KS MERUPAKAN KANKER
YANG TERKONTROL
FAKTOR-FAKTOR RISIKO
MENDERITA KS
MULTI PARITAS
KAWIN / MELAHIRKAN PADA USIA MUDA
(< 20 TAHUN)
SOSEK & HYGIENE KURANG
GANTI-GANTI PASANGAN SEKSUAL
WANITA PEROKOK
INFEKSI VIRUS PAPILOMA HUMANUS
SUAMI RISIKO TINGGI
HPV
HPV adalah virus DNA yg kecil
Family dari Virus Papovaviridae
Mempunyai Genom DNA untai ganda yang sirkuler
Berat molekul (5x106) dalton dengan (8x103) rantai basa.
Tertutup capsid berbentuk icosahedral
Diameter 45-55 nm
Epiteliotropik
Untaian nukleotidenya :
early region ( E1,2,4,5,6,7)
Late region ( L1,2)
??
Mean Years
1,62
2,20
4,51
% regresi ke normal
(Confident interval)
% progres the
high-grade SIL
(Confident interval)
ASCUS
68,19 (57,51-78,86)
7,13 (0,8-13,5)
0,25 (0,0-2,25)
47,39 (35,92-58,86)
20,81 (6,08-35,55)
0,15 (0,0-0,71)
35,03 (16,57-53,49)
23,37 (12,82-32,92)
1,44 (0,0-3,95)
Regression
(%)
Persistence
(%)
Progression
(%)
Slight
62
24
13
Moderate
33
49
18
Severe
19
48
33
PENUTUP
NORMAL
PRAKANKER
KANKER
DISPLASIA
RINGAN SEDANG BERAT
6 10 TAHUN
TINGKAT DISPLASIA
SANGAT RINGAN
82 ( 7 TAHUN)
RINGAN
58 ( 5 TAHUN)
SEDANG
38 ( 3 TAHUN)
BERAT
12 ( 1 TAHUN)
Barron dan Richart, 1967
DIAGNOSA NIS
SCREENER:- PAP SMIR, PAP NET
- THIN PREP
- TEST HPV
- FLUORESCENCE SP.
SPOTTER (PENENTU LOKASI)
- KOLPOSKOPI
CHECKER (PENENTU DIAGNOSIS)
- HISTOPATOLOGI
* MUDAH DILAKUKAN
* TIDAK MENIMBULKAN RASA SAKIT
* BIAYA RELATIF MURAH
* TIDAK MEMERLUKAN ALAT KHUSUS
* EFEKTIFITAS MENCAPAI 70 - 80 %
* JIKA DIKOMBINASI DENGAN KOLPOSKOPI
MENCAPAI 95 - 100 %
SMIR NORMAL
KELAS II
KLASIFIKASI PAPANICOLOU
TERMINOLOGI WHO
SMIR NORMAL
SMIR ATIPIK
DISPLASIA RINGAN
DISPLASIA SEDANG
DISPLASIA BERAT
KARSINOMA INSITU
KARSINOMA
= HGSIL
PENURUNAN
INSIDEN (%)
93.3
93.3
91.4
83.9
64.2
JUMLAH
PROGRAM
30
15
10
6
3
PEMERIKSAAN KOLPOSKOPI
MERUPAKAN MIKROSKOP DENGAN
DERAJAD PEMBESARAN LEMAH
(16-20 x)
UNTUK MENUNTUN TINDAKAN
BIOPSI AGAR TEPAT SASARAN
MENGURANGI KEJADIAN
TINDAKAN BEDAH KJONISASI
GEJALA KLINIS
STADIUM AWAL TANPA GEJALA KEPUTIHAN
PERDARAHAN PASCA SENGGAMA METRORHAGIA
PENGELUARAN CAIRAN KEKUNINGAN KADANG BERCAMPUR
DARAH DAN BEBAU.
STADIUM LANJUT PERDARAHAN TERUS MENERUS
MUKA PUCAT KARENA KURANG DARAH BADAN KURUS
CAIRAN BERBAU BUSUK NYERI DI PANGGUL MENJALAR
KE PAHA KAKI BENGKAK KEGAGALAN FUNGSI GINJAL.
