2,008 14,922 42,1
2 2,008 12,996 40,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,480 0,48049 84,177 0,478 11,437 0,225 12,978 0,9999637 0,514 0,987 1,981 14,738 40,4
3 1,981 12,978 38,7 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,460 0,46091 84,065 0,458 11,422 0,224 12,942 0,9999286 0,518 0,984 1,949 14,543 38,7
4 1,949 12,942 37,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,439 0,44143 83,923 0,438 11,402 0,223 12,884 0,9998846 0,522 0,981 1,912 14,336 37,0
5 1,912 12,884 35,3 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,419 0,42208 83,743 0,418 11,378 0,222 12,799 0,9998302 0,526 0,978 1,869 14,116 35,3
6 1,869 12,799 33,6 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,399 0,40287 83,516 0,398 11,347 0,219 12,679 0,9997636 0,532 0,974 1,820 13,881 33,6
7 1,820 12,679 31,9 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,379 0,38383 83,231 0,378 11,308 0,217 12,517 0,9996835 0,539 0,969 1,764 13,630 31,9
8 1,764 12,517 30,2 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,359 0,36497 82,874 0,358 11,260 0,213 12,303 0,9995891 0,547 0,964 1,701 13,362 30,2
9 1,701 12,303 28,5 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,339 0,34631 82,428 0,338 11,199 0,208 12,027 0,9994807 0,556 0,959 1,630 13,073 28,5
10 1,630 12,027 27,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,321 0,33004 81,948 0,320 11,134 0,203 11,688 0,9993786 0,566 0,954 1,553 12,801 27,0
11 1,553 11,688 25,5 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,303 0,31395 81,369 0,302 11,055 0,196 11,277 0,9992723 0,576 0,948 1,471 12,509 25,5
12 1,471 11,277 24,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,285 0,29806 80,676 0,284 10,961 0,187 10,787 0,9991671 0,589 0,942 1,385 12,197 24,0
13 1,385 10,787 22,5 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,267 0,28236 79,849 0,267 10,849 0,177 10,212 0,9990705 0,602 0,936 1,296 11,862 22,5
14 1,296 10,212 21,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,250 0,26686 78,865 0,249 10,715 0,166 9,548 0,9989915 0,617 0,930 1,204 11,500 21,0
15 1,204 9,548 19,5 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,232 0,25155 77,702 0,231 10,557 0,153 8,796 0,9989400 0,634 0,925 1,112 11,110 19,5
16 1,112 8,796 18,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,214 0,23642 76,332 0,213 10,371 0,138 7,959 0,9989258 0,653 0,920 1,022 10,687 18,0
17 1,022 7,959 16,7 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,199 0,22342 74,952 0,198 10,183 0,123 7,073 0,9989796 0,670 0,916 0,935 10,290 16,7
18 0,935 7,073 15,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,183 0,21052 73,370 0,183 9,969 0,107 6,152 0,9990695 0,689 0,913 0,853 9,863 15,4
19 0,853 6,152 14,1 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,168 0,19769 71,559 0,167 9,722 0,091 5,220 0,9991903 0,709 0,912 0,777 9,400 14,1
20 0,777 5,220 12,8 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,152 0,18487 69,487 0,152 9,441 0,075 4,301 0,9993324 0,730 0,912 0,708 8,899 12,8
21 0,708 4,301 11,5 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,137 0,17203 67,117 0,137 9,119 0,060 3,424 0,9994830 0,752 0,914 0,647 8,353 11,5
22 0,647 3,424 10,2 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,122 0,15910 64,402 0,121 8,750 0,046 2,615 0,9996279 0,776 0,918 0,594 7,756 10,2
