Pengarahan
Otonomi
Desentralisasi
Pengawasan
Koordinasi
Birokrasi
Kaloborasi
Aliansi afiliasi
ADAPTASI TERHADAP
PERUBAHAN
Kerangk Perbaikan Kinerja
Organisasi adalah sebuah sistem.
Tiga Level Kinerja :
1. Organisasi, level ini menekankan hub antara orgn dg
pasar dan fungsi-fungsi utama yg membentuk org
2. Proses, proses-proses lintas fungsional.
3. Orang/individu, proses-proses tsb digerakkan oleh
individu.
ADALAH BELAJAR BAGAIMANA:
MENGKONTRUKSI
MENGADAPTASI
MENGUBAH ORGANISASI
SESUAI DENGAN ASPIRASI MANUSIAWI
MENGORGANISIR USAHA MANUSIA
SECARA EFEKTIF STRUKTUR
TERSPESIALISASI PADA LINGKUNGAN
YANG CEPAT BERUBAH MASIH
MEMELIHARA INTEGRITAS SISTEM
_______________ 15
Manajemen Strategi
MELIPUTI:
_______________ 16
Manajemen Strategi, 2015
MELIPUTI:
DISTINCTIVE COMPETITIVE:
memiliki keunggulan yg tdk mudah
ditiru kompetitor
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE:
unggul dalam bersaing
CATATAN:
PARADIGMA PERUBAHAN COOPETITIVE
TINGKATAN/HIRARKI
STRATEGI
1. CORPORATE STRATEGY
a. Peran
b. Lingku Bisnis
c. Bauran Bisnis
d. Organisasi
2. STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNIT /
STRATEGIC SERVICE UNIT
3. STRATEGI FUNGSIONAL
GLOBALISASI
AGREEMENT
(KESEPAKATAN)
PERUBAHAN
RS kita?
KONDISI BISNIS/ORGN PUBLIK,SAAT INI
Uncertainty Competition
(Persaingan)
(Ketidakpastian)
Newelity
(Pembaharuan)
Transitions
(Pergeseran) Diversity
(Keaneka-ragaman)
MENTAL SET MENGHADAPI
ABAD 21 ( Yoel Arthur Barker )
ANTISIPASI
INOVASI
EXCELLENT
Customer focus
Perubahan mindset
Perumusan strategi
Implementasi strategi
Pengendalian strategi
Manajemen strategi
Analisa situasi
Formulasi strategis
Implementasi strategi
Pengendalian
strategi
EXHIBIT 6 - 1
The Relationship of Strategy Formulation to Situational Analysis and
Strategic Implementation
External Internal
Environmental Environmental SITUATIONAL
Analysis Analysis ANALYSIS
Strategy
Formulation
Adaptive Strategies Market Entry Strategies Positioning Strategies
Marketing
Strategies
Organizational
Culture Startegic
Strategies
Strategies Implementation
Information Financial ( Operational
Systems Strategies Strategies-
Strategies Functional and
Organiuzation
Facilities and Social and
Wide )
Equipment Human Resources Ethical
Strategies
Strategies Strategies
EXHIBIT 3 - 1
The Role of Environmental Analysis in Situational Analysis
Environmental Issues
External
Environmental Internal
Analysis Environmental
Analysis
SITUATIONAL
Mission, Vision, Values, ANALYSIS
and
Objectives
(Sirectional
Strategies)
Mission
Vision
Values
objectives
MISI, VISI, CORE BELIEFS &
CORE VALUES
HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION
ENVIRONMENT
INTERNAL CAPACITY
VISION STATEMENT COMPONENTS:
Matriks Grand
Matriks TOWS Matriks BCG Matriks IE Matriks Space
Strategy
MENCARI DATA
KLASIFIKASI DATA
PRA – ANALISIS DATA
DATA DI BEDAKAN :
- DATA EKSTERNAL
- DATA INTERNAL
SUMBER DATA
DATA EKSTERNAL, al dari :
- analisis kebijakan pemerintah &
pemilik
- analisis pasar
- analisis kompetitor
- analisis komunitas
- analisis pemasok
- analisis stakeholder lain
- dll
DATA INTERNAL al dari :
- laporan operasional
- laporan keuangan
- kegiatan/kemampuan SDM
- kemampuan sarana/prasarana
- dll
FORMULASI STRATEGI:.
