N.

GREGORY MANKIW
PRINCIPLES OF

ECONOMICS
Eight Edition

CHAPTER Kekuatan Pasar Penawaran

dan Permintaan
4
Premium PowerPoint Slides by:
V. Andreea CHIRITESCU
Eastern Illinois University
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 Carilah jawaban atas pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini
• Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi permintaan
pembeli akan barang?
• Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi penawaran
barang penjual?
• Bagaimana penawaran dan permintaan
menentukan harga barang dan kuantitas yang
dijual?
• Bagaimana perubahan faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi permintaan atau penawaran
mempengaruhi harga pasar dan kuantitas barang?
• Bagaimana pasar mengalokasikan sumber daya?
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 Pasar dan Kompetisi
• Pasar
– Sekelompok pembeli dan penjual barang
atau jasa tertentu
– Pembeli sebagai kelompok
• Tentukan permintaan produk
– Penjual sebagai grup
• Tentukan penawaran produk

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 Pasar dan Kompetisi
• Pasar yang kompetitif
– Banyak pembeli dan banyak penjual,
masing-masing memiliki dampak yang
dapat diabaikan pada harga pasar
• Pasar yang sangat kompetitif
– Pembeli dan penjual sangat banyak
sehingga tidak ada yang bisa
mempengaruhi harga pasar, “Price takers”

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 Permintaan
• Kuantitas yang diminta
– Jumlah barang yang ingin dan mampu
dibeli pembeli
• Hukum permintaan
– Hal-hal lain sama
– Ketika harga suatu barang naik, kuantitas
yang diminta dari barang tersebut turun
– Ketika harga turun, kuantitas yang diminta
naik
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 Daftar Permintaan Sam
Daftar Permintaan: Kuantitas
Harga
− Tabel disamping, Latte
Yang diminta
menunjukkan hubungan akan Latte

antara harga barang dan $0.00 16

kuantitas yang diminta 1.00 14

2.00 12
− Contoh: Permintaan Sam
3.00 10
untuk latte
4.00 8
− Perhatikan bahwa
preferensi Sam mematuhi 5.00 6
hukum permintaan. 6.00 4

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 Daftar Permintaan dan Kurva Permintaan Sam
Kuantitas
Harga Harga
Latte
Yang diminta
Latte
akan Latte
$6.00 $0.00 16
$5.00 1.00 14
$4.00 2.00 12
3.00 10
$3.00
4.00 8
$2.00 5.00 6
$1.00 6.00 4
$0.00 Kuantitas
0 5 10 15 Latte

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 Permintaan
• Permintaan Pasar
– Jumlah semua permintaan individu untuk
barang atau jasa
– Kurva permintaan pasar: jumlahkan kurva
permintaan individu secara horizontal
• Untuk menemukan jumlah total yang diminta
dengan harga berapa pun, kami
menambahkan jumlah individu

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 Permintaan Pasar versus Permintaan Individual
Misalkan Sam dan Dean adalah dua pembeli di
pasar latte. (Qd = kuantitas yang diminta)

Price Sam’s Qd Dean’s Qd Market Qd

$0.00 16 + 8 = 24
1.00 14 + 7 = 21
2.00 12 + 6 = 18
3.00 10 + 5 = 15
4.00 8 + 4 = 12
5.00 6 + 3 = 9
6.00 4 + 2 = 6

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 Kurva Permintaan Pasar untuk Latte

P Qd
P
(Market)
$6.00
$0.00 24
$5.00
1.00 21
$4.00 2.00 18
$3.00 3.00 15
4.00 12
$2.00
5.00 9
$1.00
6.00 6
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25

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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Kurva Permintaan
– Menunjukkan bagaimana harga
mempengaruhi kuantitas yang diminta,
hal-hal lain dianggap sama
• "Hal-hal lain" ini adalah penentu
permintaan non-harga
– Hal-hal yang menentukan permintaan
pembeli akan suatu barang, selain harga
barang tersebut
• Perubahan di dalamnya menggeser kurva D.
…
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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Jumlah Pembeli
– Meningkatnya jumlah pembeli
• Meningkatnya kuantitas yang diminta pada
setiap harga
• Menggeser kurva D ke kanan
– Menurunnya jumlah pembeli
• Mengurangi kuantitas yang diminta pada
setiap harga.
• Menggeser kurva D ke kiri.

