THEORETICAL DEFINITION OF APPROACHES, STRATEGIES AND

LEARNING METHODS

Abizar Hardian, Atikah Salamah Nurfadhilah, Dyah Laily Miftakul Janah, Aida
Hayani

Alma Ata University Yogyakarta

aidahayani@almaata.ac.id

Abstract

Education is the process by which individuals acquire knowledge, skills, values, and
understanding to develop their potential and contribute to society. Continuous efforts to
improve one's knowledge and abilities throughout their lives. Through learning
approaches, means or methods are used to teach and facilitate the learning process . It
includes strategies, techniques, and philosophies used by educators to help students
understand and master subject matter. Through instructional strategies, plans, or
approaches used by educators to help students understand and master subject matter,
concrete steps are taken to achieve learning objectives. In strategy there are several
components of learning and some elements that must be met. Meanwhile, methods are the
way to achieve educational goals. This can be done with lectures, discussions, questions
and answers, demonstrations, experiments, recitations and field trips. Of course, with the
advantages and disadvantages of each method, educators must teach and help students
understand the subject matter. This method involves certain techniques, tools, and
approaches used in the learning process

Keywords: Education, Approach, Strategy and Method

Abstrak

Pendidikan adalah proses dimana individu memperoleh pengetahuan, keterampilan,

nilai-nilai, dan pemahaman untuk mengembangkan potensi mereka dan
berkontribusi pada masyarakat upaya berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan
pengetahuan dan kemampuan seseorang sepanjang hidup mereka. Melalui
pendekatan pembelajaran, cara atau metode yang digunakan untuk mengajar dan
memfasilitasi proses pembelajaran. Ini mencakup strategi, teknik, dan filosofi yang
digunakan oleh pendidik untuk membantu siswa memahami dan menguasai materi
pelajaran. Melalui Strategi pembelajaran rencana atau pendekatan yang digunakan
oleh pendidik untuk membantu siswa memahami dan menguasai materi pelajaran,
langkah-langkah konkret yang diambil untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. . Dalam
strategi terdapat beberapa komponen pembelajaran dan beberapa unsur yang harus
dipenuhi. Sedangkan metode merupakan cara untuk mencapai tujuan pendidikan.
dapat dilaksanakan dengan ceramah, diskusi, tanya jawab, demonstrasi, eksperimen,
resitasi dan karya wisata. Tentunya dengan kelebihan dan kekurangan yang dimiliki
disetiap metode, pendidik untuk mengajar dan membantu siswa memahami materi
pelajaran. Metode ini melibatkan teknik-teknik tertentu, alat-alat, dan pendekatan
yang digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran.
Kata kunci: Pendidikan, Pendekatan, Strategi, Metode
Introduction fundamental questions about
Education is an integral how students should learn,
part of individual and how knowledge should be
community development. To conveyed, and how learning
achieve effective learning, it is experiences should be
important for educators to designed.
understand well key concepts A learning strategy is a
such as learning approaches, tool or method used by
strategies, and methods. educators to achieve specific
These concepts form the learning objectives. It covers
foundation for a successful the way classes are taught,
teaching and learning process, assessed, and managed.
influencing how knowledge Choosing the right strategy is
and skills are imparted to essential in creating an
students, and in turn, how effective learning
students respond to and environment and motivating
integrate that information into students to actively
their understanding. participate in the learning
In this context, this process.
journal aims to investigate Learning methods are
and clarify the definitions and concrete techniques used in
theories underlying learning the teaching process. These
approaches, strategies, and methods include the way
methods. This study will teachers deliver material,
elaborate on each concept and facilitate student interaction,
reveal its important role in the and provide opportunities for
context of modern education. deep exploration and
In addition, this journal will understanding. The method
also discuss the relationship chosen will affect students'
between these three concepts, level of understanding and
given that they are their ability to apply
interrelated and have a knowledge in real-world
significant impact on the situations.
learning process. This journal will
The learning approach carefully discuss the
refers to the philosophical definitions and theories of
views or basic frameworks each of these concepts as well
that guide teachers in as explore the relationships
designing learning between them in the context
experiences. It covers of learning. Through a better
understanding of learning
approaches, strategies, and
methods, we can develop
more effective and effective
education, which will have a
positive impact on students'
intellectual and social growth
as well as on the progress of
society as a whole.
Research Methods
This type of research
is qualitative descriptive
research using a library
research approach, namely
by collecting information
from books and journals on
the internet and
disseminating it into the
language of researchers.
Results and Discussion
Learning Approach
Approach is the
process and way a person
responds to something that is
uncertain. The approach as a
basic goal is used in