23 0,594 2,615 9,1 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,109 0,14801 61,793 0,108 8,396 0,033 1,917 0,9997589 0,797 0,925 0,549 7,206 9,1
24 0,549 1,917 8,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,095 0,13673 58,849 0,095 7,996 0,023 1,338 0,9998565 0,818 0,935 0,514 6,609 8,0
25 0,514 1,338 6,9 3,2 0,8 0,060 0,082 0,12514 55,508 0,082 7,542 0,015 0,881 0,9999228 0,841 0,950 0,488 5,403 6,9
26 0,488 ,881 5,8 3,2 0,8 0,060 0,069 0,11311 51,687 0,069 7,022 0,009 0,540 0,9999631 0,864 0,971 0,474 4,577 5,8
27 0,474 ,540 4,7 3,2 0,8 0,060 0,056 0,10043 47,259 0,056 6,421 0,005 0,303 0,9999848 0,888 1,002 0,475 3,740 4,7
28 0,475 ,303 3,6 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,043 0,08676 42,025 0,043 5,710 0,003 0,151 0,9999947 0,913 1,048 0,498 2,892 3,6
29 0,498 ,151 2,5 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,030 0,07148 35,622 0,030 4,840 0,001 0,064 0,9999986 0,939 1,123 0,559 2,033 2,5
30 0,559 ,064 1,4 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,017 0,05312 27,225 0,017 3,699 0,000 0,021 0,9999997 0,965 1,267 0,708 1,162 1,4
31 0,708 ,021 0,7 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,009 0,03782 19,729 0,009 2,680 0,000 0,005 1,0000000 0,982 1,475 1,044 0,602 0,7
No. H0 (m) α0 (m) depth (m) a b m d/L0 d/L L (m) Check C (m/dt) (C/C0) sinα α1 (o) Kr n Ks H' (m) Hb (m) db (m)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T
1 1,479 13,0 32,1 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,500 0,501 64,082 0,500 9,984 0,224 12,963 0,999924818 0,512 0,990 1,464 11,355 32,1
2 1,464 12,963 30,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,474 0,476 63,991 0,473 9,970 0,223 12,907 0,999888224 0,515 0,987 1,445 11,171 30,4
3 1,445 12,907 28,7 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,447 0,450 63,868 0,447 9,951 0,222 12,826 0,999838962 0,520 0,984 1,421 10,971 28,7
4 1,421 12,826 27,0 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,421 0,424 63,699 0,420 9,925 0,220 12,712 0,999773482 0,526 0,980 1,392 10,754 27,0
5 1,392 12,712 25,3 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,394 0,399 63,469 0,394 9,889 0,217 12,552 0,999687901 0,533 0,974 1,356 10,519 25,3
6 1,356 12,552 23,6 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,368 0,374 63,160 0,367 9,841 0,214 12,333 0,999578526 0,543 0,968 1,312 10,262 23,6
7 1,312 12,333 21,9 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,341 0,350 62,745 0,341 9,776 0,209 12,037 0,999442871 0,554 0,961 1,260 9,981 21,9
8 1,260 12,037 20,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,318 0,328 62,268 0,318 9,702 0,202 11,658 0,999306211 0,567 0,954 1,202 9,709 20,4
9 1,202 11,658 18,9 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,295 0,307 61,659 0,294 9,607 0,194 11,179 0,999156599 0,581 0,947 1,137 9,412 18,9
10 1,137 11,179 17,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,271 0,286 60,888 0,271 9,487 0,184 10,585 0,999003705 0,599 0,939 1,066 9,086 17,4
11 1,066 10,585 15,9 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,248 0,266 59,920 0,248 9,336 0,171 9,862 0,998862903 0,618 0,931 0,992 8,727 15,9
12 0,992 9,862 14,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,225 0,246 58,712 0,224 9,148 0,156 9,003 0,998754944 0,641 0,924 0,915 8,329 14,4
13 0,915 9,003 12,9 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,201 0,226 57,217 0,201 8,915 0,139 8,009 0,998703460 0,666 0,918 0,839 7,887 12,9
