PERTEMUAN- 6

Production Power From Heat

1
 POKOK BAHASAN

STEAM POWER PLANT JET ENGINE

1. The Carnot Cycle
2. The Rankine Cycle
3. The Regenerative Cycle

INTERNAL ROCKET ENGINE

COMBUSTION ENGINE
1. The Otto Engine
2. The Diesel Engine
3. The Turbine Engine
 Internal-Combustion Engines
• Steam power plant (external combustion engine)
– steam is an inert medium to which heat is transferred from
• a burning fuel or from a nuclear reactor
• Steam absorbs heat at a high temperature in the boiler.
• Steam rejects heat at a relatively low temperature in the condenser.
• Internal combustion engine:
– No working medium
• a fuel is burned within the engine and the combustion products serve as the working
medium.
• High temperatures are internal and do not involve heat-transfer
• surfaces.
• Air as the working fluid
The Otto Engines

Mesin otto merupakan mesin

pembakaran yang sering
digunakan pada kendaraan.
Prosesnya terdiri dari 4
strokes
1-2 : Adiabatik
2-3 : Isohorik
3-4 : Adiabatik
4-1 : Isohorik
Siklus mesin otto secara ideal
C-D : Adiabatik
D-A : Isohorik
A-B : Adiabatik
B-C : Isohorik
Effisiensi Thermal

Untuk 1 mol udara dengan kapasitas panas konstan :

dan
Effisiensi thermal berhubungan dengan rasio kempressi

Setiap suhu digantikan dengan pendekatan

Berdasarkan pada persamaan gas ideal

Substitusikan
The Otto Engines
Untuk dua adiabatik, step reversible = konstan

karena

Persamaan diatas dikombinasikan untuk eliminasi volume

Persamaan efisiensi di traansformasi

dimana

Dari persamaan dapat dilihat ?

The Diesel Engine
• Mesin diesel berbeda
dengan mesin otto
yaitu temperatur
pada akhir compressi
cukup tinggi sehingga
pembakaran dimulai
secara spontan, hal ini
dikarenakan
The Diesel Engine
Basis 1 mol dengan kapasitas panas konstan. Jumlah panas yang diserap
pada tahap DA dan di keluarkan pada tahap BC

Efisiensi thermal :

Untuk reversible, ekspansi adiabatik pada (tahap AB) dan kompresi adiabatik
(tahap CD), yaitu
The Diesel Engine
Rasio kompresi :

Rasio ekspansi :

Maka,

Substitusikan ke persamaan efisiensi termal :

The Diesel Engine
Karena PA = PD maka dalam persamaan gas ideal :
PDVD=RTD dan PAVA=RTA

Dan VC = VB maka

Substitusikan dan disederhanakan

The gas Turbine Engine
The gas Turbine Engine
The gas Turbine Engine
A-B : Adiabatik
B-C : Isobarik
C-D : Adiabatik
D-A : Isobarik

Siklus Bryton
The gas Turbine Engine
Efisiensi thermal dari siklus

………(1)

Kerja yang dilakukan kompresor dan untuk

udara seperti gas idealdengan kapasitas
panas konstan

………(2)

Sama halnya dengan panas pembakaran dan proses turbine

………(3)
………(4)

Substitusikan pers 2,3,4 ke pers 1

The Gas Turbine Engine
Hasil dari substitusi

Karena proses AB dan CD adalah isentropik,

maka suhu dan tekanannya

dan

Maka dengan pers ini TA dan TD dapat dieliminasi

CONTOH SOAL
 Internal-Combustion Engines
• Steam power plant (external combustion engine)
– steam is an inert medium to which heat is transferred from
• a burning fuel or from a nuclear reactor
• Steam absorbs heat at a high temperature in the boiler.
• Steam rejects heat at a relatively low temperature in the condenser.
• Internal combustion engine:
– No working medium
• a fuel is burned within the engine and the combustion products serve as the working
medium.
• High temperatures are internal and do not involve heat-transfer
• surfaces.
• Air as the working fluid
The Otto Engine
The most common internal-combustion engine, because of it used in automobiles.

1st stroke: 0 → 1: At essentially constant pressure, a piston moving outward

draws a fuel/air mixture into a cylinder.
2nd stroke: 1 → 2 → 3: all valves are closed, the fuel/air mixture is compressed,
approximately adiabatically along 1 → 2; the mixture is then ignited, and
combustion occurs so rapidly that the volume remains nearly constant while the
pressure rises along 2 → 3.
3rd stroke: 3 → 4 → 1: the work is produced. Approximately adiabatically
expand 3 → 4; the exhaust valves opens and the pressure falls rapidly at nearly
constant volume along 4 → 1.
4th stroke: 1 → 0: the piston pushes the remaining combustion gases from the
cylinder.
the beginning volume VC
The compression ratio: r =
the end volume VD

The efficiency of engine (i.e., the work produced per unit quantity of fuel)

The air-standard Otto cycle: two adiabatic and two constant-volume steps, which
comprise a heat-engine cycle for which air is the working fluid.
 The Otto Engine