determining plans, ways, and
steps to achieve certain goals.
Suprayekti (2004: 8) suggests
that the learning approach
provides an overview to
educators how steps are taken
in achieving curriculum goals.
While Ahmad Sudjarat (2008)
suggests that the learning
approach is our view of the
general learning process
where this approach affects
the way of learning with
certain theories.
This approach is a
philosophical framework that
lays the foundation for the
way one achieves goals such
as humanism, liberalism,
theology, and quantum. Any
philosophical foundation
used in education, even if it
looks the same will have an
impact on different
approaches and technical
frameworks. Based on this
point of view, the learning
approach is an aspect of a
common learning system. The
philosophy contains, inspires,
reinforces and lays the
foundation of a learning
approach that includes
theories to achieve specific
goals.
The learning approach
is defined as a point of
departure or point of view on
the learning process which
refers to the view of the
occurrence of a process that is
still very general, in which it
accommodates, inspires,
strengthens, and underlies
learning methods with a
certain theoretical scope for
the author the approach is
more of a philosophical
framework that becomes the
basis of wisdom The way a
person takes to achieve goals
such as a humanist approach,
Liberal, theological, quantum two approaches to this,
and other approaches are namely:
sometimes called theories. 1. Learner-centered approach,
Approach is one of the which is a learner-oriented
learning components that learning approach.
must be mastered properly by 2. Educators as a teacher raise
a teacher before carrying out three approaches in
the learning process for his classroom management,
students namely the Power
Every philosophical basis approach, learning
used in education will have approach, group work
consequences for different approach.
methodological and technical a. Power Approach
frameworks even though they This power approach
look the same in plain view.1 aims to provide
In the learning process discipline in the
there are two approaches, classroom so as to create
namely teacher-centered and maintain a good
approaches and student- classroom atmosphere.
centered approaches.2 b. Learning Approach
This approach is based
Various approaches on assumptions in the
Many Learning planning and
approaches used in the world implementation process
of education, ranging from that prevent the
preschool to secondary emergence of student
school. In general, there are behavior problems and
solve those problems if
they cannot be avoided.
1
https://spada.uns.ac.id/mod/forum/ c. Group Work Approach
discuss.php? In this approach,
d=124574#:~:text=Approach educators must create
%20Learning%20%3A%20Angle an atmosphere for the
%20View%20towards,atutu%20point group to improve work
%20discussion%20the%20taught. efficiency well.
Downloaded on Sunday,October 29, d. Electist or Pluralistic
2023 Approach Electical or
Pluralistic approach is
2
Abdullah, Learning Approaches and that educators choose
Models that Enable Students, ( IAIN based on the ability of
Nurul jadid Purbolinggo: 2017)
 students one or three is a determinant of good
approaches according to relationships.
the situation at hand. There are two kinds of
e. Threat Approach learning approaches,
This approach, oriented namely Constructivism and
to classroom scientific.
management which is a The constructivist approach
process of controlling is an activity of active
student behavior. learning to build their own
Applied threats such as knowledge, look for the
prohibition and meaning and meaning they
coercion. learn and adapt new
f. Recipe Approach concepts and ideas in the
This approach is frame of mind that already
explained by providing exists in their minds. The
examination notes to purpose of the constructivist
explain the rules that approach is for students to
educators take to be able to increase their
respond to classroom knowledge to build as well
situations. as discover new things,
g. Behavior Change and make learning more
Approach student-centered in the
This approach focuses learning process to make it
on changing student more impressive and
behavior. In this memorable in achieving
approach, educators learning objectives. In its
seek to develop good application, the
behavior and prevent constructivist approach has
bad behavior of characteristics that
learners. distinguish it from other
h. Freedom Approach learning approaches, the
In this approach, characteristics of
educators try to give constructivist learning
freedom to students. include:3
i. Socio-Emotional
Approach
In this approach, 3
Wina Sanjaya, Curriculum and
building a good Learning, (Jakarta: Kencana,
relationship between 2009), p 248
students and educators
a) Provide a learning becomes more
experience by relating effective.
the knowledge that f) Engage students
students already have emotionally and
in such a way that socially so that it
learning through the becomes interesting
process of knowledge and students are
formation. willing to learn.
b) Provide a variety of While the
alternative learning scientific learning
experiences, not all approach is one that is
working on the same able to foster
task, for example a communication,
problem can be solved collaboration and
in different ways. innovation in
c) Integrate learning with application, teacher
realistic and relevant learning provides
situations by engaging understanding to
concrete experiences, students to recognize,
