LANDASAN TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN

ORGANIK

1. Dampak Negatif Pertanian Konvensional

2. Pengetahuan Wajib bagi pelaku PO
3. Siklus Hara
4. Pemanfaatan mikroorganisme terpilih
5. Pemanfaatan bio-pestisida, dan pestisida nabati untuk
mengendalikan HPT
6. Peningkatan diversitas organisme
1. DAMPAK NEGATIF PERTANIAN CONVENSIONAL
• Dampak Langsung
1. Erosi
• Pukulan air hujan
• Aliran permukaan (Run Off)
2. Pengolahan tanah, merusak agregat tanah, kand bahan org tanah
turun, struktur tanah tidak baik, dan tanah makin mudah tererosi
3. Cemaran pangan oleh pestisida
• Dampak tidak langsung
– Pencemaran lingkungan
• Pestisida
• Pupuk
Air yang tercemar menyebabkan eutrofikasi (suburnya waduk dan sungai, shg
algae dan tumbuhan kelas tinggi, enceng gondok berkembang ), dan juga
tercemarnya air tanah dengan NO3 yang lebih mudah diikat haemoglobin
dibanding oksigen
• Dampak secara umum, SDA tidak lestari
 DAMPAK NEGATIF EUTROFIKASI
• Penyebab
1. Area sawah mensuplai residu pestisida, nitrogen dan phospor
ke danau
2. Limbah permukiman dan hotel mensuplai sisa sabun dan
feses, menambah besi ke danau
3. Keramba jaring apung mensuplai belerang dari sisa pakan
ikan, menyebabkan oksigen digunakan untuk dekomposisi
sehingga membunuh ikan
• Dampak
1. Air danau menjadi subur, plankton tumbuh subur,
menghalangi sinar matahari masuh ke air.
2. Ketiadaan sinar matahari menyebabkan tak terjadinya proses
fotosintesis di dalam danau, sehingga oksigen tidak terbentuk.
Hal ini menyebabkan air kekurangan oksigen
Adverese effect of agro-chemicals on soil, water, food and
atmospheric environment
When adverse use of agro chemicals takes place in modern farming
by many developed and under developed countries, there are
various adverse effest on soil, water, food and atmospheric
environment which are reviewed below.

Fertilizer Pollution

In the developed countries, there has been intensive fertilizer use

for the last four decades. If the polluting effects of fertilizers are
being observed now, similar problems in developing countries
should be expected in the near future. Some important problems
associated in fertilizers pollution are summarized below.

Sumber: Ananata Ghimire . June, 2002 . A REVIEW ON ORGANIC FARMING FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE .
Department of Agriculture Extension and Rural Sociology , Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science , Rampur, Chitwan,
 1. Nitrate Pollution
Application of N2 fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulphate to soils
produces acid by two processes. Firstly, the natural process of oxidation of
ammonia ions to nitrate ions release acid. Part of acid produced is neutralized by
alkaline ions released by plants during the subsequent uptake of the nitrate ions.
Secondly, since nitrate ions are not strongly absorbed by the soil they are liable
to leach or move down through the soil. The negatively charged nitrate ions
carry positively charged basic cations such as Ca, K, Mg and Na in order to
maintain the electric charge on the soil particles.

A high nitrate concentration indicates likely presence of harmful bateria as well.

In condition, to high enrichment, NO3 may produce as state known as
methamoglobinema (blue babics) which generally affects the infants under six
months of age. Repeated heavy dose of nitrate on ingestion may likely to cause
carcinogenic diseases. Consumption of high dose of NO3 may develop symptoms
of dizziness, abdominal cramps, vomitting, weakness, convulsion, mental
inpairment and even nitrosamine which causes stomach cancer. Apart from this,
over use of N2 fertilizers leads to swindling of earthworms from the particular
area, earthworms have always been considered a farmers friends and their
absence mean loss to the soil fertility.
 . 2. Accumulation of Heavy Metals

Contamination of soil by heavy metal through fertilizers such as

cadmium from phosphatic fertilizers is also getting increasing
attention of environmentalists (Kostial, 1986).