14 0,839 8,009 11,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,178 0,206 55,375 0,178 8,628 0,120 6,896 0,998729686 0,695 0,914 0,766 7,391 11,4
15 0,766 6,896 9,9 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,155 0,187 53,114 0,154 8,276 0,099 5,695 0,998844760 0,726 0,913 0,698 6,832 9,9
16 0,698 5,695 8,4 29,9 1,2 0,060 0,131 0,167 50,342 0,131 7,844 0,078 4,458 0,999041808 0,760 0,916 0,639 6,196 8,4
17 0,639 4,458 7,1 3,2 0,8 0,060 0,111 0,150 47,428 0,111 7,390 0,057 3,289 0,999309171 0,792 0,925 0,590 5,470 7,1
18 0,590 3,289 5,8 3,2 0,8 0,060 0,091 0,133 43,916 0,091 6,842 0,039 2,247 0,999560453 0,826 0,941 0,555 4,517 5,8
19 0,555 2,247 4,5 3,2 0,8 0,060 0,071 0,114 39,622 0,070 6,173 0,024 1,385 0,999761582 0,862 0,970 0,539 3,545 4,5
20 0,539 1,385 3,4 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,053 0,098 35,150 0,053 5,477 0,013 0,758 0,999897590 0,894 1,011 0,545 2,708 3,4
21 0,545 ,758 2,3 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,036 0,079 29,527 0,036 4,600 0,006 0,348 0,999965519 0,926 1,084 0,590 1,856 2,3
22 0,590 ,348 1,2 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,019 0,056 21,861 0,019 3,406 0,002 0,118 0,999991841 0,961 1,237 0,730 0,989 1,2
23 0,730 ,118 0,1 3,2 0,8 0,004 0,002 0,018 7,276 0,002 1,134 0,000 0,013 0,999998946 0,996 2,106 1,538 0,107 0,1
24 1,538 ,013 -1,0 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,015 -0,059 16,408 0,021 2,556 0,000 0,003 0,999999987 0,957 1,431 2,200 -0,791 -1,0
25 2,200 ,003 -2,1 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,032 0,064 -32,219 0,025 -5,020 0,000 -0,002 0,999999999 0,950 #NUM! #NUM! -1,705 -2,1
26 #NUM! -,002 -3,2 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,049 -0,053 59,341 0,017 9,246 0,000 -0,002 1,000000000 0,964 0,749 #NUM! -2,635 -3,2
27 #NUM! -,002 -3,9 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,060 -0,064 60,089 0,025 9,362 0,000 -0,001 1,000000000 0,949 0,751 #NUM! -3,236 -3,9
28 #NUM! -,001 -4,6 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,071 -0,073 62,239 0,032 9,697 0,000 -0,001 1,000000000 0,936 0,743 #NUM! -3,844 -4,6
29 #NUM! -,001 -5,3 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,082 -0,083 63,476 0,040 9,890 0,000 -0,001 1,000000000 0,920 0,742 #NUM! -4,458 -5,3
30 #NUM! -,001 -6,0 3,2 0,8 0,004 -0,093 -0,093 64,051 0,049 9,979 0,000 -0,001 1,000000000 0,902 0,746 #NUM! -5,080 -6,0
Keterangan:
Sw = wave set up (m)
𝐻𝑏
𝑆𝑤 = 0,19 ⌊1 − 2,82 √ ⌋ 𝐻𝑏
𝑔𝑇 2
0,8
𝑆𝑤 = 0,19 ⌊1 − 2,82 √ ⌋ 0,8
9,81𝑥 7,362
𝑆𝑤 = 0,1354 𝑚
𝑆𝑤 = 13,54 𝑐𝑚
Keterangan:
F = Fetch
α = Sudut datang gelombang (°)
C = Konstanta = 3,5 x 10-6
Vmax = Kecepatan angin maksimum arah gelombang dominan (m/s)
25,392
= 360098 × 3,5 x 10−6 × 2 × 9,81 × 42,25
= 0,98 m
= 98,02 cm
= 252,61 cm
= 2,53 m
BAB 4
PERENCANAAN DETAIL
4.1 Analisa Layout
Pada perencanaan bangunan pengaman ditentukan terlebih dahulu
parameter-parameter yang akan digunakan dalam perencanaan. Parameter-
parameter tersebut sudah dilakukan pada bab-bab sebelumnya. Parameter
tersebut terdiri dari:
1. Panjang lokasi perencanaan
2. Gelombang dominan berasal dari arah barat yang membentuk sudut sebesar
13°
4.2 Pendimensian
Penentuan dimensi groin meliputi panjang groin dan jarak antar groin,
elevasi groin, berat armour unit, diameter batu, tebal lapisan, lebar puncak
groin, toe protection, lebar toe protection, dan berat butir toe protection.