Merupakan tahap pengambilan keputusan setelah
melakukan pengkajian atas keterkaitan faktor –
faktor lingkungan
Hasilnya alternatif strategi.
PROSES STRATEGI FORMULASI
:
Directional strategies
Adaptive strategies
Market entry strategies
Positioning strategies
Operational strategies
Pengendalian strategi
Directional strategies
Mission
Vision
Values
objectives
. Market Entry Strategies.
Positioning Strategies.
Proses ini umumnya Proses menetapkan bagaimana suatu
merupakan langkah yang organisasi mempunyai ciri yang
harus dipikirkan bila membedakan organisasi tersebut
dengan organisasi lain (pemain lain
organisasi memilih untuk
dalam pasar bisnisnya). Prinsip yang
melakukan ekspansi harus diperhatikan ; berorientasi
ataupun memilih untuk terhadap pasar, mempunyai peluang
bertahan ( stabilize ). Dalam untuk bersaing di dalam pasar ,
mempunyai market yang luas, dan
proses ini ditetapkan sudah mengarah kepada market
bagaimana ( kiat – kiat ) segment tertentu.
organisasi akan masuk ke
dalam pasar bisnisnya.
MARKET ENTRY
STRATEGY
1. PURCHASE.
a. Akuisisi.
b. Licencing.
c. Venture Capital Investment.
2. COOPERATION ; Merger, Aliansi, JV.
3. DEVELOPMENT; Int. Dev & Int. Vent.
POSITIONING STRATEGIES
1. MARKET WIDE.
a. Cost Leadership.
b. Differensiasi.
2. MARKET SEGMENT.
a. Focus/Cost leadership.
b. Focus Differensiasi.
PERBANDINGAN FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG DIANLISIS DALAM LINGKUNGAN EKSTERNAL
MENURUT HILL & JONES, DUNCAN, SERTA PEARCE & ROBINSON
L
1. Marketing 1. Budaya organisasi
I 2. Manufakturing 2. Manajemen Umum : 1. Pemasaran
N
G 3. Manajemen a. Subsistem klinik 2. Keuangan
K 4. Sumber daya manusia b. Keuangan 3. Produksi operasi dan
U
N 5. Penelitian & pengem – c. Fasilitas fisik teknik
G
A
bangan d. Pemasaran 4. SDM
N 6. Sistem informasi e. Penunjang admi – 5. Manajemen
I 7. Infrastruktur perusa – nistrasi 6. Sistem Informasi
N haan 7. Organisasi &
T
E 8. Sumber dana Manajemen Umum
R
N
A
L
Sumber : Hill & Jones ( 1989 ), Duncan ( 1995 ), Pearce & Robinson ( 1997 )
Beberapa metode / alat analisa &
formulasi strategi
TOWS MATRIX
INTERNAL – EXTERNAL ( IE ) MATRIX:
- EFAS ( External strategic Factors Analysis Summary) /
EFE ( External Factors Evaluation)
- IFAS ( internal strategic Factors Analysis Summary) /
IFE ( Internal Factors Evaluation)
GRAND STRATEGY MATRIX
BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP ( BCG ) MATRIX
STRATEGIC POSITION & ACTION EVALUATION ( SPACE )
MATRIX
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS
EXTENDED PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS
TAHAPAN KERJA DARI MATRIKS EFE
(External Factor Evaluation)
ADALAH SBB :
PELUANG
-
-
ANCAMAN
-
-
TOTAL 1,00
TAHAPAN KERJA DARI MATRIKS IFE ADALAH
SEBAGAI BERIKUT :
KEKUATAN
-
-
KELEMAHAN
-
-
TOTAL 1,00
PELUANG
KEKUATAN
KELEMAHAN
ANCAMAN
MATRIKS TOWS MENURUT HUNGER – WHEELEN (1996), DAPAT DIGAMBARKAN
SEBAGAI BERIKUT :
Matriks TOWS
IFAS
STRENGTHS (S) WEAKNESS (W)
EFAS
STRATEGI SO STRATEGI WO
Strategi yang Strategi yang
OPPORTUNITIES Menggunakan keku- Meminimalkan
(O) atan untuk Kelemahan dan
Memanfaatkan Memanfaatkan
peluang peluang
STRATEGI ST STRATEGI WT
Strategi yang Strategi yang
THREATS Menggunakan Meminjamkan
(T) Kekuatan untuk Kelemahan dan
Mengatasi Menghindari
ancaman ancaman
EXHIBIT 7 – 1
TOWS Matrix
List Internal Strengths List Internal Weaknesses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
4 2
List External Future Quadrant Internal Fix-it Quadrant
Opportunities
1. Related diversification Retrenchment
2. Vertical integration Enhancement
3. Market development Market development
4. Product development Product development
Penetration Vertical integration
Related diversivication
3 1
List External Threats External Fix-it Quadrant Survival Quadrant
1.