for example to understand various
understand a concept materials using a
through the realities of scientific approach that
everyday life. information comes
d) Integrating learning so from meaning only,
as to allow social anytime and does not
transmission, namely depend on teacher
the occurrence of information.
interaction and These learning
cooperation of a person activities include
with others or with observing, listening,
their environment, for asking, and collecting
example interaction data. So that a
and cooperation scientifically based
between students, learning approach is
teachers, and students. needed HOTS by
e) Utilize various media prioritizing
including oral and collaborative,
written communication communicative and
so that learning teaching processes that
use TPACK
 (Tecnological,
Pedagogical, Contect
Knowledge).4
TPACK is a
framework for
understanding and
describing the kind of
knowledge needed by
a teacher to streamline
the practice of
pedagogy and
understanding of
concepts by integrating
a technology in a
learning environment.
Learning Strategy
The word strategy
comes from the Latin
strategia, which is
interpreted as the art of
using plans to achieve goals.
Learning strategies
according to Frelberg &;
Driscoll (1992) can be used
to achieve the objectives of
delivering subject matter at
different levels, for different
students, in different
contexts. Gerlach &; Ely
(1980) said that strategy 4
learning is the ways chosen
to deliver subject matter in a
particular learning
environment, including the
4 Karismanto, Techniques,
Maulana, I., &; Leonard. (2018).
Constructivist approach with task and
forced learning strategies. National
Seminar and Multidisciplinary Panel
Discussion on Research & Community
Service Results, 404–416
nature, scope, and sequence
of activities that can provide
learning experiences to
students. 5
According to Mulyasa
"learning strategies
that is: strategies used
in learning, such as
discussion, observation and
question and answer, as well
as other activities that can
encourage the formation of
student competencies". In
learning, the most important
task of the teacher is to
condition the environment
In order to support
behavior change for
students. 6
The world of education
in terms of teaching is often
found various terms, such as
one of them is learning
strategy. Next, we explain
how the origin and meaning
of this learning strategy so
that we can know the
meaning of the understanding
and also the meaning
5
Badar nisma, learning strategies with
an approach model for junior high
school students to achieve educational
goals, Journal of biology education and
scieandcee, 2022 p 4
6
models and learning strategies in
mathematics. Yogjakarta : 2003 :
8
contained in this learning component that can
strategy. support
Strategy is a set of tools how to carry out a learning
that involve people directly to activity and share a
develop a second language, a learning experience using
foreign language. So it can be sophisticated media such as
concluded that strategy is a learning technology in Siti
strategy, art, design, a plan or Nurul Aini (2015).
technique that will be used to 2.Learning strategy is an
achieve something desired. educator's effort in
Strategy is also very much motivating students to
needed in doing something want to do learning
planning so that it is carried activities. Learning strategy
out efficiently and runs easily. is not an easy activity, each
Learning is a process of learning requires all skills
seeking knowledge that can in order to achieve a
be done anywhere using learning goal. Generally,
media and can be obtained by learning with the approach
conducting dialogue, reading method has a plus, because
books, conducting research students can actively
and so on. 7 participate in ongoing
learning, so as to improve
Learning is a process of investigating behavior,
remembering, gaining expertise in solving a
knowledge, and a process that problem, and sharing
can be done anywhere and experiences between
anytime in obtaining a truth students or educators. The
or a skill that can be mastered material that has been
and can be used in accordance learned can be stored
with the needs in Fatimah longer due to the
(2018). participation of students
Some notions of who are actively involved
teaching strategies in carrying out the learning
Including: process in Anggreani
1. Learning strategy is a part (2019).
that is interconnected with 3. Learning Strategy is a
others and cannot be procedure in a broad sense
separated from a main that includes planning,
implementing, evaluating,
7
Hasriadi, Hasriadi. "Learning enriching, and remedial
Strategies." (2022)
 which is a process of So, from the
sorting and ensuring interpretation above, it can be
changes in attitudes, concluded that a learning
approaches to procedures, strategy is a process,
procedures, methods, and technique, determination of
norms of success methods and steps in learning
boundaries in Asrori set by educators to help
(2013). There are also students to learn more
several definitions of efficiently and optimally. In
learning strategies learning, a plan and strategy
developed by expert are needed in carrying out an
experts, such as: interaction between students
a) Kamp (1995) in Lubis and educators in the teaching
(2013) explains that process so that educators are
learning strategy is a able to produce a better and
learning activity that must safer learning atmosphere. A
involve two parties, namely good and safe learning
educators and students to atmosphere will make