STADIUM KLINIK
(FIGO 2000)
STADIUM. 0
= LESI PRIMER BELUM TERLIHAT
= PRE INVASIF KARSINOMA
= KARSINOMA INSITU
= LESI TERBATAS DIDALAM
EPITEL
STADIUM KLINIK
(FIGO 2000)
STADIUM. I
LESI TERBATAS PADA SERVIKS, PENYEBARAN KE
CORPUS TIDAK DIPERHITUNGKAN
</= 3 mm
</= 7 mm
>3 mm - </= 5 mm
</= 7mm
STADIUM KLINIK
(FIGO 2000)
STADIUM. I
LESI TERBATAS PADA SERVIKS, PENYEBARAN KE
CORPUS TIDAK DIPERHITUNGKAN
STADIUM. I.b
PROSES TERBATAS PADA SERVIKS, TAMPAK SECARA
KLINIS ATAU SECARA MIKROSKOPIS > STAD. I.a.
STADIUM. I.b.1 : - DIAMETER TERBESAR </= 4 cm.
STADIUM. I.b.2 : - DIAMETER TERBESAR > 4 cm.
STADIUM KLINIK
(FIGO 2000)
STADIUM. II
LESI TELAH KELUAR UTERUS TAPI BELUM MENGENAI
DINDING PANGGUL DAN 1/3 DISTAL VAGINA
STADIUM. II.a
= TANPA INVASI KE PARA METRIUM
STADIUM. II.b
= TERDAPAT INVASI KE PARAMETRIUM
STADIUM KLINIK
(FIGO 2000)
STADIUM. III
LESI TELAH MELIBATKAN DINDING PELVIS DAN 1/3
DISTAL VAGINA.
STADIUM. III.a.
= INVASI KE 1/3 DISTAL VAGINA , BELUM
MELIBATKAN DINDING PELVIS.
STADIUM. III.b.
= MELIBATKAN DINDING PELVIS ATAU
MENYEBABKAN HIDRONEFROSIS ATAU
GANGGUAN FUNGSI GINJAL
STADIUM KLINIK
(FIGO 2000)
STADIUM. IV.a
. LESI TELAH MENGINVASI MUKOSA KANDUNG
KEMIH ATAU REKTUM DAN/ATAU MENYEBAR
KELUAR PELVIS MINOR.
STADIUM. IV.b.
=METASTASIS JAUH
CARA MENDIAGNOSA
= PEMERIKSAAN GINEKOLOGI SECARA RUTIN
SEKALI SETAHUN TES PAP 65 TAHUN
= BILA PERLU PEMERIKSAAN KOLPOSKOPI
= KLR STADIUM LANJUT TIDAK SULIT
= PEMERIKSAAN JARINGAN KE LAB. PA
PENCEGAHAN
DAPAT SEMBUH SEMPURNA JIKA DIKETAHUI SECARA DINI
MENGHINDARI FAKTOR RESIKO :
-
MENJAGA HYGIENE
DESTRUKSI
Krioterapi
E. Koagulasi
Laser vap
PENGOBATAN NIS
EKSISI
Diat. Loop
Konisasi
Histerektomi
KIMIAWI
Interferon
Retinoid
5-FU topikal
OBSERVASI
Triase
Normal
NIS
Tes Pap
Kolposkopi
biopsi/loop
Histopatologi
Terapi
Kanker
Kolposkopi abnormal
Tidak memuaskan
Biopsi/loop
NIS
Invasif
Destuksi
eksisi
NIS 1
NIS 2
NIS 3
: FU
: Krioterapi/ LLETZ
: LLETZ
Konisasi diagnostik
Invasif
NIS lesi
terangkat
FU
TEKNIK KRIOTERAPI
N2O
K-Y Jelly pada probe
Pembekuan berulang (double freeze)
bola es 4-5 mm (2 menit)
istirahat (5 menit)
bola es 4-5 mm, (2 menit)
KRIOTERAPI
Keuntungan
Efektif pada NIS 1/2
Kerugian
Kurang efektif
pada NIS 3
Spesimen PA (-)
Pergeseran SSK
Anastesi (-)
Pengeluaran
cairan
LOKASI
JAM 3 DAN 9
KURANG
MEMUASKAN
CUKUP
MEMUASKAN
SANGAT
MEMUASKAN
54.5%
9.1%
36.4%
Boonstra 1987
CO 2 laser vaporizatin
Instruments
Power output
20-25w
Power density
800-1400 w/cm2
Spot size
1.5-2 mm diameter
Operating mode
Continuous
Depth of destuction
6-7 mm measured
Width of destuction
Anesthesia
LASER
KRIOTERAPI
93,3%
95,4%
93%
Nyeri
++
Lama prosedur
3-5
30
5-10
Penyembuhan
4-6 mg
4-6 mg
4-6 mg
++
++++
Efektivitas
Spesimen PA
Biaya
Lesi luas
Kolposkopi tidak memuaskan
Keterlibatan epitel endoserviks
Tehnik tidak memadahi
PENGOBATAN