a. Panjang dan jarak antar groin
Pada analisa BAB III diperoleh kedalaman gelombang pecah db adalah 1,04
m sedangkan kemiringan bangunan adalah 1:2, maka lebar surfzone yang
diperoleh yaitu:
- Kedalaman gelombang pecah (db) = 1,04 m
= 1,04 x 0,032322
= 35 m
= 0,5 x 17,5
= 21 m
= 3 x 17,5
= 54 m
1−𝑅𝑠1
2
tan 6°
2. ℓ2 = ( )ℓ1 = 11,8098 = 12 m
1+𝑅𝑠1
2
tan 6°
1−𝑅𝑠1
2
tan 6°
3. ℓ3 = ( )ℓ2 = 9,565938 = 10 m
1+𝑅𝑠1
2
tan 6°
ℓn+ℓ1
4. s1 = ( )Rs1 = 33 m
2
ℓ1+ℓ2
5. s2 = ( )Rs1 = 30 m
2
ℓ2+ℓ3
6. s3 = ( )Rs1 = 28 m
2
b. Elevasi groin
Run-up gelombang:
H = 0,80 m
TanꝊ = 0,5Ꝋ = 45°
T = 7,36
Lo = 1,56 x T2
= 1,56 x 7,362
= 84,509
TanꝊ
Ir = 𝐻 0,5
( )
𝐿𝑜
0,5
= 0,80 0,5
( )
84,509
= 5,139
Ru/H =1
Ru = Ru/H x H
= 1 x 0,80
= 0,8
DWL = 2,53
1. Ujung
Secondary layer
W = 0,052219/10 = 0,005222 ton = 5,222 kg
Core layer
W = 0,052219/200 = 0,000261 ton = 0,261 kg
2. Tengah
Secondary layer
W = 0,045408/10 = 0,004541 ton = 4,541 kg
Core layer
W = 0,045408/200 = 0,000227 ton = 0,227 kg
3. Pangkal
Secondary layer
W = 0,040169/10 = 0,004017 ton = 4,017 kg
1
0,052219 3
D =( ) = 0,279173 m
2,4
Secondary layer
1
0,005222 3
D =( ) = 0,129581 m
2,4
2. Tengah
Primary layer
1
0,045408 3
D =( ) = 0,266465 m
2,4
Secondary layer
1
0,004541 3
D =( ) = 0,123682 m
2,4
3. Pangkal
Primary layer
1
0,040169 3
D =( ) = 0,255795 m
2,4
Secondary layer
1
0,004017 3
D = ( 2,4 ) = 0,11873 m
e. Tebal Lapisan
n =2
kA = 1,1
1. Ujung
Primary layer
1
0,052219 3
t =2∗ 1,1 ( 2,4 ) = 0,61418 = 0,7
Secondary layer
1
0,005222 3
t =2∗ 1,1 ( 5 ) = 0,223208 = 0,3
Core Layer
1
0,000261 3
t =2∗ 1,1 ( 2 ) = 0,111604 = 0,2
2. Tengah
Primary layer
1
0,045408 3
t = 2 ∗ 1,1 ( ) = 0,586224 = 0,6
2,4
Secondary layer
1
0,004541 3
t =2∗ 1,1 ( 5 ) = 0,20335 = 0,3
3. Pangkal
Primary layer
1
0,040169 3
t = 2 ∗ 1,1 ( ) = 0,562749 = 0,6
2,4
Secondary layer
1
0,004017 3
t =2∗ 1,1 ( 5 ) = 0,18739 = 0,2
Core Layer
1
0,000201 3
t =2∗ 1,1 ( 2 ) = 0,102258 = 0,2
2. Tengah
1
0,045408 3
B =2∗ 1,1 ( 2,4 ) = 0,586224 = 0,6
3. Pangkal
1
0,040169 3
B =2∗ 1,1 ( 2,4 ) = 0,562749 = 0,6
g. Toe protection
r =1m
r = 0,8 m
3. Pangkal
r = 0,5 m
h. Lebar toe protection
B =2x1=2m
2. Tengah
B = 2 x 0,8 = 1,6 m
3. Pangkal
B = 2 x 0,5 = 1 m
i. Berat butir toe protection
LAMPIRAN
1. Definition ,
2. Groin Operation .
The interaction between the coastal processes and a groin or groin system
is complicated and poorly understood. However, there are a few basic prin-
ciples which can be applied to the design of groins. These principles are
discussed below and summarized in the form of several concise rules of groin
design.
RULE 2: The beaah adjustment near groins will depend on the magnitude
and direction of the longshore transport.
The shore-normal profile of a beach, from the highest limit of wave uprush
to the seaward limit of sediment movement, is the transient result of sand
particle movement as dictated by waves, currents, sand size, and beach slope
(through the action of gravity). When one of these controlling factors is
changed, the profile will also change through sand movement. The accumulation
of sand in the foreshore zone by groins changes the beach profile at its
shoreward end. The reaction to this change will be erosion of the foreshore,
accretion of the nearshore, or both, in the profile's attempt to reestablish
its balance. These effects may cause differential settlement of graded beach
material along the beach profile. This reestablishment can be accomplished in
a number of ways. For example, the natural onshore movement of sand by swell
5-35
BEACH
Groin-
Adjusted
Shoreline
' '•'-'-'-•--'•'•'•'•'•'•'^^
miiiit^tit^^' •'•m^' '.