Health hazards associated with heavy metals entering the food

chain through soil is demanding attention. Fertilizers contain heavy
metals as impurities. The application of rock phosphate or its
produce to soil always implies the addition of significant amount of
lead and cadmium into the soil. Analysis of several commercial
fertilizers commonly used revealed that a combination of low
analysis and straight fertilzers can add more lead and cadmium to
soil than high analysis and mixed fertilizers (Arora et al. 1995).

1. Arora, C.L., Nayaar V.K. and Randhuwa S.S., 1975. Note on Secondary and Micro Nutrient Content of Fertilizers and Manures,
Indian J. Agric. S. 45: 0-85.
2. Kostial, K., 1986. Cadmium. In: W. Mertz (ed.). Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Academic PRESS LONDON.
pp319-325.
 3. Eutrophication of Water
It is the process of enrichment of surface water bodies like lakes, reserviors and
dreams with nutrients. Nutrient enrichment of water bodies results in intense
proliferation and accumulation of algae and higher aquatic platns in excessive
quantities which can result in detrimental changes in water quality and can
significantly interfere with the use of water resources.
The excessive accumulation of dissolve nutrients such as phosphorus, nitrogen,
silicon and other element in water leads to an excess production of algal
biomass. This requires a corresponding increased supply of oxygen for
decomposition of organic materials when the algae and their remnants sink to
bottom, reduced O2 content and eventually anaerobic condition may prevail. This
is syptomatic a severe eutrophication and may leads to a serious loss of marine
life, blockage and aquatic passages and a major reduction in real estate value of
the affected areas. The normal N:P ratio in water is around 20:1. Algal growth
increase when this ratio drops to around 7:1 (Asmed, 1993).
1. Asmed, S., 1993. Agriculture-Fertilizer Interference in Asia. Issue of Growth and Sustainability,
Oxford and IBH Publishers, New Delhi, India.
 4. Insecticide Pollution
The presence of residues of insecticide in food commodities and other
component of the environment is a matter of serious concern. Even small
quantities of the residues ingested daily along with food can build up to high
levels in body fat (Dhaliwal and Singh, 1993). There is therefore a constant fear
that society is being slowly poisoned by the intake of food contaminated with
pesticide residues.

During the 1900's, there was little information available on he bad impose of
pesticide on soil and water quality. Organochlorine insecticides such as chlorine,
dieldrin, DDT and heptachlor were widely used in agriculture to control
insect/pests in different countries like Nepal. Since 1960's, the organochlorine
use was progressively restricted and finally banded now. Nevertheless, their
residues still found in soil and continue to cause problems of food and food
contamination. The metabolite of DDT still occur in the top 150 mm of the soil
profile Centerbury region in Switzerland (Bould, 1994).

1. Bould, C., 1994. Diagnosis of Mineral Disorders in Plants, Vol. 1,2, 3 Principles. Chemical
Publishing, New Delhi, India.
 2. PENGETAHUAN WAJIB
BAGI PELAKU PERTANIAN ORGANIK

1. DARI MANA TANAMAN MEMPEROLEH

UNSUR HARA?
2. DARI MANA SUMBER KESUBURAN TANAH?
3. BAGAIMANA AGAR TANAMAN DAPAT
TUMBUH SUBUR SECARA ALAMI TANPA
BAHAN PENYUBUR DAN PESTISIDA KIMIA
(PABRIKASI?)
 WHY DOES SOIL BECOME FERTILE?

Plant Growth and Yield

======SOIL

Adequately supply
WATER
Adequately supply
NUTRIENTS
Adequately supply
OXYGEN
 SOURCES OF NUTRIENTS?

1. Bahan Induk Tanah

2. Sisa tanaman / hewan (BO) ---------> optimalkan
3. Udara ------> Optimalkan
4. Pupuk Kimia

BAHAN ORGANIK SUMBER UTAMA

UNSUR HARA TANAMAN DALAM PO
APA KUNCI PRODUKSI TANAMAN TINGGI ?

