2. Distribusi
Pada keadaan kehamilan, volume plasma dan
cairan ekstraseluser ibu akan meningkat, dan
mencapai 50% pada akhir kehamilan.
Sebagai salah satu akibatnya obat-obat yang
volume distribusinya kecil, misalnya ampisilin
akan ditemukan dalam kadar yang rendah dalam
darah, walaupun diberikan pada dosis lazim.
Di samping itu, selama masa akhir kehamilan
akan terjadi perubahan kadar protein berupa
penurunan albumin serum sampai 20%.
3. Eliminasi
Pada akhir masa kehamilan akan terjadi peningkatan aliran
darah ginjal sampai dua kali lipat.
Sebagai akibatnya, akan terjadi peningkatan eliminasi obatobat yang terutama mengalami ekskresi di ginjal. Dengan
meningkatnya aktivitas mixed function oxidase, suatu
sistem enzim yang paling berperan dalam metabolisme
hepatal obat, maka metabolisme obat-obat tertentu yang
mengalami olsidasi dengan cara ini (misalnya fenitoin,
Teratogenik
Obat/senyawa can cause
congetinal deffect on fetal
Terjadi jika ibu hamil mengkonsumsi
obat ini
Contoh tragedi teratogenik:
THALIDOMID
THALOMIDE
ones of the biggest medical tragedies of
modern times
It was introduced as a SEDATIVE in pregnant woman
:
The baby were born with deformatives such as
AMELIA
PHOCOMELIA
CARDIAC ANOMALIS
EYE DEFECT
PHOCOMELIA - AMELIA
WHAT IS TERATOGENIC
DAHULU:
Teratogenic is used to describe drugs which capable of
damaging fetus. (=mailformation=dysmorphogenic=
congenital anomaly)
TERATOLOGI
The study of congenital malformations,
observe grossly at birth, induced by
exogenous
agent
during
the
organogenesis periode
WHAT IS TERATOGENIC
SEKARANG
TERATOGENICS
Describes any adverse effects (morphological,
biochemichal, functional, behaviours, induced
during fetal life and detected at birth or later).
TERATOGENIC EFFECTS
Including:
loss of pregnancy/abortus
structural abnormalities
growth impairment/gangguan pertumbuhan
decreased organ functional
ProteinDrug
Free
Drug
Metabolit
e
PLACENTA
FETUS
ANNION
RECEPTO
R
LIPID SOLUBILITY
- Lipophilic drugs tend to diffuse readily across the placenta.
FE: thiopental
infant : sedation
apnea
- Complete ionized at physiologic pH
FE: aspirin
2. UKURAN MOLEKUL
The molecular weight of drug also influences the rate and
amount of drug transfer across the placenta.
Mwof 250-500
: cancross the placenta easily
500-1000 : difficult
>>>1000 : very poorly
FE : HEPARIN (high Mw) : safely for pregnant
WARFARIN (Low Mw)
: Teratogenic
(chondrodysplasla,CNS, malformation,
risk of bleeding)
3. PLACENTA TRANSPORTERS
During the last decade, many drug transporters have been
identified in placenta.
FE : BCRP transporter
exffluxed gly buride
from fetal circulation
Glyburide safe for pregnant woman. Others oral
hypoglycamic
drug not recommended for pregnant
woman.
4. PROTEIN BINDING
The degree of which a drug is bound to plasma proteins,
may also effect the rate of transfer and amount transfered.
FE : PROPYLTHIOURACIL
(strong protein bound)
recommended
Thiomides
not recommended
Kategori A
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI A (nama generik):
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) *masuk kategori C
jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Doxylamine,
Ergocalciferol *masuk kategori D jika dosisnya
melebihi US RDA*, Folic acid *masuk kategori
C jika dosisnya melebihi 0,8 mg per hari*,
Hydroxocobalamine *masuk kategori C jika
dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Liothyronine,
Nystatin vaginal sup *masuk kategori C jika
digunakan per oral dan topikal*,
Kategori A
Pantothenic acid *masuk kategori C jika
dosisnya melebihi US RDA*, Potassium
chloride, Potassium citrate, Potassium
gluconate, Pyridoxine (vitamin B6), Riboflavin
*masuk kategori C jika dosisnya melebihi US
RDA*, Thiamine (vitamin B1) *masuk kategori
C jika dosisnya melebihi US RDA*,
Thyroglobulin, Thyroid hormones, Vitamin D
*masuk kategori D jika dosisnya melebihi US
RDA*, Vitamin E *masuk kategori C jika
dosisnya melebihi US RDA*.