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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan: # pembeli

P Misalkan jumlah
$6.00 pembeli meningkat.
Kemudian, disetiap
$5.00
P, Qd akan
$4.00 meningkat (sebesar
$3.00
5 dalam contoh).

$2.00
$1.00
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Pendapatan
– Barang Normal, hal-hal lainnya konstan
• Peningkatan pendapatan menyebabkan
peningkatan permintaan: Menggeser kurva D
ke kanan
– Barang Inferior, hal-hal lainnya konstan
• Peningkatan pendapatan menyebabkan
penurunan permintaan: Menggeser kurva D
ke kiri

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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Harga barang yang berhubungan, Subtitusi
– Dua barang subtitusi, jika
• Kenaikan harga yang satu menyebabkan
peningkatan permintaan yang lain
– Contoh: pizza and hamburgers
• Kenaikan harga pizza meningkatkan permintaan
hamburger, menggeser kurva permintaan hamburger
ke kanan
– Contoh yang lain:
• Coca-Cola dan Pepsi, laptop dan tablet, CD musik,
dan unduhan musik
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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Harga barang yang berhubungan, Komplementer
– Dua barang adalah pelengkap, jika
• Kenaikan harga yang satu menyebabkan penurunan
permintaan untuk yang lain
– Contoh: Komputer dan perangkat lunak
• Jika harga komputer naik, orang membeli lebih sedikit
komputer, dan karena itu lebih sedikit perangkat lunak;
Kurva permintaan perangkat lunak bergeser ke kiri
– Contoh lainnya:
• Uang sekolah dan buku pelajaran perguruan tinggi, roti
bagel dan krim keju, telur dan daging babi asap
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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Selera
– Apa pun yang menyebabkan pergeseran
selera ke suatu barang akan
meningkatkan permintaan akan barang
tersebut dan menggeser kurva D-nya ke
kanan
– Contoh:
• Diet Atkins menjadi populer di tahun 90-an,
menyebabkan peningkatan permintaan telur,
menggeser kurva permintaan telur ke kanan
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 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
• Harapan tentang masa depan
– Harapan terjadinya peningkatan
pendapatan, meningkatkan permintaan
saat ini
– Harapan harga yang lebih tinggi,
meningkatkan permintaan saat ini
– Contoh:
• Jika orang mengharapkan pendapatan mereka
meningkat, maka kurva D mereka untuk makan di
restoran mahal mungkin meningkat sekarang
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 Ringkasan: Variabel yang berdampak terhadap pembeli

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 Giat Belajar 1 Kurva Permintaan
• Gambarkan kurva permintaan untuk
unduhan musik (music download)
• Apa yang terjadi di setiap skenario berikut ?
• Mengapa ?

A. Harga iPod turun

B. Harga unduhan musik turun
C. Harga CD Musik turun

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 Giat Belajar 1 A. Harga iPod turun

Music downloads and

Price of iPods are complements.
music
down-
A fall in price of iPods
loads
shifts the demand curve
P1 for music downloads to
the right.

D1 D2

Q1 Q2 Quantity of
music downloads

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 Giat Belajat 1 B. Harga Unduhan Musik Turun

The D curve does not shift.

Price of
music
down- Move down along curve to
loads a point with lower P, higher
Q.
P1

P2

D1

Q1 Q2 Quantity of
music downloads

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 Giat Belajar 1 C. Harga CD Musik Turun

Music CDs and music

Price of downloads are substitutes.
music
down- A fall in the price of music
loads
CDs shifts demand for music
downloads to the left.
P1

