BY MAINAL FURQAN
GEJALA :
SALURAN
BRONCHI YANG
NORMAL
SALURAN BRONCHI
YANG TERSUMBAT
Umar
KEDUA : ALERGI YAITU : PECAHNYA IKATAN MOLEKUL ANTIBODI ANTIGEN (ALERGEN) YANG MENGELUARKAN SUATU MEDIATOR
YANG DAPAT MENGEMBANGKAN MUKOSA DAN SEKRESI DAHAK
ALERGEN INHALASI (DEBU, BULU BINATANG PIARAAN, TEPUNG,
JAMUR)
ALERGEN ORAL DAN LOKAL
Umar
PENYEBABNYA :
TANDA-TANDANYA :
2.
EMFISEMA PARU
PENYEBABNYA :
.
TANDA-TANDANYA :
.
.
Umar
NAPAS TERSENGALSENGAL
BATUK DAN HIPERSEKRESI DAHAK
MUDAH LETIH
PADA SERANGAN HEBAT, KULIT MENJADI BIRU, KARENA SUPPLY OKSIGEN
BERKURANG
BRONCHITIS KRONIS
3.
EMFISEMA PARU
(PENGEMBANGAN PARU-PARU)
PP Said/Man.Pel.Log.2005
PENGOBATAN ASMA
Umar
KORTIKO STEROIDA :
OBAT ADRENERGIKA BEKERJA PADA RESEPTOR 2 YANG MENDILATASI
KERJA BRONCHO
SALBUTAMOL, 1968 (VENTOLIN/SALBUVEN)
TERBUTALIN, 1970 (BRICRASMA/BRICANYL)
TRETOQUINOL, 1968 (INOLIN)
FENOTEROL (BEROTEC)
PROKATEROL, (MEPTIN)
KLENBUTEROL (SPIROPENT)
DENGAN EFEDRIN, ISOPRENALIN DAN OKSIPRENALIN SEBAIK NYA TIDAK
DIGUNAKAN, KARENA BEKERJA JUGA PADA RESEPTOR 1 YANG DAPAT
MENSTIMULIR KERJA JANTUNG
Umar
PENANGANAN COPD
PREVENTIF :
BERHENTI MEROKOK
SANITASI
PENGOBATAN :
BRONCHODILATASI : B2 MIMETIK /
Antikolinergik
Eks perokok > Ipratropium
Kombinasi keduanya >
GOLONGAN OBAT
FUNGSINYA
EFEK SAMPING
ANTI ALERGIKA
KROMOGLIKAT (INTAL, LOMUDAL,LOMUSOL) DARI
KHELIN BIJI SAGA
NEDOCROMIL (TILADE), TURNUNANNYA
BERDAYA BRONCHOSPASMOLITIS
UNTUK ASMA KARENA ALERGI
TENGGOROKAN KERING
BATUK - BATUK
BETA ADRENERGIKA
ADRENALIN (EFINEPRIN, LIDONESTS)
EFEDRIN (ASMASOLON, ASMADEX,BRONCHICUM)
FENILPROPANOL AMIN (KOLDEX, TRIAMINIC)
ISO PRENALIN (ISUPREL, ALEUDRIN)
ORSI PRENALIN (ALUPENT, SILOMAT COMP)
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
GELISAH,TREMOR
SUSAH TIDUR, GELISAH,
TREMOR
BETA MIMETIKA
SALBUTAMOL (VENTOLIN, SALBUVEN)
TERBUTALIN (BRICASMA, BRYCANIL)
FENOTEROL (BEROTEC)
TRETOQUINOL (INOLIN)
PROKATEROL (MEPTIN)
RIMITEROL (PULMADIL)
TEOFILIN QUIBRON, THEOBRON)
AMINOFILIN (EUPHYLIN)
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
ANTIKOLINERGIK
IPATROPIUM (ATROVENT)
BRONCHODILATOR
MENGURANGI SEKRESI DAHAK
ANTIHISTAMIN
KETOTIFEN (ZADITTEN)
OKSATOMIDA (TINSET)
BRONCHODILATOR
BRONCHODILATOR
NGANTUK, + NAFSU
MAKAN
KORTIKOSTEROID
DEXA, HIDRO, PREDNI, TRIAMSINOLON (I.V)
OSTEOPOROSIS,
MOONFACE, IMPOTENSI
BUDESONIDA
PULMICORT, RHINOCORT
BRONCHODILATOR
Umar
BRONKODILATOR
1. B2 Agonist
- selektif
(albuterol,terbutalin,metaproterenol,
pirbuterol,salmeterol,formoterol )
- non selektif
(efedrin,adrenalin,isoproterenol)
2. Xantin ( teofilin,aminofilin)
3. Antikolinergik ( ipratropium )
TEOFILIN
Cara kerja : -menghambat fosfodiesterase
- memblok reseptor adenosin
Batas keamanan sempit (kadar plasma
terapi berkisar 10 -20 mg/L) perlu
tersedia alat pengkur kadar.
