03-SPB

DEGRADASI LAHAN PERTANIAN

PERTUMBUHANPENDUDUK
vs
PROD. PANGAN
 TANAH INDONESIA

• Luas wilayah Indonesia = 5,4 juta km2

• Luas lautan 2/3 = 3.5 juta km2
• Luas tanah 1/3 = 1,9 juta km2 = 190 juta ha
• Total lahan pertanian = 37 juta ha
• Luas sawah = 8,2 juta ha  sekarang 7,1 juta ha
(BPS 2016) (estimasi Deptan)

• Rice productivity : 4.87 ton/ha

• Rice consumption : 137 kg/cap/year
DEGRADASI 1
DEGRADASI 2
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

Degradasi Lahan
= proses menurunnya kualitas dan kuantitas
suatu lahan yang meliputi aspek fisika tanah,
kimia tanah, biologi tanah, pada suatu bidang
lahan tertentu.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

 Faktor AKTIVITAS manusia dapat memberikan dampak

positip atau negatip pada suatu lahan, tergantung pada
aktivitas pengelolaan pertanian yang dilakukan.

 AKTIVITAS MANUSIA
 kegiatan pengolahan tanah
 penggunaan sarana produksi yang tidak ramah
lingkungan (pupuk dan insektisida)
 sistem budidaya termasuk pola tanam yang mereka
gunakan.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

Tiga faktor penyebab degradasi tanah akibat

campur tangan manusia secara langsung, yaitu:
1. Pertanian intensif
2. Pembukaan tambang
3. Deforestasi

 Faktor-faktor tersebut di Indonesia pada

umumnya terjadi secara simultan.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

PERTANIAN INTENSIF  DEGRADASI LAHAN

Erosi
Cara-cara budi daya pertanian yang tidak
mengindahkan kaidah2 konservasi lahan menyebabkan
kualitas lahan menurun sejalan dengan hilangnya
lapisan tanah subur akibat erosi dan pencucian hara.
Pencemaran tanah terjadi akibat budi daya pertanian
yang melampaui daya dukung tanah  Penggunaan
bahan-bahan agrokimia yang berlebihan dapat
mencemari lingkungan dan mengganggu kelestarian
kualitas tanah.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

 Kegiatan pembangunan yang berpotensi

menimbulkan dampak degradasi lahan al:
kegiatan deforesterisasi, industri,
pertambangan, perumahan, dan kegiatan
pertanian sendiri.
 kegiatan pembangunan hendaknya harus
dipikirkan keberlanjutannya dimasa
mendatang (sustainabilitas).
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

PRINSIP BERKELANJUTAN:
1. Menempatkan aspek lingkungan sedini mungkin dlm
proses pembangunan,  pencegahan timbulnya dampak
negatif akan jauh lebih efektif drpd penanggulangan,
2. Mempertimbangkan aspek lingkungan pada setiap
tahapan pembangunan,
3. Menerapkan prinsip efisiensi & konservasi sumberdaya
alam & energi.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

Barrow (1991) merinci faktor-faktor utama penyebab

degradasi lahan:
1. Bahaya alami
2. Perubahan jumlah populasi manusia
3. Marjinalisasi tanah
4. Kemiskinan
5. Status kepemilikan tanah
6. Ketidakstabilan politik dan masalah administrasi
7. Kondisi sosial ekonomi
8. Masalah kesehatan
9. Praktek pertanian yang tidak tepat, dan
10.Aktifitas pertambangan dan industri.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

Degradasi lahan ada 3 aspek fisik, kimia, biologi.

1. Degradasi fisik terdiri dari pemadatan,
pengerakan, ketidakseimbangan air, terhalangnya
aerasi, aliran permukaan, dan erosi.
2. Degradasi kimiawi terdiri dari asidifikasi,
pengurasan unsur hara, pencucian,
ketidakseimbangan unsur hara dan keracunan,
salinisasi, dan alkalinisasi.
3. Degradasi biologis meliputi penurunan karbon
organik tanah, penurunan keanekaragaman hayati
tanah, dan penurunan karbon biomas.
 Types of Degradation

Soil degradation is any type of problem that

removes soil in an area or makes high-
quality soil become poor. Careless
agricultural practices, pollution and
deforestation cause lots of soil degradation
in the world. Several types of soil
degradation exist and are a threat to natural
forests and planted crops.
 Types of Degradation

Beberapa tipe degradasi lahan:

1.Kehilangan kesuburan tanah
2.Erosi Tanah
3.Salinitas
4.Pemadatan Tanah
5.Pengasaman Tanah
6.Pencemaran tanah oleh bahan kimia
berbahaya.
 SOIL EROSION
Erosion occurs when the topsoil that many
plants need to grow gets blown or washed away.
While some erosion is natural, the humans
often remove plants that cover soil and,
therefore, speed up erosion.
Since topsoil takes so long to build back up
through natural processes, erosion damage is
almost irreversible.
 NUTRIENT LOSS
 Nutrient loss often occurs in conjunction with
salinization.
 The nutrient loss occurs through a variety of
mechanisms, including leaching, erosion, runoff, crop
uptake and denitrification.