1. 3 UNSUR TERPENUHI (HARA, AIR,

UDARA)
2. BEBAS GANGGUAN GULMA
3. BEBAS SERANGAN HA-KIT

Kendalikan Gulma dan Hakit

secara non pestisida sintesis
 3. SIKLUS HARA (NUTRIENT CYCLING)
• sumber nutrisi utama dalam PO adalah Pemanfaatan limbah organik
• Dilakukan dengan penambahan bahan orgnaik ke tanah periodik
• Microorganisms tanah sbg fasilitator siklus hara melalui dokomposisi bahan
organik
- Microorganisms memanfaatkan BO sbg sumber energi
- Biochemical by-products nya adalah nutrisi tanaman (N,P,S) dan senyawa berguna lain
seperti asam humat atau humus
• Imobilisasi dan Mineralisasi Unsur Hara
- Immobolization terjadi jika bahan organik segar (C:N rasio > 25%) diberikan ke
tanah. Pada periode tersebut unsur hara dibutuhkan mikroba dan sementara
diikat dalam biomas microba sehingga tidak tersedia bagi tanaman. Mikroba
jadi pesaing tanaman
- Mineralization terjadi jika kompos matang (C:N rasio < 25) diberikan ke tanah.
Microba melepaskan N P and S dari bahan orgnaik ke tanah
Unsur Hara tersedia bagi tanaman
Farming (industri pertanian besar) tidak diperbolehkan
 4. Pemanfaatan mikroorganisme terpilih

1. Pemanfaatan mikroorganisme terpilih

a. Untuk mempercepat dekomposisi BO
b. Antagonis patogen dan hama

• PRINSIP DASAR PEMANFAATAN MIKROBA

• Dominansi populasi
• Percepatan penguraian
• Peningkatan kandungan hara
• Pelepasan unsur hara tidak tersedia bagi tanaman
• Perlindungan terhadap pathogen
• Penghasil hormone pemacu pertumbuhan
• Perluasan akses akar atas fraksi tanah
 JENIS MIKROBA DEKOMPOSER

 Microorganisms
- Bacteria
- Fungi/Jamur
- Actinomycetes
- Protozoa
- Algae
- Nematodes
 Macrofauna
- Cacing tanah
(Earthworms)
 FUNGSI TIAP MIKROBA
1. Bacteria
- decomposers, terutama berperan dalam daur
ulang N,P and S
2. Actinomycetes
- Dekomposer senyawa yg lebih kompleks, untuk
membentuk humus
3. Fungi/Jamur
- Decomposers, menghancurkan lignin
- Membantu menyerap hara (mycorrhiza)
4. Protozoa and Nematodes
- memakan tubuh (yg mati) bacteria and jamur dan
melepaskan hara (N)
- Aktivitas protozoa mempercepat dekomposisi
 FAKTOR YG MEMPENGARUHI POPULASI MIKROBA

1. Kelembaban
- Microorganisms perlu air untuk hidup
2. Oxygen/aerasi
- Bacteria ada yang aerobic maupun anaerobic
- Jamur, protozoa and nematodes aerobic
3. Temperature
- Sangat mudah menyesuaikan
- Aktivitas makin cepat jika suhu naik hingga 500C
4. pH media / tanah
- Bacteria sangat sensitive thd pH (tdk tahan pH rendah)
- Jamur hidup optimal pada pH rendah
5. Bahan Organik sebagai sumber energi
- BO sumber C and nutrisi
- Penambahan BO segar memacu perumbuhan mikroba
 PRAKTEK BUDIDAYA
YG MEMPENGARUHI POPULASI MIKROBA

1. Olah tanah / Tillage

- Menghancurkan jamur, meso organisms and macrofauna
- Menurunkan kadar bahan OM tanah
- Agregasi tanah menjadi kecil
2. Pemupukan
- Pemupukan N and P menciptakan pH rendah, dan
mematikan mikroba
3. Fumigasi
- Secara total membunuh komunitas mikroba
4. Monocropping
- Menurunkan keragaman mikroba
- Memicu eksplosi hama
RANTAI MAKANAN DI TANAH
 5. Pemanfaatan bio-pestisida, dan pestisida nabati
untuk mengendalikan HPT dan Gulma
CONTOH PESNAB/FISIK