Origino
Groin Shoreline
Adjusted
Shoreline
BEACH
Original
/ Shoreline
Groin
Adjusted
Shoreline Direction of H^\ Longshore Transport
OCEAN
5-36
.
waves can decrease when the bottom velocities are insufficient to transport
the sand particles up the steeper slope produced by the foreshore
accumulation.
In this way, groins may actually increase the amount of sediment which
moves offshore as well as the distance seaward that it travels. Dean (1978)
explains three mechanisms for creating rip currents between groins. The first
is the simple channeling of the longshore current which can push up against
the groin and then jet seaward (see Fig. 5-lla).
Sand can bypass a groin by traveling over its top (overpassing) or around
its seaward end (endpassing) . Overpassing will depend on the level of the
sand immediately adjacent to the groin. If the sand level is too low, the
longshore drift will not be carried over the groin; it will accumulate next to
the groin. As the sand accumulates and the fillet is formed, the level may
eventually rise enough to allow overpassing. However, the extent to which a
fillet can grow vertically is controlled by the wave and tide climate, not the
height of the groin.
5-37
a. Rip current formation due to channeling of longshore current,
Circulotion Cell
(Due to Setup
Gradients)
Setup at
^Shoreline
Bottom Contour
Circulation Cell
Waves
Figure 5-11. Three mechanisms for creating rip currents between groins (from
Dean, 1978).
5-38
.
Tide and storm effects continuously change the water level at a groin,
which in turn changes the apparent groin height and length. The result is
variable bypassing. For example, as water level rises, overpassing can
increase; as water level falls, the breaker line moves seaward and endpassing
can increase.
(1) For high groins extending to a 3-meter or more water depth, use 100
percent of the total longshore transport.
(2) For high groins extending to a 1.2- to 3-meter (4- to 10-foot) depth
below MLW (or mean lower low water, MLLW) or for low groins extending to
,
(3) For high groins extending from MLW to 1.2 meters below MLW (or MLLW),
or for low groins extending to a depth less than 3 meters below MLW, use
50 percent of the total annual rate of longshore transport.
This simple rule has surfaced many times with the addition of groins
downdrift of a groin system as a followup to a progressive erosion problem.
This problem can be reduced by using beach nourishment concurrent with the
groin construction, which more rapidly reestablishes the natural longshore
transport past the groins. (Due to the reorientation of the shoreline, the
initial longshore transport rate is seldom fully reestablished.)
Groin Height .
a. For functional design purposes, a groin may be con-
sidered in "three sections (see Fig. 5-12): horizontal shore section (HSS),
intermediate sloped section (ISS), and outer section (OS).
5-39
Horizontal Shore Intermediate
Section (HSS) Sloped Section
(iSS)
"».,
MLW (MLLW)
m^h OCEAN
Original Beach Profile
(1) Horizontal Sho re Section . This section extends far enough land-
ward to anchor the groin and prevent flanking. The height of the HSS depends
on the degree desirable for sand to overtop the groin and nourish the down-
drift beach. The standard height is the height of the natural berm, which is
usually the height of maximum high water, plus the height of normal wave
uprush. An economic justification for building a groin higher than this is
doubtful except for terminal groins. With rubble-mound groins, a height about
0.3 meter (1 foot) above the berm is sometimes used to reduce the passage of
sand between large cap stones. The maximum height of a groin to retain all
sand reaching the area (a high groin) is the height of maximum high water and
maximum wave uprush during all but the most severe storms. Conversely, this
section, or a part of it, can be built lower than the berm to permit over-
passing of sediment during periods of high tide. A low groin of this type can
be termed a weiv groin based on its operational similarity to weir jetties.
Design aspects of weir systems are discussed in Weggel (1981). The HSS is
built seaward to the desired location of the design beach berm crest.
(2) Intermed iate Sloped Section. The ISS extends between the HSS and
the OS. It should approximately parallel the slope of the natural fore-
shore. The elevation at the lower end of the slope will usually be determined
by the construction methods used, the degree to which it is desirable to
obstruct the movement of the littoral material, or the requirements of
swimmers or boaters.
