Kuliah 1:

Materi dan Energi: Klasifikasi

materi, keadaan dan sifat materi,
suhu, energi, panas jenis, energi
dan nutrisi
 Apa itu Kimia?

Kimia

• adalah studi tentang

komposisi, struktur,
sifat, dan reaksi materi

• terjadi di sekitar Anda setiap hari

Contoh:
Tablet antasida mengalami reaksi
kimia ketika diteteskan ke dalam
air.

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 Cabang Kimia

Bidang kimia dibagi menjadi beberapa cabang, seperti

• kimia organik, studi tentang zat yang mengandung
karbon
• kimia anorganik, studi tentang semua zat kecuali yang
mengandung karbon
• kimia umum, studi tentang komposisi, sifat dan
reaksi materi

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 Kimia + Ilmu Pengetahuan Lainnya

Kimia sering digabungkan

dengan ilmu-ilmu lain:
Geologi + Kimia =
Geokimia
Biologi + Kimia =
Biokimia
Ilmu Fisika + Kimia =
Kimia Fisika

Ahli biokimia menganalisis sampel laboratorium

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 Bahan Kimia

Bahan Kimia adalah

zat yang mempunyai
komposisi dan sifat
yang sama dimanapun
ditemukan
Contoh:
Pasta gigi adalah kombinasi
bahan kimia.

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 Bahan Kimia yang Biasa Digunakan dalam
Pasta Gigi
TABEL 1.1 Bahan kimia yang biasa digunakan dalam pasta gigi
KIMIA FUNGSI
Kalsium Karbonat Abrasif yang digunakan untuk menghilangkan plak
Sorbitol Mencegah hilangnya air dan pengerasan pasta gigi
Gliserin Membuat pasta gigi berbusa di mulut
Natrium Lauril Sulfat Deterjen yang digunakan untuk melonggarkan plak
Titanium Dioksida Membuat pasta gigi menjadi putih dan buram
Triclosan Menghambat bakteri penyebab penyakit plak dan gusi
Natrium Fluorofosfat mencegah pembentukan kativia dengan memperkuat
enamel gigi dengan fluoride

Metil Salisilat memberi pasta gigi rasa wintergreen yang menyenangkan

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Klasifikasi Materi
 Matter (Mater

Materi adalah kata lain untuk semua (zat) yang membentuk dunia kita.
• Tablet Antasida adalah materi.
• Air adalah materi.
• Kaca adalah materi.
• Udara adalah materi.

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 Materi

Materi
• adalah bahan penyusun
segala sesuatu
• adalah segala sesuatu
yang mempunyai massa
dan menempati ruang Kuningan (tembaga dan seng)
 Zat Murni

Zat murni digolongkan menjadi

• suatu jenis materi dengan
komposisi tetap atau pasti
• suatu unsur yang
tersusun dari satu jenis
atom
• senyawa yang tersusun
dari dua unsur atau lebih
yang selalu tergabung
dalam perbandingan yang
sama

Substance: zat
Element: unsur, atau
elemen Compound:
senyawa
 Elemen

Elemen
• adalah zat murni yang
hanya mengandung satu
jenis bahan
• termasuk
tembaga copper, Cu
timbal lead, Pb
aluminum, Al

Unsur tembaga terdiri dari

atom-atom tembaga.
 Senyawa

Senyawa adalah
• mengandung dua unsur
atau lebih dengan
perbandingan tertentu,
misalnya
hidrogen peroksida (H2O2)
garam dapur (NaCl)
gula (C12H22O11)
air (H2O)
 Unsur-unsur dalam suatu Senyawa

“Table salt” is a compound that contains the elements

sodium and chlorine.

The decomposition of salt, NaCl, produces the

elements sodium and chlorine.
 Mixtures

A mixture is a type of matter

that consists of
• two or more substances that
are physically mixed but not
chemically combined
• two or more substances
in different proportions
• substances that can be
separated by physical methods

A mixture of a liquid and a solid

is separated by filtration.
 Homogeneous Mixtures

In a homogeneous mixture,
• the composition is
uniform throughout
• the different parts of
the mixture are not
visible

Brass is a homogeneous
mixture of copper and zinc
atoms.
 Scuba Breathing Mixtures

Breathing mixtures for scuba

are homogeneous mixtures.
Some examples are
• Nitrox (oxygen and
nitrogen gases)
• Heliox (oxygen and helium
gases)
• Trimix (oxygen, helium,
and nitrogen gases)

A Nitrox mixture is used to fill

scuba tanks.
 Heterogeneous Mixtures

In a heterogeneous mixture,
• the composition varies
from one part of the
mixture to another
• the different parts of the
mixture are visible

Oil and water form a heterogeneous

mixture.
Classification of Matter
States and
Properties of
Matter
 Properties of Matter

Matter has characteristics called physical and chemical properties.

The States of Matter

Classification
 Physical Properties

Physical properties
• are characteristics observed or measured without
changing the identify of a substance
• include shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points,
density, and color of that substance
 Physical Properties of Copper

Example Copper has

these
physical properties:
• reddish-orange color
• shiny
• excellent conductor of
heat and electricity
• solid at 25 C
• melting point 1083 C
• boiling point 2567 C Copper, used in cookware, is a good
conductor of heat.
 Physical Change

A physical change occurs in

a substance if there is
• a change in the state
• a change in the
physical shape
• no change in the identity
and composition of the
substance
In a physical change, a gold ingot is hammered
to form gold leaf.
 Examples of Physical Changes

Examples of physical
changes:
• paper torn into little
pieces (change of size)
• gold hammered into
thin sheets of gold
leaf (change of shape)
• water poured into a
glass (change of shape)
Water as a liquid takes the shape of its container.
Chemical Properties and Changes

Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance

• to interact with other substances
• to change into a new substance

When a chemical change takes place, the original

substance is turned into one or more new substances
with new chemical and physical properties.
 Chemical Change

During a chemical change, a new

substance forms that has
• a new composition
• new chemical properties
• new physical properties
Sugar caramelizing at a high
temperature is an example of a
chemical change.
 Some Chemical Changes

Examples
Silver tarnishes Shiny metal reacts to form a black,
grainy coating.