Jenis Untuk pengendalian

Sex pheromone Lalat buah
Kantong kertas Lalat buah
Tobacco leaf extrac Aphids, penggulung daun
Extrac of hot pepper Aphids, mites, ant, virus
Garlic oil Aphids, mites, powdery mildew, rust
Ekstrak tembakau+cabe Powdery mildew
rawit+bawang putih
Ekstrak tembakau+cabe Insect and desease
rawit + bawang putih +
gula, EM
 Ageratum Conyzoides
Mekanisme :
Pada hama : menurunkan feeding appetite secara hormonal
Pada Penyakit : menghambat perkembangan reproduksi

• Cara pembuatan :
 20 kg tanaman ageratum
 10 kg lengkuas Efektifitas:
 10 kg sereh apids, ulat
 tumbuk
 tambah 20 liter air Bakteri, Jamur
 ambil supernatant dan virus
 jadikan 60 liter
 siap disemprotkan untuk 1 ha
 PENGENDALIAN GULMA

• Crop Rotations
• Tillage
• Planting and Cultivation
• Irrigation
• Mechanical Weeding
• Mulches
 7. Peningkatan diversitas organisme

1. Peningkatan diversitas organisme di lingkungan pertanaman

melalui pola tanam dan tanam berkawan (companion planting)
a. Untuk penekanan populasi patogen dan hama
b. Untuk mencegah komtaminasi bahan kimia dari lahan
yang berdekatan
 BEBERAPA PRAKTEK BUDIDAYA YG BAIK DALAM PO DAN
MANFAATNYA

1. Rotasi Tanaman

• Pengaruhnya terhadap kesuburan tanah

- Rotasi dengan legume untuk menambah N
- Berbeda jenis hara yang diserap

• Pengaruhnya terhadap penanggulangan HPT

- Memutus siklus kehidupan Hama atau patogen
- Menstimulir munculnya diversitas organisme

• Ketahui jenis family tanaman yang dirotasi

- Pilih tanaman beda famili dalam rotasi
 BEBERAPA PRAKTEK BUDIDAYA YG BAIK DALAM PO DAN
MANFAATNYA

2. PUPUK HIJAU / GREEN MANURE

• Pengaruhnya terhadap kesuburan tanah

- legume untuk penambah N
- rumput untuk meningkatkan bahan organik

• Pengaruhnya terhadap penanggulangan HPT

- Menstimulir munculnya diversitas mikro organisme
tanah
- Biofumigants (brassicas)

• Mengendalikan Gulma
- Jika dihamparkan di lahan
Azolla microphylla Lemna polyrhiza

Itik peking
 POTENSI Azolla DAN Lemna

• Produksi biomassa tinggi dan cepat (doubling time 6-8

hari, inokulasi 100 g/m2 menjadi 2,1 kg dalam 24 hari
(21 kali lipat dalam 24 hari)
• Bersimbiose dengan Cyanobacteria yang mampu
memfiksasi (N2) nitrogen udara
• Kandungan protein 19-28% (BK) dg asam amino
lengkap
• Kandungan serat kasar 15-17%
• Bahan pupuk hijau dan kompos, pakan itik dan ikan

Supartoto et al. (2012). Eksplorasi alternatif sumber bahan organik lokal masukan untuk pertanian organik
menuju desa mandiri . Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Sumberdaya Pedesaan dan Kearifan
Lokal berkelanjutan. ISBN 978-979-9204-51-6. 23-24 Nov 2011, HAL 490-501.
1. Produksi biomassa azolla
2500

b (2168 g) 0
6 hst
2000
12 hst

a 18 hst
bobot azolla (g)

1500 24 hst
a
a
a a
1000

500

0
Kontrol Am 40% Am 60% Am 90% FA 0,25kg FA 0,5kg
Jenis Pupuk

• Jenis pupuk berpengaruh terhadap bobot

• Tertinggi Am 90% + pukan sapi 10%, 21 kali lipat pada hari ke
24, yaitu 21,68 t/24 hari