D2 D1

Q2 Q1 Quantity of
music downloads

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 Penawaran
• Jumlah yang ditawarkan
– Jumlah barang
– Penjual mau dan mampu menjual
• Hukum penawaran
– Hal-hal lain sama
– Ketika harga suatu barang naik, kuantitas
yang ditawarkan barang itu naik
– Ketika harga turun, jumlah yang
ditawarkan turun
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 Daftar Penawaran Starbucks
Daftar penawaran: Price Quantity
− Tabel disamping, of of lattes
menunjukkan hubungan lattes supplied
antara harga barang $0.00 0
dan kuantitas yang 1.00 3
ditawarkan. 2.00 6
− Contoh: Penawran 3.00 9
Starbucks akan latte 4.00 12
− Perhatikan bahwa daftar 5.00 15
penawaran Starbucks 6.00 18
mematuhi hukum
penawaran
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 Daftar Penawaran dan Kurva Penawaran Starbucks

Price Quantity
P of of lattes
$6.00 lattes supplied
$0.00 0
$5.00
1.00 3
$4.00
2.00 6
$3.00 3.00 9
$2.00 4.00 12
5.00 15
$1.00
6.00 18
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15
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 Penawaran Pasar VS Penawaran Individual

• Penawaran pasar
– Jumlah persediaan semua penjual barang
atau jasa
– Kurva penawaran pasar: jumlah kurva
penawaran individu secara horizontal
• Untuk menemukan jumlah total yang
ditawarkan dengan harga berapa pun, kami
menambahkan jumlah individu

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 Penawaran Pasar vs. Penawaran Individual

Misalkan Starbucks dan Peet adalah satu-satunya dua

penjual di pasar ini. (Qs = Jumlah yang ditawarkan)

Qs Qs
Price Starbucks Peet’s Market Qs
$0.00 0 + 0 = 0
1.00 3 + 2 = 5
2.00 6 + 4 = 10
3.00 9 + 6 = 15
4.00 12 + 8 = 20
5.00 15 + 10 = 25
6.00 18 + 12 = 30
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 Kurva Penawaran Pasar
QS
P P
(Market)
$6.00
$0.00 0
$5.00 1.00 5
$4.00 2.00 10
3.00 15
$3.00
4.00 20
$2.00
5.00 25
$1.00 6.00 30
$0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Q

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 Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
• Kurva Penawaran
– Menunjukkan bagaimana harga
mempengaruhi kuantitas yang ditawarkan,
hal-hal lain dianggap sama.
• “Hal-Hal Lain”, yaitu:
– Faktor-faktor non harga lainnya yang
dapat mempengaruhi penawaran.
• Perubahan ini menyebabkan kurva
penawaran bergeser…
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 Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
• Harga Input
– Penawaran berhubungan negatif dengan
harga input
– Contoh harga input: upah, harga bahan
baku
– Penurunan harga input membuat produksi
lebih menguntungkan di setiap harga output
• Perusahaan memasok jumlah yang lebih besar
pada setiap harga
• Kurva S bergeser ke kanan
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 Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran: Harga Input
P
$6.00 Misalkan harga
$5.00 susu turun.
$4.00 Pada setiap harga,
$3.00 jumlah latte yang
dipasok akan
$2.00 meningkat (5
$1.00
dalam contoh ini).

$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

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 Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
• Teknologi
• Menentukan berapa banyak input yang
dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan satu unit output
– Peningkatan teknologi akan menghemat biaya,
sehingga memiliki efek yang sama seperti
penurunan harga input, menggeser kurva S ke
kanan
• Jumlah Penjual
– Peningkatan jumlah penjual
• Meningkatkan jumlah yang ditawarkan pada
setiap harga
• Menggeser kurva S ke kanan
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 Pergeseran Kurva Penawaran
• Harapan tentang masa depan
– Contoh: Peristiwa di Timur Tengah menyebabkan
ekspektasi harga minyak yang lebih tinggi
• Pemilik ladang minyak Texas sekarang
mengurangi pasokan, menyimpan beberapa
persediaan untuk dijual nanti dengan harga lebih
tinggi
• Kurva S bergeser ke kiri
– Penjual dapat menyesuaikan penawaran * saat
ekspektasi mereka akan harga di masa
mendatang berubah.
(* Jika bagus tidak mudah rusak)
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 Ringkasan: Variabel Yang Mempengaruhi Penjual