ES/ET : anorexia,mual,muntah, abd
discomfort,
sakit kepala, anxiety,insomnia.
Pada kadar > 40 mg/L kejang dan
aritmia.
Metabolisme terutama di Hati
Berinteraksi dgn obat yg berpengaruh
IPRATROPIUM
Cara kerja :
-menghambat reseptor muskarinik
Pemberian inhalasi
Dibanding agonist ,agak kurang
efektif, penambahan ipratropium
meningkatkan bronkodilatasi albuterol pd
asma berat akut
CROMOLYN- NEDOCROMIL
Menghambat degranulasi sel mast
paru
Mencegah terjadinya asma
Bukan bronkodilator
ES/ET : iritasi tenggorok,batuk,mulut
ke ring, dada tertekan,wheezing.
Pemberian inhalasi
OMALIZUMAB
Antibodi monoklonal anti-IgE
Mengikat IgE yg beredar disirkulasi
darah.
Menghambat pengikatan IgE ke sel
mast, dan juga menghambat
aktivasi IgE yg telah terikat pada
sel mast mencegah degra
nulasi sel mast
Pemberian parenteral s.k
Utk allergik asma, usia12 thn
LEUKOTRIENE INHIBITOR
Leukotrien konstriksi
bronkus,edema mukosa,hipersekresi
mukus, reaktivitas bronkus Asma
Zileuton (5 lipoksigenase inhibitor)
Zafirlukast ( antagonist reseptor LTD4
)
Montelukast ( antagonist reseptor
LTD4 )
Pemberian oral
KORTIKOSTEROID
Anti inflamasi
Bila bronkodilator tdk memberikan
efek yg optimal inhalasi
kortikosteroid
Bila FEV1 < 1,5 L Kortikosteroid
oral
400 g/hari beclomethason inhalasi
setara dgn prednison oral 10 15
mg/hari ( utk taper oral & mencegah
akut adrenal insufficiency dan ES
kortikosteroid oral)
ES Kortikosteroid inhalasi :
- kandidiasis oropharing
- suara parau ( hoarseness )
- osteoporosis
- katarak
- memperlambat pertumbuhan
(pd anak )
Kortikosteroid inhalasi :
beclomethasone,budesonide,flunis
olide,fluticasone,triamcinolone.
DAHAK BRONCHI
DAHAK BRONCHI TERDIRI DARI
LARUTAN DALAM AIR SENYAWA
KOMPLEKS MUCOPOLISACHARIDA
DAN GLYCOPROTEIN YNG DIIKAT
OLEH JEMBATAN SULFUR
PENGELUARAN DAHAK AKAN
DIPERSULIT,BILA FUNGSI BULU
GETAR (CILIA) TERGANGGU ATAU
KARENA KEKERINGAN, SEHINGGA
VISKOSITASNYA MENJADI KENTAL
Umar
Said/Man.Pel.Log.2005
BATUK PRODUKTIF
MERUPAKAN MEKANISME
PERLINDUNGAN TUBUH
MELALUI LENDIR
(DAHAK) TERHADAP
MASUKNYA (CARA
PENGELUARAN) ZAT
ASING
DIKERONGKONGAN
MUKOLITIK
ZAT INI BERDAYA MEROMBAK DAN MELARUTKAN
DAHAK SHG KEKENTALANNYA DIKURANGI DAN
PENGELUARANNYA DIPERMUDAH.
MUKOLITIK EFEKTIF UTK DAHAK YANG SANGAT
KENTAL. SPT PADA BRONCHITIS.
ZAT INI TDK BERGUNA PD KONDISI BULU GETAR
TERGANGGU, SPT PD PEROKOK.
OBAT BATUK
NO
NAMA OBAT
CARAKERJA
EFEK TERAPI
EFEKSAMPING
SEBAGAI PEREDA
RANGSANGAN
BATUK
DAN ANALGESIK
MUAL,MUNTAH
PUSING
NOSKAPIN (NARKOTIN,
LONGATIN, MERKOTIN)
IDEM
IDEM
DEXTROMETORPHAN
(BENADRYL, ROMILAR*)
IDEM
NGANTUK,
PUSING, NYERI KEPALA
MUAL,MUNTAH
PROMETAZIN
(PHENERGRAN/EXP)
BERDAYA MENEKAN
RANGSANGAN BATUK , DARI
SIFAT SEDATIF DAN EFEK
ANTIKOLINERGIK YANG KUAT
IDEM
NGANTUK
DEPRESI PERNAPASAN
ANAK< 1 TH, DILARANG
KARENA DAPAT MENYEBAB
KAN DEPRESI PERNAPASAN
LALU MATI MENDADAK
OXOMEMAZIN
(TOPLEXYL*)
IDEM
ANTIKOLINERGIKNYA LEMAH
IDEM
IDEM
DIFENHIDRAMIN
(BENADRYL*)
IDEM
BERSIFAT HIIPNOTIK SEDATIF
IDEM
IDEM
NO
NAMA OBAT
MUKOLITIK
CARA KERJA
EFEK TERAPI
EFEKSAMPING
ASETILSEISTEIN
(FLUIMUCIL)
MUAL,MUNTAH
PENDERITA TUKAK
LAMBUNG,DILARANG
KARBOSISTEIN
(MUCOCIL,
SOLMUX,
RHINATHIOL)
IDEM
IDEM
IDEM
BROMHEKSIN
(BISOLVON,
MOSAVON)
IDEM
PUSING
BERKERINGAT
NH4 CL
MUAL, MUNTAH
KJ
UNTUK HIPERTIROSIS
PENYAKIT GONDOK
OBAT PENGHILANG KERUH
PADA LENSA MATA
GANGGUAN TIROID
URTIKARIA
GUAIFENESIN
TOPLEXYL, GG
SUCCUS LIQ
IDEM
MINYAK ATSIRI
(M. PERMEN, M.