(3) Outer Section. The OS includes all the groin that extends
seaward of the intermediate sloped section. With most types of groins, this
section is horizontal at as low an elevation as is consistent with the economy
of construction and public safety.
b. Desig n o f Beach Alinem ent. The first step in the design of a groin or
groin system is the determination of the eventual beach alinement. The beach
alinement is the orientation the shoreline will take near the groins. In this
case the shoreline refers to the berm crest. The best estimation of this
orientation is determined by observing fillets at nearby structures with
similar coastal processes. If this information is not available, determine
the nearshore direction of the predominant wave approach and then assume a
beach alinement perpendicular to that direction. As shown in Figure 5-13
three aspects, which will be discussed separately, need to be considered: the
5-40
Updriff I
Intermediate Oowndrift
Shoreline I Shoreline '
Shoreline
LAdjusted Shoreline
!
/Adjusted Shoreline
{^
iitii*i*aji^tiii^'
Wove Crest of
Predominant Wave
Figure 5-13. Three cases of a groin-adjusted shoreline.
5-41
Updrift
BEACH
Alinement
Original
Shoreline Groin -Adjuste
Shoreline Seaward End
of Horizontal
Shore Section of
Groin
OCEAN
BEACH
Originol
Shoreline
Seaward
End of Horizontal
Shore Section of Groin
Sfobilized
Groin Adjusted
Shoreline
OCEAN
5-42
the areas between the initial postgroin shoreline and the original shoreline
position. As sand is added to the compartment, the shoreline will build out
to the stabilized groin-adjusted shoreline. The estimation of the initial
groin-adjusted shoreline is important since it represents a maximum erosion
condition and is, therefore, essential in the design of the shoreward limit of
the groin.
the downdrift beach is the reduction in the longshore transport while the
updrift side of the groin and the updrift groin compartments of a groin system
are naturally filling. The time period for a natural filling to take place
can be estimated by assuming that the percentage of longshore drift not reach-
ing the downdrift area is being trapped updrift. This sand will fill the
updrift groin and groin compartments until the adjusted updrift beach aline-
ment (Fig. 5-14) and the adjusted intermediate beach alinement (Fig. 5-15) are
attained. The sediment trapped in these updrift fillets is prevented from
reaching the downdrift area, which results in downdrift erosion. If artifi-
cial fill is used to form the updrift fillets, the longshore transport will
bypass the groin and reach the downdrift area sooner than if the natural
longshore drift were depended on to form the fillets. Therefore, artificial
filling is usually preferred. The following steps can be used to determine
the position of the downdrift shoreline:
(a) Estimate the time required for the updrift side of the groin to
fill (see Sec. VI, 3, g of this chapter).
(b) Draw an adjusted shoreline, r-s, which represents the berra crest
line shown in Figure 5-16 such that the area r-s-o accounts for the
deficit volume of longshore drift determined from the time period for the
updrift groin or groins to fill. Use the natural beach profile of the
study area to find the volume corresponding to the area r-s-o (see Sec. VI,
3,g of this chapter).
BEACH
Groin -Adjusted
Shoreline
Originol
Shoreline
Direction of Net
Longshore Transport
OCEAN
5-43
(4) Beach Allnement for Reversing Direction of Longshore Transport .
Where there is a periodic reversal in the direction of longshore transport, an
area of accretion may form on both sides of a groin, as shovm in Figure 5-17.
The fillet between groins may actually oscillate from one end of the compart-
ment to the other, as shown by the dashlines, or may form a U-shaped shoreline
similar to the maximum recession alinement, depending on the rate of supply
of littoral material. With regular reversals in the direction of longshore
transport, the maximum line of recession would probably be somewhat as shown
by the solid line, with areas A and C about equal to area B. The extent
of probable beach recession must be considered in establishing the length of
the horizontal shore section of groin and in estimating the minimum width of
beach that may be built by the groin system.
Reversing Direction of
Longshore Tronsport
(1) Shoreward Limit of Hori zont al Shore Section. The primary design
objective in establishing the position of the shoreward end of the groin is
the prevention of flanking due to beach recession. This is done by conserva-
tively estimating the predicted recession position represented by the
r points in Figures 5-15 and 5-16.
5-44
t
•-Set Shoreword
Enough to Prevent
Flonking
The spacing between groins should equal two to three times the groin
length from the berm crest to the seaward end.
alinement that may result in erosion of the downdrift beach, the use of
transitional groins (groins of gradually reduced lengths) is recommended.