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 Giat Belajar 2 Kurva Penawaran
Gambar kurva penawaran untuk perangkat lunak
persiapan pengembalian pajak. Apa yang terjadi
padanya di setiap skenario berikut?
A. Pengecer memotong harga perangkat lunak.
B. Kemajuan teknologi memungkinkan perangkat
lunak diproduksi dengan biaya lebih rendah.
C. Penyusun pengembalian
pajak profesional
menaikkan harga layanan
yang mereka sediakan.
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 Giat Belajar 2 A. Pengecer memotong harga perangkat lunak

Price of S curve does not shift.

tax return
S1
software
Move down along the
P1
curve to a lower P and
lower Q.
P2

Q2 Q1 Quantity of tax
return software

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 Giat Belajar 2 B. Kemajuan teknologi memungkinkan
perangkat lunak diproduksi dengan biaya lebih rendah
Price of
tax return
S1 S2
S curve shifts to the
software right:
P1
at each price, Q
increases.

Q1 Q2 Quantity of tax
return software

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 Giat Belajar 2 C. Penyusun pengembalian pajak profesional
menaikkan harga layanan yang mereka sediakan
Price of
tax return
S1
Trick question:
software
This shifts the demand
curve for tax
preparation software,
not the supply curve.

Quantity of tax
return software

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 Penawaran dan Permintaan Bersama
P
Keseimbangan: D
$6.00
S
Harga telah
$5.00
mencapai
tingkat di mana $4.00
jumlah yang $3.00
ditawarkan $2.00
sama dengan $1.00
jumlah yang
$0.00
diminta Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

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 Penawaran dan Permintaan Bersama
Keseimbangan Harga: harga dimana Q ditawarkan = Q diminta
Keseimbangan kuantitas: Q ditawarkan dan diminta pada harga
(P) keseimbangan
P D
$6.00
S
P QD QS
$5.00 $0 24 0
$4.00 1 21 5

$3.00
2 18 10
3 15 15
$2.00
4 12 20
$1.00 5 9 25
$0.00 6 6 30
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 TANYAKAN AHLINYA
Harga Mencongkel (Price Gouging)
“Connecticut harus mengesahkan Senat Bill 60, yang
menyatakan bahwa selama "keadaan darurat cuaca
buruk", tidak ada orang dalam rantai distribusi barang
dan jasa konsumen yang akan menjual atau
menawarkan untuk menjual barang atau jasa konsumen
dengan harga yang berlebihan secara tidak wajar.’”

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 Pasar Tidak Seimbang: Surplus
Surplus (excess supply):
Kuantitas yang
P ditawarkan lebih besar
D S
$6.00 Surplus daripada jumlah yang
$5.00
diminta

$4.00 Example: if P = $5,

$3.00 then QD = 9 lattes
and QS = 25 lattes
$2.00
resulting in a surplus of
$1.00
16 lattes
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 Pasar Tidak Seimbang: Surplus
Menghadapi surplus,
penjual mencoba
P meningkatkan
D S
$6.00 Surplus penjualan dengan
$5.00
memotong harga.

$4.00
This causes QD to rise
$3.00
and QS to fall…
$2.00
… yang mengurangi
$1.00
surplus.
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 Pasar Tidak Seimbang: Surplus
Menghadapi surplus,
penjual mencoba
P meningkatkan
D S
$6.00 Surplus penjualan dengan
$5.00
memotong harga.

$4.00
This causes QD to rise
$3.00 and QS to fall…
$2.00 Harga terus turun
$1.00
sampai pasar
mencapai ekuilibrium.
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 Pasar Tidak Seimbang: Shortage
Shortage (excess demand):
Jumlah yang diminta lebih
besar daripada jumlah
P D S
$6.00
yang ditawarkan

$5.00 Example: if P = $1,

$4.00 then QD = 21 lattes
and QS = 5 lattes
$3.00
$2.00 resulting in a shortage of 16
$1.00 lattes

$0.00 Shortage
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 Pasar Tidak Seimbang: Shortage
Menghadapi a shortage,
penjual menaikkan harga,
P D S karena QD jatuh
$6.00