ADAS)
IDEM
EXPECTORAN
NYERI KEPALA
LAMPIRAN
Treatment of Asthma
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 6point plan
Educate patients to develop a partnership in
asthma management
Assess and monitor asthma severity with
symptom reports and measures of lung
function as much as possible
Avoid exposure to risk factors
Establish medication plans for chronic
management in children and adults
Establish individual plans for managing
exacerbations
Provide regular follow-up care
Pharmacotherapy
Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA)
Beta2-receptors are the predominant
receptors in bronchial smooth muscle
Stimulate ATP-cAMP which leads to
relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
and inhibition of release of mediators of
immediate hypersensitivity
Inhibits release of mast cell mediators
such as histamine, leukotrienes, and
prostaglandin-D2
Beta1-receptors are predominant
receptors in heart, but up to 10-50% can
Pharmacotherapy
Long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA)
Salmeterol (Serevent)
Salmeterol with fluticasone (Advair)
Should only be used as an additional
treatment when patients are not
adequately controlled with inhaled
corticosteroids
Should not be used as rescue
medication
Can be used age 4 and above with a DPI
Deaths associated with inappropriate
use as only medication for asthma
Pharmacotherapy
Albuterol
Short-acting beta2-agonist
ATP to cAMP leads to relaxation of bronchial
smooth muscle, inhibition of release of
mediators of immediate hypersensitivity
from cells, especially mast cells
Pharmacotherapy
Inhaled Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory (but precise MOA not
known)
Act locally in lungs
Some systemic absorption
Risks of possible growth retardation thought
to be outweighed by benefits of controlling
asthma
Pharmacotherapy
Mast cell stabilizers
(cromolyn/nedocromil)
Inhibits release of mediators from mast
cells (degranulation) after exposure to
specific antigens
Blocks Ca2+ ions from entering the
mast cell
Safe for pediatrics (including infants)
Should be started 2-4 weeks before
allergy season when symptoms are
expected to be effective
Pharmacotherapy
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Leukotriene-mediated effects include:
Airway edema
Smooth muscle contraction
Altered cellular activity associated with the
inflammatory process
Pharmacotherapy
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
No good long-term studies in pediatrics
Montelukast as young as 2; zarfirlukast
age 7
Alternate, but not preferred medication
in persistent asthma and as addition to
ICS
Showed a statistically significant, but
modest improvement when used as
primary medication
Pharmacotherapy
Theophylline
Narrow therapeutic index/Maintain 5-20 mcg/mL
Variability in clearance leads to a range of doses
that vary 4-fold in order to reach a therapeutic
dose
Mechanism of action
Smooth muscle relaxation (bronchodilation)
Suppression of the response of the airways to stimuli
Increase force of contraction of diaphragmatic muscles
Cromolyn
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Nedocromil
Sustained release theophylline to maintain a
blood level of 5-15 mcg/mL
Alternative Treatment
Increase inhaled corticosteroids within the
medium dose range
Add leukotriene receptor antagonist or
theophylline to the inhaled corticosteroid
Alternative treatment
Cromolyn (nebulizer preferred)
OR leukotriene receptor antagonist
Alternative treatment
Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids with either:
Leukotriene receptor antagonist
OR theophylline
Acute Exacerbations
Inhaled albuterol is the treatment of
choice in absence of impending
respiratory failure
MDI with spacer as effective as
nebulizer with equivalent doses
Adding an antibiotic during an acute
exacerbation is not recommended in
the absence of evidence of an acute
bacterial infection
Acute Exacerbations
Beneficial
Inhaled atrovent added to beta2agonists
High-dose inhaled corticosteroids
MDI with spacer as effective as nebulizer
Oxygen
Systemic steroids
Likely to be beneficial
IV theophylline
Exercise-induced
Bronchospasm
Evaluate for underlying asthma and
treat
SABA are best pre-treatment
Mast cell stabilizers less effective
than SABA
Anticholinergics less effective than
mast cell stabilizers
SABA + mast cell stabilizer not better
than SABA alone