TERGANTUNG DARI :
LETAK DAN LUAS PENYAKIT, UMUR, JUMLAH ANAK, ADANYA
KELAINAN LAIN PADA RAHIM, KEADAAN SOSIAL EKONOMI
DAN FASILITAS PENGOBATAN YANG TERSEDIA
PRAKANKER TANPA PENGANGKATAN RAHIM
DISPLASIA BERAT PENGANGKATAN RAHIM
PADA PENYAKIT YANG INVASIF :
- STAD Ib - IIa PEMBEDAHAN RADIKAL ATAU RADIASI
- STAD IIb - IVb RADIASI, KEMOTERAPI ATAU KOMBINASI
KESIMPULAN
KLR DIDAHULUI OLEH LESI PRAKANKER.
PERKEMBANGAN DARI LESI PRAKANKER KANKER, TERJADI
SECARA PERLAHAN-LAHAN DALAM WAKTU YANG CUKUP LAMA.
TELAH DITEMUKAN METODE DETEKSI DINI YANG SEDERHANA,
MURAH, DAN EFEKTIF.
DENGAN MELAKUKAN PEMERIKSAAN PAP SMIR SECARA RUTIN
DIHARAPKAN ANGKA KEJADIAN KLR DIMASA MENDATANG AKAN
MENURUN.
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
1. Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:271278.
Placebo
1,106 women
Quadrivalent vaccine:
GARDASIL
Quadrivalent vaccine:
Dose 2
Quadrivalent
vaccine: Dose 3
0 2
67
12
18
24
30
36
Months
Placebo
GARDASIL;
20/40/40/20 g
1000
40/40/40/40 g
80/80/40/80 g
100
Levels After
Natural Infection
10
HPV 6
HPV 11
HPV 16
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
*Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (n=1106).
HPV 18
End Point
P
Value
4*
36
90
7197
<0.0001
HPV 6 related
13
100
68100
<0.0001
HPV 11 related
100
NA
NA
HPV 16 related
3*
21
86
5497
<0.0001
HPV 18 related
1*
89
21100
0.0103
Vaccine cases:
HPV 16: 3 cases single positive at the last visit on record
HPV 18: 1 case persistent HPV 18 infection detected at months 12 and 18 only
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
*Infect = Persistent HPV 6, 11, 16, or 18 infection: Detection of relevant HPV in cervical samples obtained on >2 consecutive visits 4 months
apart or detection of HPV 6, 11, 16, or 18 at the last visit on record without confirmed persistence
**CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
***GW = genital warts
NA = Number of events too small for meaningful efficacy estimates.
1. Adapted from Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:271278, with permission from Elsevier.
End Point
HPV 6/11/16/18 Infect*, CIN**, or GW***
36
90
7197
<103
Infection
35
89
Disease
100
0.0151
Genital warts
100
NA
CIN
100
NA
Vaccine cases:
HPV 16: 3 cases single positive at the last visit on record
HPV 18: 1 case persistent HPV 18 infection detected at months 12 and 18 only
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
*Infect = Persistent HPV 6, 11, 16, or 18 infection: Detection of relevant HPV in cervical samples obtained on >2 consecutive visits 4 months
apart or detection of HPV 6, 11, 16, or 18 at the last visit on record without confirmed persistence
**CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
***GW = genital warts
NA = Number of events too small for meaningful efficacy estimates.
