KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur tiada terhingga kiranya pantas dihaturkan kehadirat Allah

SWT, karena atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan Karya
Tulis Ilmiah ini. Penulisan Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini dilakukan dalam rangka
memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Kedokteran di Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Malahayati. Penulis menyadari sangatlah sulit untuk
menyelesaikan Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini tanpa bantuan dan bimbingan dari berbagai
pihak sejak penyusunan proposal sampai dengan terselesaikannya laporan hasil
Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini. Bersama ini penulis menyampaikan terimakasih yang
sebesar-besarnya serta penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada:

1. Rektor Universitas Malahayati Bandar Lampung yang telah member

kesempatan kepada penulis untuk menimba ilmu di Universitas Malahayati.

2. Dekan Fakultas Kedokteran UNMAL yang telah memberikan sarana dan

prasarana kepada penulis sehingga penulis dapa tmenyelesaikan Karya Tulis
Ilmiah ini dengan baik dan lancar.

3. Ayah dan mamah yang senantiasa memberikan perhatian, kasih saying dan do’a
kepada penulis.

4. Serta pihak lain yang tidak mungkin penulis sebutkan satu-persatu atas
bantuannya secara langsung maupun tidak langsung sehingga Karya Tulis Ilmiah
ini dapat terselesaikan dengan baik. Akhir kata, penulis berharap Allah SWT
berkenan membalas segala kebaikan semua pihak yang telah membantu. Semoga
Karya Tulis Ilmiah ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.

Bandar Lampung, 03 Maret 2020

Didza Dzikrivan S
 DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN JUDUL ................................................................................................i

KATA PENGANTAR ............................................................................................ii
DAFTAR ISI ..........................................................................................................iii
DAFTAR TABEL ..................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ............................................................................................vii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ....................................................................................viii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................................1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .............................................................................................6
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .............................................................................................6
1.3.1 Tujuan Umum ...................................................................................6
1.3.2 Tujuan Khusus ..................................................................................6
1.4 ManfaatPenelitian ............................................................................................7
1.4.1 Bagi Institusi Kesehatan......................................................................7
1.4.2 Bagi Institusi Pendidikan....................................................................7
1.4.3 Bagi Peneliti........................................................................................8
1.4.4 Bagi Peneliti Selanjutnya....................................................................8
1.5 Ruang Lingkup .................................................................................................8
1.5.1 Desain Penelitian.................................................................................8
1.5.2 Waktu Penelitian.................................................................................8
1.5.3 Tempat Penelitian ...............................................................................8
1.5.4 Objek Penelitian .................................................................................8
1.5.5 Subjek Penelitian ................................................................................8
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Katarak...............................................................................................................9
2.1.1 Definisi Katarak .................................................................................9
2.1.2 Tipe Katarak Senilis..........................................................................10
2.1.3 Etiologi Katarak ...............................................................................13
2.1.4 Klasifikasi Katarak ...........................................................................15
 2.1.5 Patofisiologi Katarak ........................................................................22
2.1.6 Faktor Resiko Katarak ......................................................................23
2.1.7 Manifestasi Katarak .........................................................................25
2.1.8 Diagnosa Katarak .............................................................................25
2.1.9 Penatalaksanaan Katarak ..................................................................27
2.1.10 Stadium kekeruhan .........................................................................30
2.2 Konsep Dasar Visus ........................................................................................32
2.2.1 DefinisiVisus ....................................................................................32
2.2.2 Pemeriksaan Visus ...........................................................................32
2.2.3 Penurunan Visus............................................................................... 34
2.2.4 Faktor yang menpengaruhi Visus .....................................................35
2.2.5 Visus pasca opeasi Katarak ..............................................................37
2.2.6 Kriteria Visus outcome ....................................................................39
2.3 Diabetes Mellitus ............................................................................................39
2.3.1 Definisi Diabetes Mellitus ........................................................................39
2.3.2 Etiologi Diabetes Mellitus ............................................................... 40
2.3.3 Gejala Klinis Diabetes Mellitus .......................................................41
2.3.4 Patofisiologi Diabetes Mellitus ....................................................... 42
2.3.5 Faktor Resiko Diabetes Mellitus ......................................................45
2.3.6 Diagnosis Diabetes Mellitus ............................................................47
2.4 Hubungan Antara Diabetes Mellitus dan Katarak ...........................................48
2.5 KerangkaTeori .................................................................................................50
2.6 Kerangka Konsep ............................................................................................51
2.7 Hipotesis...........................................................................................................51
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Jenis Penelitian.................................................................................................52
3.2 Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian ..........................................................................52
3.2.1 Lokasi Penelitian..................................................................................52
3.2.2 Waktu Penelitian................................................................................52
3.3 Populasi dan Sampel Penelitian......................................................................53
3.3.1 Populasi ..............................................................................................53
 3.3.2 Sampel ................................................................................................53
3.3.3 Kriteria Inklusi danEksklusi ...............................................................54
3.4 Variabel Penelitian...........................................................................................54
3.5 Definisi Oprasional..........................................................................................55
3.6 Pengumpulan Data...........................................................................................56
3.7 Pengolahan Data ..............................................................................................57
3.8 Analisis Data ..................................................................................................58
3.8.1 AnalisisUnivariat..................................................................................58
3.8.2 AnalisisBivariat....................................................................................58
3.9 Alur Penelitian ................................................................................................59
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
 DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Perbedaan Stadium Katarak Senilis......................................................30
Tabel 1.2 KriteriaDiagnostik Diabetes Mellitus ...................................................47
Tabel 3.5 Definisi Operasional..............................................................................55
 DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.5 Kerangka Teori..................................................................................50
Gambar 2.6 Kerangka Konsep..............................................................................51
Gambar 3.9 AlurPenelitian ...................................................................................59
 DAFTAR SINGKATAN

DM Diabetes mellitus
COP Camera oculliposterior
COA Camera ocullianterior
HMPShunt Hexose MonophosphteShunt
NADPH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotifephosphate
AR Aldosereduktase
UV Ultraviolet
TIO Tekananintraokuli
IOL Intraocularlens
IDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
NIDDM Non insulin dependent diabetesmellitus
HDL High DensityLipoprotein
HLA Human Leukocyteantigen
DMG Diabetes mellitus gestasional
ATP Adenosintriphosphate
GDS Gula darah sewaktu
OHO Obat Hipoglikemi Oral
GDP Gula darah puas