 The crops uptake too many soil nutrients that farmers

do not always replace.
 Deforestation and careless agricultural processes lead
to soil degradation in the form of nutrient loss.
 After soil becomes nutrient-poor, crops and naturally
occurring plants have a hard time growing in the
area.
 HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAH

Land use, human nutrition and the carbon cycle form an intricate set of relationships.
Healthy plants use carbon dioxide, give off oxygen and increase soil organic matter
(OM), thereby enhancing soil fertility. Practices that increase organic matter can
increase soil fertility while decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.
 HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAH

BASIC PLANT NUTRIENT CYCLE

 The basic nutrient cycle usually describes the outstanding role of
soil organic matter.
 Cycling of many plant nutrients, especially N, P, S, and
micronutrients, are similar to the Carbon Cycle.
 Plant residues, grain green manure, farmyard manure and other
substances are returned to the soil. This organic matter pool of
carbon compounds serve as food for bacteria, fungi, and other
decomposers.
 As organic matter is decomposed to simpler compounds, plant
nutrients are released in available forms for root uptake and the
cycle begins again. Plant-available macronutrients such as N, P,
K, Ca, Mg, S and micronutrients are also released when soil
minerals dissolve.
 KEHILANGAN HARA DARI TANAH
There are several losses from soil nutrient pools caused by either unfavorable soil
conditions or improper use of fertilizers. The main characteristics of these losses are
the following:
Losses will result in a decrease in the amounts of plant available soil nutrients
Nutrient losses occur by:
1. Releases from the soil - leaving the soil-plant system
2. Transformation of soil nutrients into non-available forms (i.e. precipitation,
chemical reactions resulting insoluble forms etc.) = „internal losses”

PELEPASAN HARA DARI TANAH

1. Crop removal by yields
2. Erosion losses – nutrients in soil particles removed from soil by water
3. Runoff – loss of dissolved nutrients moving across the soil profile
4. Leaching– moving dissolved nutrient forms downward into the groundwater
5. Gaseous losses to the atmosphere by volatilization and denitrification.

Under various cropping systems, both internal and external losses of nutrients from
soils may be rather diverse.
 „INTERNAL LOSSES”
1. Transformation of soil nutrients into non-
available forms (i.e. precipitation,
chemical reactions resulting insoluble
forms etc.)
2. Transformation into insoluble forms –
typical for P. Strong fixation in interlayer
sites of clay minerals – ammonium and
K+ ions
3. These forms do not leave the soil =
therefore referred as „internal losses”
 HILANGNYA KESUBURAN TANAH

What happens if we lose soil fertility, we will eventually cease to exist as soil is alive and we
require soil for almost all of the food that we grow today around the world.
The healthy soil contains:
1. It has sufficient concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potash (potassium) to support
plant life.
2. It also has sufficient levels of the trace minerals needed for plant nutrition, including boron,
chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, sulfur, and zinc
3. .
 EROSI TANAH
Soil erosion is a natural process characterized by the transport or displacement of particles
(sediment) that are detached by rainfall, flowing water, or wind. Soil erosion can be caused by
the improper use of lands for cultivation or grazing and by deforestation.
The types of soil erosion associated with agricultural activities are :
1. Splash erosion, which occurs when rain hits exposed soils.
2. Sheet and rill erosion, which mainly moves soil particles from the surface or plough layer of the soil.
Surface sediments typically contain higher pollution potential due to richer nutrient content, the
presence of chemicals from past fertilizer and pesticide applications, and natural biological activities.
3. Rill and gully erosion, severe erosion in which trenches are cut to a depth greater than 1 foot. Generally,
trenches too deep to be crossed by farm equipment are considered gullies (USEPA, 1994).
4. Stream and channel erosion, which occurs due to increased rates and volumes of runoff from
agricultural land uses flowing through a stream or channel.
 EROSI TANAH

Effect on soil erosion

Slope angle and length affects runoff generated when rain falls to the surface. Examine the diagram below
showing the relationship between hill slope position, runoff, and erosion.
The amount of water on a particular hill slope segment is dependent on what falls from precipitation and
what runs into it from an upslope hill slope segment. The hill slope has been divided into several segments
and the amount of precipitation falling on each segment is the same. As water runs down slope, the water
that has accumulated in segment A runs off adding to what falls into segment B by precipitation. The water
in B runs into C, and C into D, and so on. The amount of water increases in the down slope direction as water
is contributed of water from upslope segments. The velocity of the water increases as well as it moves
towards the base of the slope. As a result, the amount and velocity of water, and hence rate of erosion
increases as you near the base of the slope.
 EROSI TANAH

 Soil erosion occurs naturally when rain falls. Runoff flows to

the lowest point of the landscape. The velocity depends on
the characteristics of the soils, the slope of the land and the
vegetative cover.
 Erosion can be a serious environmental problem when the
land is disturbed by development, agriculture, or forestry.
 Surfaces like roads, roofs, driveways and hard-packed soils
will not absorb water, and the runoff increases. Expanses of
pavement like parking lots reduce the chances for ground
water recharge.
 Exposed soils are lost and the land becomes less productive.
Fertilizers and pesticides that may have been applied wash
away, too, causing water quality problems for people living
downstream.
 EROSI TANAH