achieve learning goals students more enthusiastic in
properly and effectively. studying, and it is not difficult
b) Dick and Carey (1986) in to understand a material that
Aswan (2013: 4) "Learning has been explained by the
strategies are a set of educator, in order to achieve
modules and learning the desired learning goals.
procedures that are used Planned strategies play a very
together to bring out meaningful role in the process
learning outcomes in of learning activities. So that a
students. strategy is not far from the
c) Seels and Richey (1994) in target to be achieved, so that
Wahyuddin Nur Nasution more information
(2017: 4) said that "learning (description) is needed.
strategy is a detail of Information that begins with
screening the sequence of everyone's stimulus in
events and activities in motivating urgently so that
learning, which includes they can share reactions in
steps, techniques and carrying out a learning
procedures that allow activity in Fatimah (or 2018).
students to achieve their The success of students can be
goals. seen from their learning
outcomes and also illustrates
the success of educators in
educating their students in
Siti Nurul Aini (2015).
The higher the
demands of students in
learning, the more challenges
an educator will also have in
ensuring learning strategies
will be used in the teaching-
learning process. Utilizing
learning strategies can also
have a good influence on
students because they can
instill knowledge and
improve something therapy
as it should be more efficient
learning, so they can apply it
at school or at home. The
skills of each person or each
individual are not the same,
while the skills that can be
done by students should be
realized and developed so as
to produce an achievement.
Skills are usually born from
habits that are often done
repeatedly, and something
that is liked or hobby in
Fatimah (2018). The
improvement of student
learning outcomes is generally
influenced by several aspects,
namely: aspects contained in
the students themselves, as
well as aspects of the
environment around them,
whether good or bad. There
are also aspects that
predicted to also affect the
learning outcomes of
students, among others in Siti
Nurul Aini (2015):
a) Learning behavior of
students,
b) Application equipment,
and
C) Learning media in helping
better learning achievement.
There is also a learning
strategy that is also one of the
The main aspects in
improving and developing
individual skills include:
sea fruit. Approach
b. Model, and
c. Method
These three issues are
one of the component aspects
that need to be in the learning
system. No matter how good
the module delivered by an
educator, but there is no
approach, and the procedures
used are not good in the
learning process so that an
educator must be prepared to
bear failure in educating.
Because with someone's
approach, educators can
understand students better so
that they can ensure what
learning models are
appropriate and good to use
in the learning process.8
From some of these
definitions, it can be
concluded that learning
strategies are several
8
Bektiarso, Singgih. "Learning
Strategies." (2015)
alternative models, abilities
methods, ways of a. Don't force
organizing teaching and learning for a
learning activities which long time
are general patterns of b. Invite children to
activities that must be learn by
followed by teachers and Explore the
students to achieve environment
predetermined c. Permit
instructional goals. Children chew
Learning strategies gum while
according to the abilities of studying.9
students:
 Strategy Learning Methods
Learning Dealing Learning is a processes
with learners with to help students to obtain
visual abilities: information ideas,
a) using visual skills, values, ways of
materials such thinking, and ways of
as, learning, learning should
Drawings, provide opportunities to
diagrams and students to
maps build knowledge in
b) Use color to thinking so as to understand
mark important correctly his knowledge.10
things Therefore, in order for
c) stimulated to the learning process to be
read illustrated effective, a teacher is
books required to be able to apply
d) Using a variety of appropriate
multimedia
(movies, songs, 9
Nurdyansyah, Andiek
etc.) Widodo, Learning
e) Push Technology Innovation,
child illustrate 2015: 51-53
his thoughts and
pictures 10
Chairudin, A. (2020) definition and
 Learning strategies concept of problem-based learning
to deal with learners model problem-based definition and
with kinesthetic concept of problem-based learning
model Problem-Based Learning. May
approaches because the to make it easier for someone
approach in learning is to achieve a desired goal.
needed to provide According to the
opportunities to students in definition of pupuh
order to Obtaining an Fathurrohman (2014), which
optimal learning experience says that there are ways used
in this case also states that to achieve a set goal which is
one of the factors that affect implicitly inseparable from
student learning outcomes is teaching and learning
the approach to learning activities with methods in
Learn Approach The order to achieve that learning
learning chosen by a teacher goal. If the teacher can use the
is expected to be a process of method then it is a necessity,
learning approach that because by mastering the
allow and emphasize right method, the teacher will
the process of engaging teach well too. As a teacher
students to be able to find must first know and
material and solve the understand more about