Pressure
Pressure

Volume Volume

Fig 8.8 Fig 8.9

Fig 8.9, the thermal efficiency
| W (net) | QDA + QBC
 =
| QDA | QDA
CV (TA − TD ) + CV (TC − TB ) Ideal gas VC  PB − PC   PB − PC 
=  = 1−   = 1− r  
CV (TA − TD ) VD  PA − PD   PA − PD 
TB − TC  
= 1− VD = V A PAVD = PBVC
TA − TD 
VC = VB PCVC = P DV D 

 P / P −1  P
 = 1− r  B C  = 1− r C
 PA / PD −1  PD

PC  VD   1 
=  = 
PD  VC   r 

  −1
1 1
 = 1− r   = 1−  
r r
 The diesel engine
• Differs from the Otto engine: the temperature at
the end of compression is sufficiently high that
combustion is initiated spontaneously.
– Higher compression ratio → the compression step to a
higher pressure → higher temperature results.
– The fuel is injected at the end of the compression step
– The fuel is added slowly enough → the combustion
process occurs at approximately constant pressure.
• At the same compression ratio: Otto diesel
• However, the diesel engine operates at higher
compression ratios and consequently at higher
efficiencies.
 Fig 8.10

On the basis of 1 mol of air (ideal gas),

the heat quantities absorbed in step DA: QDA = C P (TA − TD )
the heat rejected in step BC: QBC = CV (TC − TB )
Reversible, adiabatic expansion (step AB): TAVA −1 = TBV B −1
Reversible, adiabatic compression (step CD): T DV D −1 = TCVC −1
The compression ratio: r  VC / C D The expansion ratio: re  VB / C A

the thermal efficiency:  = 1+ QBC = 1+ CV (TC − TB ) = 1− 1  TC − TB 

QDA C P (TA − TD )   TA − TD 
1  (1/ re )  −1 − (re / r)(1/ r)  −1  1  (1/ re )  − (1/ r)  
= 1−   = 1−  
 1− re / r    1/ r e −1/ r 
 The Gas-Turbine Engine
• The Otto and diesel engines use the high energy of high-
temperature, high-pressure gases acting on the piston
within a cylinder. However, turbines are more efficient
than reciprocating engines.
• The advantages of internal combustion are combined with
those of the turbine.
• The air is compressed to several bars and enters the
combustion chamber.
• The higher the temperature of the combustion gases
entering the turbine, the higher the efficiency of the unit.
• The centrifugal compressor operates on the same shaft as
the turbine, and part of the work of the turbine serves to
drive the compressor.
 compressor
Combustion
gases

Work
Fig 8.11

Combustion Fuel
chamber

The Brayton cycle: AB → reversible adiabatic compression. BC →heat QBC is

added. CD → isentropic expansion. DA → constant-pressure cooling.
 | W (net) | | WCD |
Based on 1 mol of air, the thermal efficiency:  =
−W AB | Q | Q
BC BC

The work done as the air passes through the compressor:

WAB = H B − H A = C P (TB − TA )
The heat addition:
QBC = C P (TC − TB )
Isentropic expansion in the turbine:
|WCD |= C P (TC − TD )

TD − TA
 = 1−
TC − TB
Isentropic expansion:
( −1) ( −1) ( −1)
TB  PB  
TD  PD  
P  
=  =   =  A 
TA  PA  TC  PC   PB 
(  −1)

P 
 = 1−  A 
 PB 
A gas-turbine engine with a compression ratio PB/PA = 6 operates with air entering the
compressor at 25°C. If the maximum permissible temperature in the turbine is 760°C,
determine: (1) the efficiency η of the ideal cycle for these conditions if γ = 1.4. (2) the
thermal efficiency of an air cycle for the given conditions if the compressor and
turbine operate adiabatically but irreversibly with efficiencies ηc = 0.83 and ηt = 0.86.

(  −1)
P  
1
(1/ 4−1) /1.4
(1)  = 1−  A  = 1−   = 0.4
 PB  6
(2) The temperature after irreversible compression in the compressor TB is higher
than the temperature after isentropic compression T’B and the temperature after
irreversible expansion in the turbine TD is higher than the temperature after
isentropic expansion T’D.

  | W (turb) | −W (comp) = t CP (TC − TD ) − CP (TB − TA ) /c

 
| QBC | C P (TC − TB )
(  −1) / 
TD TC TD TC  PA 
W (comp) = C P (TB − TA ) = =  
TA TATC TA  PB 
( −1) / 
  (T / T )(1−1/  ) − ( −1)  PB 
= t c C A with  =    = 0.235
c (TC / TA −1) − ( −1)  PA 
 Jet Engines; Rocket Engines
• The power is available as kinetic energy in the jet of exhaust gases
leaving the nozzle.
• Jet engines: a compression device + a combustion chamber + a
nozzle
• Rocket engines: differ from a jet engine in that the oxidizing agent is
carried with the engine. Combustion
chamber

Entering Exhaust
Air gases

Diffuser Nozzle
Fuel
Perbedaan anatara jet engine dan rocket engine adalah pada oxidizing agent terbawa dalam engine,
sehingga tidar bergantung pada udara sekitar untuk proses pembakaran, Itu artinya rokert dapat
beroperaasi pada ruang hampa.n Pembakaran berlangsung pada tekanan tinggi konstan dan suhu tinggi.
TERIMA KASIH