Disorder Cluster A
Odd, Eccentric Group
Termasuk: paranoid ekspansif, (gangguan) kepribadian paranoid yang sensitif dan suka
mengeluh/membantah dan fanatik.
Tak termasuk: gangguan waham (F22.-) skizofrenia (F20.-) F60.1 Gangguan Kepribadian Skizoid
Genetic and physiological.
Terdapat beberapa bukti yang menunjukan
peningkatan prevalensi paranoid personality
Heritability disorder pada individu yang memiliki hubungan
keluarga dengan pasien skizofrenia, yang lebih
spesifik pada gangguan delusional, tipe
persecutory.
- DSM 5
Pendekatan Teori
Some family history studies have shown that paranoid personality disorder is more common in the families of people with
Biological schizophrenia than in the families of healthy control subjects. This finding suggests that paranoid personality disorder may
Approach be part of the schizophrenia spectrum of disorders (Changet al., 2002; Nigg & Goldsmith, 1994). One twin study found the
heritability of paranoid personality disorder to be .50 (Coolidge, Thede, & Jang, 2004).
Cognitive theorists view paranoid personality disorder as the result of an underlying belief that other people are malevolent
and deceptive, combined with a lack of self-confidence about being able to defend oneself against others (Beck &
Cognitive Freeman,1990). Thus, the person must always be vigilant for signs of others' deceit or criticism and must be quick to act
against others. A study of 17 patients Cluster A: Odd-Eccentric Personality Disorders diagnosed with paranoid personality
Approach
disorder found that they endorsed beliefs as predicted by this cognitive theory more than did patients diagnosed with other
personality disorders (Becket al., 2001).
Cultural factors have also been implicated in paranoid personality disorder. Certain groups of people, such as
prisoners, refugees, people with hearing impairments, and older adults, are thought to be particularly susceptible
Socio Cultural because of their unique experiences (Rogler, 2007). Imagine how you might view other people if you were an
Approach immigrant who had difficulty with the language and the customs of your new culture. Such innocuous things as
other people laughing or talking quietly might be interpreted as somehow directed at you. - (Durand & Barlow,
2012)
Assesment
● Mistrust Paranoia Scale (Fenigstein and Vanable 1992)
SCHIZOID
Schizoid (DSM V)
F60.1 Gangguan Kepribadian Skizoid
1. Sedikit aktivitas yg memberi kesenangan Emosi dingin, afek mendatar atau tidak
peduli
2. Kurang mampu mengekspresikan kehangatan, kelembutan atau kemarahan
terhadap orang lain
3. Nyata ketidakpedulian terhadap pujian maupun kecaman
4. Kurang tertarik mengalami pengalaman seksual dengan orang lain
5. Hampir selalu memilih aktivitas yang dilakukan sendiri
6. Preokupasi dengan fantasi & introspeksi berlebihan
7. Tidak mempunyai teman dekat/hubungan pribadi yang akrab
8. Sangat tidak sensitif terhadap norma & kebiasaan sosial yang berlaku
9. Paling sedikit terjadi sudah 3 bulan
Roy was a successful sanitation engineer involved in the planning and maintenance
of water resources for a large city; his job called for considerable foresight and
independent judgment but little supervisory responsibility. In general, he was
appraised as an undistinguished but competent and reliable employee. There were
few demands of an interpersonal nature made of him, and he was viewed by most
of his colleagues as reticent and shy and by others as cold and aloof. Difficulties
centered around his relationship with his wife. At her urging they sought marital
counseling, for, as she put it, "he is unwilling to join in family activities, he fails to
Studi Kasus take interest in the children, he lacks affection, and he is disinterested in sex:' The
pattern of social indifference, flatness of affect, and personal isolation that
characterized much of Roy's behavior was of little consequence to those with whom
a deeper or more intimate relationship was not called for; with his immediate
family, however, these traits took their toll.
(Millon, 1969, p. 224)
-(Hoeksema, 2014)
Roy would be diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder because
of his long-standing avoidance of relationships with other people and
his lack of close relationships with family members.
Schizoid personality disorder is uncommon, with about 0.8 to 1.7
percent of adults manifesting the disorder at some time in their life
(Lenzenweger, 2008). Among people seeking treatment for this
Studi Kasus disorder, males outnumber females (Zimmerman,Rothschild, &
Chelminski, 2005). People with schizoid personality disorder can
function in society, particularly in occupations that do not require
frequent interpersonal interactions.
There is a slightly increased rate of schizoid personality disorder in
the relatives of persons with schizophrenia, but the link between the
two disorders is not clear (Kendler, Neale, Kessler, Heath, & Eaves,
1993; Nigg & Goldsmith, 1994). Twin studies of the personality traits
associated with schizoid personality disorder, such as low sociability
and low warmth, strongly suggest that these personality traits may
Heritability be partially inherited (Costa & Widiger, 2002). The evidence for the
heritability of schizoid personality disorder is only indirect, however.
-(Hoeksema, 2014)
Dasar Teori
● Rasa malu pada masa kanak-kanak dilaporkan sebagai awal dari gangguan
Biological kepribadian skizoid pada dewasa nanti. Sifat kepribadian ini dapat diwarisi dan
Approach berfungsi sebagai penentu penting dalam perkembangan gangguan ini.
● Orang tua anak-anak dengan autisme lebih cenderung memiliki gangguan kepribadian
skizoid (Constantino et al., 2009)
Intervensi F
● Psychosocial treatments bertujuan untuk meningkatkan awareness
terhadap perasaan dirinya sendiri, meningkatkan soscial skill dan
sosial contacts ((Beck & Freeman, 1990; Quality Assurance Project,
1990).
○ Dilakukan dengan menjadikan terapis sebagai model lalu
meminta klien untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengekspresikan
Intervensi ●
●
perasaannya sendiri.
Social Training Skill dilakukan dengan melakukan role playing
Melakukan grup terapi, karena dapat memodelkan hubungan
interpersonal serta dapat melatih sociall skill secara langsung
(Hoekesomah, 2004)
SCHIZOTYPAL
4.6% (based on U.S. sample)