Kategori B
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI B (nama generik):
Acetylcysteine, Acyclovir, Amiloride *masuk
kategori D jika digunakan untuk hipertensi yang
diinduksi oleh kehamilan*, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonium lactate *topical*, Amoxicillin,
Amphotericin B, Ampicillin, Atazanavir, Azatadine,
Azelaic acid, Benzylpenicillin, Bisacodyl,
Budesonide *inhalasi, nasal*, Buspiron, Caffeine,
Carbenicillin, Camitine, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil,
Cefalexin, Cefalotin, Cefamandole, Cefapirin,
Cefatrizine, Cefazolin, Cefdinir,
Kategori B
Cefditoren, Cefepime, Cefixime, Cefmetazole,
Cefonicid, Cefoperazone, Ceforanide, Cefotaxime,
Cefotetan disodium, Cefoxitin, Cefpodoxime,
Cefprozil, Cefradine, Ceftazidime, Ceftibuten,
Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Cetirizine,
Chlorhexidine *mulut dan tenggorokan*,
Chlorpenamine, Chlortalidone *masuk kategori D
jika digunakan untuk hipertensi yang diinduksi
oleh kehamilan*, Ciclacillin, Ciclipirox, Cimetidine,
Clemastine, Clindamycin, Clotrimazole, Cloxacillin,
Clozapine, Colestyramine, . dll
Kategori C
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI C (nama generik):
Acetazolamide, Acetylcholine chloride, Adenosine,
Albendazole, Albumin, Alclometasone, Allopurinol,
Aluminium hydrochloride, Aminophylline, Amitriptyline,
Amlodipine, Antazoline, Astemizole, Atropin, Bacitracin,
Beclometasone, Belladonna, Benzatropine mesilate,
Benzocaine, Buclizine, Butoconazole, Calcitonin,
Calcium acetate, Calcium ascorbate, Calcium
carbonate, Calcium chloride, Calcium citrate, Calcium
folinate, Calcium glucoheptonade, Calcium gluconate,
Calcium lactate, Calcium phosphate, Calcium
polystyrene sulfonate, Capreomycin, Captopril,
Carbachol, Carbidopa,
Kategori C
Carbinoxamine, Chloral hydrate, Chloramphenicol,
Chloroquine, Chlorothiazide, Chlorpromazine, Choline
theophyllinate, Cidofovir, Cilastatin, Cinnarizine,
Cyprofloxacin, Cisapride, Clarithromycin, Clinidium bromide,
Clonidine, Co-trimoxazole, Codeine, Cyanocobalamin,
Deserpidine, Desonide, Desoximetasone, Dexamethasone,
Dextromethorphan, Digitoxin, Digoxin, Diltiazem,
Dopamine, Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Fluconazole,
Fluocinolone, Fosinopril, Furosemide, Gemfibrozil,
Gentamicin, Glibenclamide, Glimepiride, Glipizide,
Griseofulvin, Hydralazine, Hydrocortisone, Hyoscine,
Hyoscyamine, Isoniazid, Isoprenaline, Isosorbid dinitrate,
Ketoconazole, Ketotifen fumarate, Magaldrate, Mefenamic
acid, Methyl prednisolon dll
Kategori D
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI D (nama
generik): Amikacin, Amobarbital,
Atenolol, Carbamazepine,
Carbimazole, Chlordizepoxide,
Cilazapril, Clonazepam, Diazepam,
Doxycycline, Imipramine, Kanamycin,
Lorazepam, Lynestrenol,
Meprobamate, Methimazole,
Minocycline, Oxazepam,
Oxytetracycline, Tamoxifen,
Kategori X
CONTOH OBAT KATEGORI X (nama generik):
Acitretin, Alprotadil *parenteral*, Atorvastatin,
Bicalutamide, Bosentan, Cerivastatin disodium,
Cetrorelix, Chenodeoxycholic acid, Chlorotrianisene,
Chorionic gonadotrophin, Clomifen, Coumarin,
Danazol, Desogestrel, Dienestrol, Diethylstilbestrol,
Dihydro ergotamin, Dutasteride, Ergometrin,
Ergotamin, Estazolam, Etradiol, Estramustine,
Estriol succinate, Estrone, Estropipate, Ethinyl
estradiol, Etretinate, Finasteride, Fluorescein
*parenteral*, Flurouracil, Fluoxymesterone,
Flurazepam, Fluvastatin, Floritropin,
- Organogenesis period
Characterized by diferentiation
and organogenesis.
Teratogenic effect is mostly
likely to be anatomical
(malformation)
- Fetogenic period
During this period, the fetus is
growing rapidly.
Teratogenic effect is most likely
functional disorder.
2. DRUGS DOSAGE
3. MOTHERS CONDITION
OXYTOCIN
Dikeluarkan oleh hypofisis posterior.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Oxytocin act through G protein could receptors
uterine
contraction
increased
increased
OXYTOCIN
PHARMACOKINETIC
- Oxytocin, given by injection (IV-IM)
- It is not bound to plasma protein,
- eliminated by kidney and liver.
- T1/2 5 minutes
EFFECT
Increased frequency and force uterine contraction
physiology
contraction
Contraction of myoepithelial cells surounding mammary alveoly
milk injection
OXYTOCIN
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
1. Induced labor
2. Post partum hemmorhage
ERGOMETRIN
- Is an alkaloid isolated from ergot, a fungus.
- Methergin is a semisynthetic product
- Their effects include agonist adrenergic; agonist serotonin.
Side
-
Effects
increased blood presure
vomitting, nosea
uterine raptured
teratogenic