A method for the design of a groin system transition that involves groin
shortening has been used by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington
(1973) (see Fig. 5-19). Kressner (1928) conducted model studies on groin
transitions, and more recently Bruun (1952) applied the principle of groin
shortening at the end of groin systems. Where there are reversals in the
direction of longshore littoral transport, transitions would be appropriate
for both ends of the system. Bruun (1952) indicated that in a long series of
groins, the shortening should possibly be carried out on both the updrif t side
and the downdrift side to ensure a smooth passage of littoral drift to the
uprotected coast. He further indicated that if the series consisted only of a
few groins, the shortening should start with the second groin from the updrif
5-45
— —
Normal Spacing
I I
Origin Gl Shoreline
end. This would result in the entire groin system becoming a transitional
section.
Kressner (1928) found in model tests that only three or four groins need
to beshortened at the downdrift end of the system (see Fig. 5-19). He also
found that the transition is most effective if a line connecting the seaward
ends of the shortened groins and the last full-length groin meets the natural
shore alinement at an angle of about 6° as shown in Figure 5-19. Bruun
,
y = s. tan 6 (5-5)
and
I,1 = i, - y (5-6)
n ^
or
I, = I s. tan 6
then
l^ = I, - s„ tan 6 (5-7)
and
5-46
The groin spacing within the zone of shortening should decrease to maintain
the design ratio between spacing and length. Since the lengths of the groins
in this zone differ, the spaae-to-length ratio, r is based on the , ,
(5-9)
(5-10)
and
(5-11)
Since the length of transitional groins and their spacings are interdependent,
the equations for lengths and spacing are combined as follows:
1 r— tan 6
., =|— ^^;^
K (5-12)
,
1 + -|i tan 6"
and
si
s, = (5-13)
1 '
1 +
\l
-=-= tan 6
R = — Q^ -
"
152 = ^'^
o n
^sl £jj 76
5-47
R ,
ri - -4^ tan 6~
I, =
1 '
1 + —
\l tan 6"
1 -— (0.105)
£ = TT-R 76 = 0.81(76) = 61.6 m (202 ft)
^ ' 1+^(0.105)
R„
Si = -v^ ;- Un = 1.81(76) = 137.6 m (451 ft)
^ M
I
+ I tan 6 '
'^
and
Using equations (5-6) and (5-9) as a check, on the above calculations, the
following is obtained
and
***************************************
f. Beach P rofiles Adjacent to Groins . Estimating the adjusted beach
alinement and determining the shape of the beach profiles adjacent to the
groin will permit the calculation of the differential soil loads on the
groin. The updrift side of the groin will have a higher sediment level than
the downdrift side. The profile, which is illustrated in Figure 5-20, is
drawn by the following steps:
5-48
(1) Draw the groin profile on the original beach profile.
Locate the berm crest position relative to the HSS part of the
(3)
groin. Label this point a. For example, point a can be, but is not
limited to, one of the points r, s, t, or u from Figures 5-14 to 5-17.
(4) Draw a line parallel to ^ibi (the natural above low water level
beach slope) from the berm position, point a, to the intersection with the
MLW or MLLW line, point b.
(5) Connect the intersection of the slope line and the MLW or MLLW
line, point b, with the intersection of the groin end and the natural beach
profile, point c.
Groin -Adjusted
Beoch Profile;,
Original
Note : Line a b
Beach Profile
Parallels a, b,
40m / 50 m
20m
IPredictedLflerm 2.5m)
(Ele>. h^^
^ Oriqinol Beocti
\J^ Profile Groin
Adjusted N to
Downdrift Beocti
Profile
Elev. -1. 5m
5-49
.
FIND: The beach profile adjacent to the groin on the downdrift side.
(a) Draw the original beach profile using its approximated slope (1 on 10
and 1 on 50)
(d) Using the assumed natural beach slope of 1 on 10, draw a line from
point a to the elevation of MLW, and label this point b.
(e) The intersection of the end of the groin and the original beach profile
is point c. Connect the points b and c.
***************************************
g. Estimating Fillet Volum es. It is frequently necessary to estimate the
volume of an updrift fillet, a groin compartment fillet, or a downdrift ero-
sion section in order to provide the basis for determining the amount of beach
material lost to the littoral process or the amount required to fill the groin
compartment. The calculation of the updrift fillet is demonstrated below;
similar procedures can be used to estimate the other two cases.