1. Reprinted from Villa LL, Costa RL, Petta CA, et al. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6:271278, with permission from Elsevier.
Methods
Phase I and II
Phase III
On-going program
Additional information
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
Female
Male
506
510
513
Safety
Follow-up post each injection: 2-day and 14-day clinical (safety); 5-day body
temperature and injection site reactogenicity
Serious vaccine-related adverse events collected throughout the study
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
GARDASIL
Phase III Efficacy Trials,
FUTURE I and II and
Combined Analysis
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
Placebo
Efficacy
(%)
CI
Cases
Cases
CIN or worse
2240
2258
37
100
(87100)*
Genital warts,
vulvar/vaginal
neoplasia
2261
2279
40
100
(88100)*
P Value
<0.001
<0.001
PP (per-protocol) = received 3 doses of vaccine; no major protocol violations; HPV sero(-) at day 1 and HPV
DNA(-) from day 1 to month 7; cases counted starting after month 7, and the follow-up was an average 1.5 year
after completion of the vaccination regimen.
*97.5% CI is provided based on a multiplicity adjustment to preserve the overall 1-sided type-I error rate of
0.025.
Gardasil is indicated for the prevention of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2/3), cervical carcinoma, high-grade vulvar dysplastic lesions (VIN 2/3), and external genital warts
(condyloma acuminata) causally related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. The indication is based on the demonstration of efficacy of Gardasil in adult females 16
to 26 years of age and on the demonstration of immunogenicity of Gardasil in 9- to 15-year old children and adolescents. Protective efficacy has not been evaluated in males. The use of
Gardasil should be in accordance with official recommendations.
Placebo
Cases
Cases
CIN or worse
2557
2573
57
Genital warts,
vulvar/vaginal
neoplasia
2620
2628
59
Efficacy
(%)
97
95%
CI
(87100)
95
(8499)
MITT (modified intention to treat) = received 1 vaccination; HPV sero(-) and HPV DNA(-) at day 1; cases
were counted starting 30 days after first vaccination.
Gardasil is indicated for the prevention of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2/3), cervical carcinoma, high-grade vulvar dysplastic lesions (VIN 2/3), and external genital warts
(condyloma acuminata) causally related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. The indication is based on the demonstration of efficacy of Gardasil in adult females 16
to 26 years of age and on the demonstration of immunogenicity of Gardasil in 9- to 15-year old children and adolescents. Protective efficacy has not been evaluated in males. The use of
Gardasil should be in accordance with official recommendations.
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
1. Poster presented at the 45th ICAAC meeting; December 16-19, 2005.
Placebo
Cases
Cases
Efficacy
(%)
5301
5258
21
100
CI
(76100)*
P
Value
<0.001
Per-protocol = received 3 doses of vaccine; no major protocol violations; HPV 16/18 sero(-) at day 1 and HPV
16/18 DNA(-) from day 1 to month 7; cases counted starting after month 7, the follow-up was 2 years after the
first vaccination.
*97.96% CI is provided based on a multiplicity adjustment to preserve the overall 1-sided type I error rate of
0.025.
FUTURE = Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease
CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
AIS = adenocarcinoma in situ
Gardasil is indicated for the prevention of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2/3), cervical carcinoma, high-grade vulvar dysplastic lesions (VIN 2/3), and external genital warts
(condyloma acuminata) causally related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. The indication is based on the demonstration of efficacy of Gardasil in adult females 16
to 26 years of age and on the demonstration of immunogenicity of Gardasil in 9- to 15-year old children and adolescents. Protective efficacy has not been evaluated in males. The use of
Gardasil should be in accordance with official recommendations.
Placebo
Cases
Cases
5736
5766
36
Efficacy
(%)
97
CI
P Value
(83100)
<0.001
MITT = received 1 vaccination; HPV 16/18 sero(-) and HPV 16/18 DNA(-) at day 1; cases were counted starting 30 days after first
vaccination.
Gardasil is indicated for the prevention of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2/3), cervical carcinoma, high-grade vulvar dysplastic lesions (VIN 2/3), and external genital warts
(condyloma acuminata) causally related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. The indication is based on the demonstration of efficacy of Gardasil in adult females 16
to 26 years of age and on the demonstration of immunogenicity of Gardasil in 9- to 15-year old children and adolescents. Protective efficacy has not been evaluated in males. The use of
Gardasil should be in accordance with official recommendations.