EROSION EFFECTS ON SOIL WATER STORAGE, PLANT WATER UPTAKE, AND CORN GROWTH
B. J. Andraski and B. Lowery
SSSAJ. 1992. Vol. 56 No. 6, p. 1911-1919

Levels of past erosion were based on depth to red clay (2Bt horizon): slight, 0.95 m; moderate, 0.74 m; and
severe, 0.45 m. The total quantity of plant-extractable water that could be stored in the upper 1 m of slightly
eroded soil (181 mm) was 7% more than that for moderately eroded soil (169 mm) and 14% more than that
for severely eroded soil (159 mm).
For all erosion levels, water retained in the 0.5- to 1.0-m soil depth was utilized by corn.
Erosion level had no negative effect on early-season plant growth. As plant-extractable water decreased to
<55 to 60% of total, evapotranspiration (ET) and vegetative-growth rates decreased as erosion level
increased. The greatest differences in ET rates among erosion levels were observed during a 35-d period in
the drought year of 1988 when rates averaged 3.7 mm d−1 for slight erosion, 2.6 mm d−1 for moderate
erosion, and 2.2 mm d−1 for severe erosion.

For the 3 yr in which plant water stress was observed, maximum plant heights for the slight erosion level
averaged 7% more than those for moderate erosion and 13% more than those for severe erosion.

Although the soil's capacity to store and supply water decreased as erosion increased, the observed effects
of erosion level on grain and stover yields, grain-yield components, and harvest populations typically were
not significant.
 EROSI TANAH

. CROPPING AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS EFFECTS ON SOIL EROSION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE IN OKLAHOMA
X.-C.(John) Zhang
SSSAJ. 2012. Vol. 76 No. 5, p. 1789-1797

Soil erosion under future climate change is very likely to increase because of increases in occurrence of
heavy storms.
The objective of this study is to quantify the effects of common cropping and tillage systems on soil erosion
and surface runoff during 2010 to 2039 in central Oklahoma.
A combination of 18 cropping and tillage systems is evaluated using the Water Erosion Prediction Project
(WEPP) model for 12 climate change scenarios projected by four global climate models (GCMs) under three
emissions scenarios. Tillage systems include conventional, reduced, delayedno tillage. Cropping systems
include continuous monocultures of winter wheat, soybean, sorghumcotton and double crops of wheat and
soybeans.
Compared with the present climate, overall t tests show that the future mean precipitation will decrease by
some 6% (>98.5% probability), daily precipitation variance increase by 12% (>99%), and mean temperature
increase by 1.36°C (>99%).

Despite the projected precipitation declines, the overall averaged runoff and soil loss will increase by 19.5
and 43.5% because of increased occurrence of large storms.
Soil erosion is positively related to the degree of tillage disturbances in all cropping systems. Compared with
the conventional till, reduced, delayedno tillage substantially reduce soil erosion, showing that adoption of
conservation tillage will be effective in controlling soil erosion in the next 30 yr.
Cropping systems decrease runoff and soil loss from continuous cotton to soybean to sorghum
to wheat in all tillage systems under climate change, indicating a preference of winter wheat for
controlling runoff and soil loss in the region.
 DEGRADASI LAHAN

. SOIL EROSION EFFECTS ON CORN YIELDS ASSESSED BY POTENTIAL YIELD INDEX MODEL
E. M. Craft , R. M. Cruse and G. A. Miller
SSSAJ. 1992. Vol. 56 No. 3, p. 878-883

Soil erosion alters crop production via alteration of the soil chemical and physical environment.
The objectives of this study were to: (i) develop a Potential Yield Index (PYI) model to index soil productivity
based on simulated root growth, soil properties, and potential nutrient and water uptake of corn (Zea mays
L.) through a growing season, (ii) utilize the PYI to estimate erosion effects on soil productivity by simulating
the removal of 15 and 30 cm of soil, and (iii) simulate the impact of fertilizer additions to the eroded soil on
the PYI.
The PYI model independently estimates P, K, and water (W) uptake by corn. From these estimates, three
separate yield indexes (PYIP, PYIK, and PYIW) are calculated. The lowest yield index is identified as the PYI for a
given soil.
The predicted PYIs for 45 soils in Iowa compared well to the 1984 10-yr average corn yield (R2 = 0.83) and
corn suitability rating (R2 = 0.73) for each soil. Changes in the PYI were predicted for 15 and 30 cm of
simulated erosion. After 15-cm soil loss, the PYI for all soils decreased, with all but three soils remaining
within 15% of the uneroded PYI. The PYI decreased further after 30-cm soil loss, with only 12 soils remaining
within 15% of the uneroded PYI.

Fertilizer additions to the plow layer of the eroded soils were then simulated. The PYI returned to within 5%
of the uneroded PYI for 38 soils with 15-cm soil loss and for 27 soils with 30-cm soil loss.

The PYI indicated that the soil factor that most limited plant yield changed with the soil, amount of soil loss,
and plow-layer soil fertility status.