$5.00 dan QS naik,

$4.00
…yang akan mengurangi
$3.00
shortage.
$2.00
$1.00
Shortage
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 Pasar Tidak Seimbang: Shortage
Menghadapi a shortage,
penjual menaikkan harga,
P D S causing QD to fall
$6.00

$5.00 and QS to rise,

$4.00
… yang akan mengurangi
$3.00
shortage.
$2.00 Harga terus naik hingga
$1.00 pasar mencapai
Shortage
ekuilibrium.
$0.00
Q
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
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 Penawaran dan Permintaan Bersama
Tiga langkah untuk menganalisis perubahan
ekuilibrium
1. Tentukan apakah peristiwa tersebut menggeser
kurva penawaran, kurva permintaan, atau,
dalam beberapa kasus, kedua kurva tersebut.
2. Tentukan apakah kurva bergeser ke kanan atau
ke kiri.
3. Gunakan diagram penawaran dan permintaan.
• Bandingkan ekuilibrium awal dan baru.
• Efek pada harga dan kuantitas ekuilibrium.

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management system for classroom use.
 Contoh: Pasar Mobil Hybrid
P
price of
S1
hybrid cars

P1

D1
Q
Q1
quantity of
hybrid cars
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 Contoh 1: Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
PERISTIWA UNTUK DIANALISIS :
Kenaikan harga gas.
P
STEP 1: D curve shifts
S1
because price of gas affects
demand for hybrids. (S curve P2
does not shift, because price of
gas does not affect cost of
producing hybrids) P1
STEP 2: D shifts right
because high gas price makes
hybrids more attractive relative to D1 D2
other cars. Q
STEP 3: The shift causes an Q1 Q2
increase in price and quantity of
hybrid cars.
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 Pergeseran vs. Gerakan Sepanjang Kurva
• Perubahan penawaran:
– Menggeser Kurva S
– Terjadi ketika faktor penentu non-harga
dari penawaran berubah (seperti teknologi
atau biaya)
• Perubahan dalam kuantitas yang
ditawarkan:
– Gerakan di sepanjang kurva S.
– Terjadi saat P berubah
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 Pergeseran vs. Gerakan Sepanjang Kurva
• Perubahan dalam Permintaan:
– Menggeser kurva Permintaan (D)
– Terjadi saat faktor penentu permintaan
non-harga berubah (seperti pendapatan
atau # pembeli)
• Perubahan dalam jumlah yang diminta:
– Gerakan di sepanjang kurva D tetap
– Terjadi saat P berubah

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 Contoh 2: Pergeseran dalam Penawaran
PERISTIWA: Teknologi baru
mengurangi biaya produksi P
mobil hibrida.
S1 S2
STEP 1: S curve shifts
because event affects cost of
production. (D curve does not
shift, because production P1
technology is not one of the
factors that affect demand) P2
STEP 2: S shifts right
because event reduces cost, D1
makes production more Q
Q1 Q2
profitable at any given price.
STEP 3: The shift causes price
to fall and quantity to rise.
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 Contoh 3: Pergeseran Penawaran dan Permintaan
PERISTIWA: Harga gas
naik dan teknologi baru P
mengurangi biaya produksi S1 S2

STEP 1: Both curves shift.

STEP 2: Both shift to the P2
right. P1

STEP 3: Q rises, but the

effect on P is ambiguous: D1 D2
Q
Jika permintaan Q1 Q2
meningkat lebih dari
penawaran, P naik.
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 Contoh 3: Pergeseran Penawaran dan Permintaan

PERISTIWA: Harga gas

naik dan teknologi baru P
mengurangi biaya S1 S2
produksi

P1
STEP 3: Q rises, but the P
2
effect on P is ambiguous:
D1 D2
Tetapi jika penawaran Q
meningkat lebih dari Q1 Q2
permintaan, P turun.
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 Giat Belajar 3 Pergeseran Kurva Permintaan
dan Penawaran
Gunakan metode tiga langkah untuk
menganalisis pengaruh setiap peristiwa terhadap
harga ekuilibrium dan jumlah unduhan musik
(music download).
Peristiwa A: Penurunan harga CD musik
Peristiwa B: Penjual unduhan musik
menegosiasikan pengurangan
royalti yang harus mereka bayarkan
untuk setiap lagu yang mereka jual.
Peristiwa C: Peristiwa A dan B keduanya terjadi.
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 Giat Belajar 3 A. Penurunan harga CD musik
The market for
STEPS: P music downloads
S1
1. D curve shifts
P1