Per-Protocol Population
Median Duration of Follow-up = 4, 3, and 2 Years, Depending on Studies
GARDASIL
Placebo
Efficacy on HPV
16/18 -related
disease
8487
8460
53
100
CIN 2
8487
8460
36
100
CIN 3 or AIS
8487
8460
32
Cases
Cases
Efficacy
(%)
100
95% CI
(93100)
P Value
< 0.001
(89100)
(88100)
PP = received 3 vaccinations within 1 year; no major protocol violations; HPV 16/18 sero(-) at day 1 and HPV 16/18 DNA(-) day 1 to
month 7; cases counted starting after month 7.
CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; AIS = adenocarcinoma in situ.
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
Gardasil is indicated for the prevention of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2/3), cervical carcinoma, high-grade vulvar dysplastic lesions (VIN 2/3), and external genital warts
(condyloma acuminata) causally related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. The indication is based on the demonstration of efficacy of Gardasil in adult females 16
to 26 years of age and on the demonstration of immunogenicity of Gardasil in 9- to 15-year old children and adolescents. Protective efficacy has not been evaluated in males. The use of
Gardasil should be in accordance with official recommendations.
GARDASIL
Placebo
Efficacy on HPV
16/18 -related
disease
Cases
9342
9400
CIN 2
9342
CIN 3 or AIS
9342
1
0
Cases Efficacy
(%)
81
99
9400
55
98
9400
52
100
95% CI
(93100)
P Value
< 0.001
(89100)
(93100)
MITT = received 1 vaccination; HPV 16/18 sero(-) and HPV 16/18 DNA(-) at day 1; cases were counted starting 30 days after
first vaccination.
CIN = cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
AIS = adenocarcinoma in situ
Gardasil is indicated for the prevention of high-grade cervical dysplasia (CIN 2/3), cervical carcinoma, high-grade vulvar dysplastic lesions (VIN 2/3), and external genital warts
(condyloma acuminata) causally related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16 and 18. The indication is based on the demonstration of efficacy of Gardasil in adult females 16
to 26 years of age and on the demonstration of immunogenicity of Gardasil in 9- to 15-year old children and adolescents. Protective efficacy has not been evaluated in males. The use of
Gardasil should be in accordance with official recommendations.
GARDASIL HALAL
NEW
22 Dec 2010
US FDA Approve new indication for GARDASIL to men & women 9 26 : ANAL Cancer
22 Dec 2010
US FDA Approve new indication for GARDASIL to men & women 9
26 : ANAL Cancer
Indikasi baru di US : pencegahan kanker anal terkait HPV tipe 16 dan 18 untuk pria &
perempuan 9-26 yo, dan pencegahan anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) grades 1, 2 & 3
Section 14.3 overviews hasil PPE results untuk Anal Disease Caused by HPV Types 6, 11,
16, and 18 pada pria usia 16 - 26 yo di sub study MSM. Hasil data klinis PPE pada Table 13
:
The efficacy of Gardasil against the combined incidence of HPV 6-, 11-, 16-,
or 18-related AIN 1/2/3 was 77.5 % (39.6, 93.3).
The efficacy of Gardasil against the combined incidence of HPV 6-, 11-, 16-,
or 18-related AIN 2/3 was 74.9 % (8.8, 95.4).
The efficacy of Gardasil against the combined incidence of HPV 6-, 11-, 16-,
or 18-related AIN 1 condyloma acuminatum was 100 % (8.2, 100.0).
Section 14 - Anal HPV infection, AIN, and anal cancer bukan endpoints untuk studies pada
perempuan. Keserupaan HPV-related anal disease pada pria & perempuan menjadi supports
bridging indication pencegahan AIN dan kanker anal di perempuan.
Before Prescribing
GARDASIL please consult
the Full Prescribing
Information
25-06-2009-GRD 2006-MVD-20601237
(25-Jun-2009 GRD-08-ID-129-SS)
GARDASIL is a trademark of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
Copyright 2005 Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA. All rights reserved.