Wood burns A piece of wood burns with a bright flame

to form ash, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat.

Iron rusts A shiny nail combines with oxygen to

form orange-red rust.
Energy
 Energy
Energy is the capacity for
doing work:
• makes objects move
• makes things stop
• is needed to “do work”
When water flows from the top
of a dam, potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.

Work
• Work is done when
• you climb
• you lift a bag of groceries At the top of the rock, a
• you ride a bicycle climber has more potential energy than when she started the climb
• you breathe
• your heart pumps blood
• water goes over a dam
 Potential Energy

Potential energy is energy

stored for use at a later time.

Examples are
• water behind a dam
• a compressed spring
• chemical bonds in
gasoline, coal, or
food
Diesel fuel reacts in a car engine to
produce energy.
 Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy

of matter in motion.
Examples are
• swimming
• water flowing over a dam
• working out
• burning gasoline
 Units for Measuring Energy or Heat

Heat is measured in joules or calories. The SI unit of

energy is the joule (J).
The unit calorie is the amount of energy
needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C.
4.184 joules (J) = 1 calorie (cal)

1 kJ = 1000 J

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal)

Examples of Energy in Joules
Temperature
 Temperature

Temperature
• is a measure of how hot or cold an
object is compared to another object
• indicates the heat flow from the object
with a higher temperature to the
object with a lower temperature
• is measured using a thermometer
 Temperature Scales

The temperature scales

• are Fahrenheit,
Celsius, and Kelvin
• have reference points
for the boiling and
freezing points of water

A comparison of the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin

temperature scales between the freezing and boiling points
of water.
Temperatures
Quantifying The Energy
 Calorimeters

A calorimeter
• is used to measure heat transfer
• consists of a steel
container filled with
oxygen and a measured
amount of water
• indicates the heat gained by
water, which is the heat lost
by a sample during
combustion

In a calorimeter, the burning of a food sample increases

the temperature of water, which is used to calculate the
energy value of the food.
 Caloric Food Values

The caloric or energy

value for 1 g of a food
is given in kilojoules (kJ)
or kilocalories (kcal).

1 Cal = 1000 calories

1 Cal = 1 kcal
 Energy Requirements

The amount of energy

needed by a human each
day depends on
• age (see Table 2.10)
• gender
• physical activity (see
Table 2.11)
 Changes of State

When a gram of steam condenses, 2260 J are released.

 Melting and Freezing

A substance
• is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid
• is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid
• such as water has a freezing (melting) point of 0 C
A solid requires heat to change to a liquid; a liquid gives
off heat to change to a solid.
 Heat of Fusion

The heat of fusion

• is the amount of heat released when 1 g of
liquid freezes (at its freezing point)
• is the amount of heat needed to melt 1 g of solid (at
its melting point)
• for water (at 0 C) is

80. cal or 334 J

1 g H2O 1 g H2O

Sublimation and deposition are reversible

processes.
 Evaporation and Condensation

Water
• evaporates when
molecules on the
surface gain sufficient
energy to form a gas.
• condenses when gas
molecules lose
energy and form a
liquid.

During evaporation, molecules of the liquid are converted

to gas at the surface of the liquid.
 Boiling of Water

When water is boiling,

• all the water molecules
acquire enough energy
to form a gas (vaporize)
• bubbles of water vapor
appear throughout the
liquid

During boiling, molecules of the liquid are converted to gas

throughout the liquid as well as at the surface.
 Heat of Vaporization

The heat of vaporization is the

amount of heat
• absorbed to change 1 g of liquid
to gas at the boiling point
• released when 1 g of gas changes
to liquid at the boiling point
Vaporization and condensation
Boiling Point of Water = 100 C are reversible processes.

Heat of Vaporization (water)

540 cal or 2260 cal
1 g H 2O 1 g H2O
 Sublimation

Sublimation
• occurs when a solid changes
directly to a gas
• is typical of dry ice, which
sublimes at −78 C
• takes place in frost-free refrigerators
• is used to prepare freeze-dried
foods for long-term storage
Dry ice sublimes at –78 °C.
Heat of Sublimation (water)
620. cal or 2590 cal
1 g H2O 1 g H2O
 Summary of Changes of State
A solid melts to form a liquid and sublimes to form a gas; a liquid
boils to form a gas and freezes to form a solid; a gas condenses to form
a liquid and undergoes deposition to form a solid.
 Heating Curve
Correlating the temperature, quantity of energy, and states

On a heating curve,
diagonal lines indicate
changes in temperature
for a state, and
horizontal lines
(plateaus) indicate
changes of state.

(a) A heating curve diagrams changes in state as temperature increases.

(b) A cooling curve for water diagrams changes in state as temperature decreases.
 Test
• Why is the copper in copper
wire an example of a chemical,
while sunlight is not?
VIDEO: MENGENAL ILMU KIMIA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WAE3-XPclE4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPxge74VsOw

https://youtu.be/uTQuf-Wqguk?si=ubozSnQF0Vaq62V5