Figure 5-22a shows the groin profile, the original beach profile, and the
groin-adjusted beach profile. Positions a, b, and c are as defined in
Figure 5-20. Points d, e, f, and g are intermediate locations along the
groin-adjusted profile; a^ through g^ in Figure 5-22b represent elevations
of the original beach contours; a, and b^ in Figure 5-22a are p oint s where
the original beach profile intercepts the groin. Lines a.b. be ,
and ,
be are assumed straight and the original contours are assumed straight and
parallel. Above the level of point b, the groin-adjusted beach profile
coincides with the groin profile, assuming the groin is built to the natural
berm elevation (see Fig. 5-18).
Figure 5-22b shows how the groin-adjusted contours are drawn. Starting at
each point along the groin-adjusted profile at the groin, the new contour is
drawn at the beach alinement angle, a until it intersects the original
,
beach contour with the same elevation. This is the same procedure shown in
Figure 5-14, except that more contours are drawn. Note how the intersection
points approach the seaward end of the groin. This results from the differ-
ence in the slopes of lines be and be .
,
5-50
GROIN PROFILE
VIEW c
b. Groin and Fillet Plon View
Areo A : Area B
GROIN
5-51
..
R = Ah 1 (5-14)
Bh-,
Y = (5-15)
R + Y = A (5-16)
Dividing this volume by the part of the longshore transport rate assumed
intercepted by the groin provides the time period it takes the fillet to form.
Areas A, B, C, and D may be determined by standard geometrical formulas
or by use of a planimeter. A similar procedure calculates the volume of sand
loss due to downdrift-side erosion, as shown in Figure 5-23. Areas A' and
B' are equal and represent horizontal triangles at the berm crest and the MLW
elevation, respectively. The erosional volumes R' and Y' are calculated
as before and are added to give the total volume lost due to erosion.
Where h' is the vertical distance from A' to B' and ^2 the vertical
distance from B' to the point c.
4 Filling Groins .
5 Permeable Groins .
Permeability allows part of the longshore drift to pass through the groin
and induces sand deposi-tion on both sides of the groin. This in turn reduces
the abrupt offset in shore alinement found at impermeable groins. Many types
of permeable groins have been employed. The degree of permeability above the
ground line affects the pattern and the amount of deposition. Insufficient
empirical data have been compiled to establish quantitative relationships
between littoral forces, permeability, and shore response. Until such data
5-52
.. «
,^ «>— Groin
are available, the evaluation and design of permeable groins will be inexact.
In general, the desired degree of sand bypassing can be achieved as effec-
tively and economically by the appropriate design of groin height and length.
6 Adjustabl e Groins
7 Alinement of Groins .
5-53
.
5-54
10. Cost E ffectiveness of Groi n Constru ction .
Where the littoral transport rate is high, a groin system will not require
artificial nourishment while the groins and offshore area are filling. If
the littoral transport rate has not been reduced, no nourishment will be
required after filling. The volume required to fill the groin system is
easily estimated; the volume required to fill the offshore area, which is
equally important, is difficult to estimate. Therefore, the time needed for
complete filling is difficult to estimate. It may take several years for long
groins and during this long time, the downdrift shore will erode unless it is
artificially nourished. This nourishment volume will be equal to the volume
impounded by the groin system and its offshore area plus any deficiency suf-
fered before groin construction. After complete filling and shore realinement
at the groin system, the littoral transport rate will probably be reduced from
that required during the filling period and the downdrift shores may require
more nourishment.
5-55
. .
VII. JETTIES
1 Defi n itio n.
A jetty is a structure that extends into the water to direct and confine
river or tidal flow into a channel and prevent or reduce the shoaling of the
channel by littoral material. Jetties located at the entrance to a bay or
river also serve to protect the entrance channel from wave action and cross-
currents. When located at inlets through barrier beaches, jetties also
stabilize the inlet location.
2 Types.
In the coastal United States, jetties that have been built on the open
coast are generally of rubble-mound construction. In the Great Lakes, jetties
have also been built of steel sheet-pile cells, caissons, and cribs using
timber, steel, or concrete. In sheltered areas, single rows of braced and
tied Wakefield timber piling and steel sheet piling have been used.
5-56
Seaward Leeward
Crest Width
Breakwater Crest
Breokwoter Crest
Rock Size
Rock Size Layer Gradation (%)
Breokwoter Crest
Figure 7-117, Rubble-mound section for wave exposure on both sides with
moderate overtopping conditions.
7-228