2. D curve shifts left P2

3. P and Q both fall

D2 D1
Q
Q2 Q1

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 Giat Belajar 3 B. Menurunya Biaya Royalti

STEPS: The market for

P music downloads
1. S curve shifts S1 S2
(Royalti adalah
P1
bagian dari biaya
penjual) P2

2. S curve shifts right

D1
3. P falls, Q rises Q
Q1 Q2

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 Active Learning 3 C. Menurunnya harga CD
Musik dan biaya royalti
STEPS:
1. Kedua kurva bergeser (Lihat Bagian A & B)

2. D Bergeser ke kiri, S bergeser ke kanan

3. P turun.
Dampak terhadap Q ambigu:
- Permintaan turun akan mengurangi Q,
- Meningkatnya penawaran akan
meningkatkan Q.
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 Bagaimana Pasar Mengalokasikan
Sumber Daya
• “Markets are usually a good way to
organize economic activity”
• Di Ekonomi Pasar
– Penyesuaian harga untuk menyeimbangkan
penawaran dan permintaan
• Pada harga Keseimbangan
– Sinyal yang memandu keputusan ekonomi
dan dapat mengalokasikan sumber daya
yang langka

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management system for classroom use.
 Ringkasan
• Ekonom menggunakan model penawaran dan
permintaan untuk menganalisis pasar kompetitif.
– Banyak pembeli dan penjual, semuanya
pengambil harga
• Kurva permintaan menunjukkan bagaimana jumlah
barang yang diminta bergantung pada harga.
– Hukum permintaan: saat harga barang turun, kuantitas
yang diminta naik; kurva D miring ke bawah.
– Faktor penentu permintaan lainnya: pendapatan, harga
barang pengganti dan pelengkap, selera, ekspektasi,
dan jumlah pembeli.
– Jika salah satu dari faktor ini berubah, kurva D bergeser
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management system for classroom use.
 Ringkasan
• Kurva penawaran menunjukkan bagaimana jumlah
barang yang ditawarkan bergantung pada harga.
– Hukum penawaran: jika harga barang naik, kuantitas
yang ditawarkan naik; kurva S miring ke atas.
• Penentu penawaran lainnya: harga input,
teknologi, ekspektasi, dan jumlah penjual.
– Jika salah satu faktor ini berubah, kurva penawaran
bergeser.
• Perpotongan kurva penawaran dan permintaan
menentukan ekuilibrium pasar.
– Pada harga ekuilibrium, kuantitas yang diminta =
kuantitas yang ditawarkan
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as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning 63
management system for classroom use.
 Ringkasan
• Perilaku pembeli dan penjual secara alami
mendorong pasar menuju keseimbangan.
– Ketika harga pasar berada di atas harga
ekuilibrium, terjadi surplus barang, yang
menyebabkan harga pasar turun.
– Ketika harga pasar berada di bawah harga
ekuilibrium, terjadi kekurangan yang
menyebabkan harga pasar naik.

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management system for classroom use.
 Ringkasan
• Untuk menganalisis bagaimana peristiwa
memengaruhi pasar, kami menggunakan diagram
penawaran-dan-permintaan untuk memeriksa
bagaimana peristiwa memengaruhi harga dan
kuantitas ekuilibrium.
1. Tentukan apakah peristiwa tersebut menggeser kurva
penawaran atau kurva permintaan (atau keduanya).
2. Tentukan ke arah mana kurva bergeser.
3. Bandingkan ekuilibrium baru dengan ekuilibrium awal.
• Dalam ekonomi pasar, harga adalah sinyal yang
memandu keputusan ekonomi dan untuk
mengalokasikan sumber daya yang langka.
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