problems he learned methods in order to achieve
independently. 11
goals and be able to
implement several influential
Method can be factors in the implementation
expressed as a stage used to of learning methods, Abdul
provide a thought or science Majid (2016) also said there
that has been compiled or are several types of methods
determined in such a way that teachers can use and have
based on certain principle been very popular.
theories. In its use, the The types of methods used
method in general can be said include:
to be a stage for the 1. Lecture method,
implementation of work 2. Question and answer
implementation activities method,
while still using reality facts 3. Recitation method,
that have been arranged 4. Drill method,
systematically. So the method 5. Discussion method,
can be said to be a way used 6. Role playing methods and
others.
11
Turdjai (2014). The influence of The learning method has a
learning approaches on the learning position that
outcomes of triadic students, 15(2), 17-
29
It is very important because it be achieved if a teacher does
supports the success of not understand the method he
learning because experts wants to set.12
agree that a teacher who has
been given the task to teach Table 1. Conventional
must be a professional who Method/ Lecture
can be seen for his
understanding of a learning, Excess Deficiency
with the method of learning Efficient for Less
this material will run the delivery interactive, so
effectively and optimally and of less effective
planned with predetermined information in exploring
estimates. The positions in the , effective deep
learning method include: to convey understandin
1.Method used as extrinsic to many g or active
motivation tool people in a discussion
2. Method used as strategy short time
3. Methods are used as a The teacher Not suitable
means to achieve goals. is in full for all types
In order to create an control of learners
efficient, effective and Can be Learners
interesting learning process, followed by become
accuracy in choosing methods many passive
is very dependent on the learners
objectives, teaching materials,
students, and the learning Table 2. Discussion Methods
environment or situation. Excess Deficiency
Because the method is very Stimulate Takes a lot
dependent on students, the student of time
environment, goals, teaching creativity
materials, so it is necessary to Develop Not used for
be precise in choosing. But in mutual large groups
determining the method a respect
teacher will not be arbitrary in Broaden the Only
choosing, because this also horizons of mastered by
requires a process that should
not be considered easy in any 12
Sudrajat, Akhmad. "Understanding
case. Because the learning approaches, strategies, methods,
process will be meaningless, techniques, tactics, and learning
nor will the goals that will not models." Online)(http://smacepiring.
wordpress.com) (2008)
 fostering to people who patience and
get used to can speak fortitude
deliberation The results The results
of the of each
Table 3. Demonstration experiment experiment
Method can be are not
Excess Deficiency utilized in always as
Make it Inadequate the future expected
easier for facilities
students to Table 5. Method Tourist
understand works
the material Excess Deficiency
The teaching Longer time Hands-on Cost and
process is experience Logistics
more Motivating Limited time
interesting and
Students are Requires engaging
invited to special Broaden Focus is
think to teacher skills your scattered
actively horizons and not
observe, always
adjust available
between
theory and
reality and Conclusion
try to do it In education, it is
themselves carried out with various kinds
and types of approaches as a
Table 4. Experimental way of view in the learning
Methods process. Proper strategy or
Excess Deficiency planning is needed in each
Make Lacking learning activity and is
participants facilities supported by appropriate
believe more methods in order to achieve
in the truth its goals. From some of the
because they things above, there is a
make it meeting point that connects
themselves between points of view,
Think Demands planning and ways of
innovative precision, learning, namely pursing in
order to achieve educational Anitah, Sri. "Learning
goals. strategy." Jakarta: Open
Each of these theories University 1 (2007).
and approaches has Festiawan, Rifqi.
different implications in "Learning and learning
designing learning approach." Jenderal
experiences. Educators Soedirman University 11
often select or combine (2020).
elements from various Sudrajat, Akhmad.
theories according to their "Understanding
learning objectives and approaches, strategies,
student characteristics. methods, techniques,
Educators often choose tactics, and learning
learning methods based on models." Online)
learning objectives, subject (http://smacepiring.
matter, and student wordpress.com) (2008).
characteristics. The right Supardan, H. Dadang.
combination of learning "The theory and
methods can be student practice of
comprehension and constructivist
retention. approaches in
learning." Journal of
Acknowledgments Economic Education 4.1
If failure is not the end, (2016).
believe there is success Waseso, Hendri Purbo.
waiting for you. Success does "The 2013 curriculum
not belong to smart people. in the perspective of
Success belongs to those who constructivist learning
try, don't be afraid to try. theory." TA'LIM:
Thank you Journal of Islamic
Education Studies 1.1
(2018): 59-72.
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29