2. Related diversification Unrelated diversification
3. Unrelated Divestiture
4. diversification Liquidation
Market development Harvesting
Product development Retrenchment
Enhancement
Status Quo
Source : Adapted form Heinz Weihrich, “ The TOWS Matrix : A Tool for Situational Analysis, “ Long Range Planning 15, no. 2 (1982), p. 60.
MATRIKS TOWS
1.
EXTERNAL FIX – It QUADRANT SURVIVAL QUADRANT
Related Diversification Unrelated Diversification
2.
Unrelated Diversification Divesture
Market Development Liquidation
3.
Product Development Harvesting
Status Quo Retrenchment
MATRIKS INTERNAL EKSTERNAL (IE)
Matriks IE merupakan analisa untuk menentukan posisi organisasi dengan
memperhatikan nilai total EFAS dan IFAS. Dalam matriks ini, dapat
diidentifikasi 9 sel strategi yang pada prinsipnya kesembilan sel
tersebut dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 3 strategi utama, yaitu :
4 5 6
3,0 HOLD & MAIN
TAIN
MEDIUM
7 8
2,0 HARVEST or DIVEST
9
LOW
1,0
ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY pd
MATRIX IE
GROWTH & BUILD STRATEGY :
intensive
- market penetration
- market development
- product development
integrative
- backward integration
- forward integration
- horizontal integration
HOLD & MAINTAIN STRATEGY :
- market penetration
- product development
HARVEST or DIVEST STRATEGY:
- divestiture
- liquidation
- harvesting
- retrenchement
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
1. EKSPANSI. 2. CONTRACTING.
a. Diversifikasi. a. Divestiture ;
related & Unrelated Total & Partial.
b. Liquidation.
b. Vertical Integration. Operation , Assets
Forward & Backward. c. Harvesting.
Fast & Slow.
c. Market Development. d. Retrenchment.
Geographic & Segmen. Personel, Market, Product, Assets
d. Product Development.
Product line & Pr. Enhancement
e. Penetration
promosi, distribution, pricing
ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
3. Stabilization.
a. Enhancement.
TQM , layanan
cepat.
-
quality,efisiensi,
inovasi,speed,
fleksibel dll
b. Status Quo./=
maintenance
strategy
Strategic alternative for
SPACE QUADRANT
CONSERVATIVE :
- status quo
- unrelated diversification
- harvesting
DEFENSIVE :
- divestiture
- liquidation
- retrenchement
AGGRESSIVE :
- related diversification
- market development
- product development
- vertical integration
COMPETITIVE :
- market penetration
- market development
- product development
- enhancement
- status quo
EXHIBIT 7 – 13
Strategic Alternatives for SPACE
Quadrants
Financial
Strength
Status Quo Related Diversification
Unrelated
Diversification Market Development
Product Development
Harvesting
CONSERVATIVE AGGRESSIVE Vertical Integration
Competitive
Advantage Industry Strength
Product Development
Liquidation
Market Development
Retrenchment Status Quo
Environmental
Stability
Source : Adapted from Alan J. Rowe, Richard D. Mason, Karl E. Dickel, and Neil H. Snyder, Strategic
Management : A Methodological Approach, 3d ed. (Reading, Massachusetts : Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, 1989), p. 157. Reprinted with permission of the publisher.
EXHIBIT 7 – 9
Strategic Position and Action Evaluation ( SPACE )
Matrix
Financial Strength
6
5
4
CONSERVATIVE 3 AGGRESSIV
2 E
1
Competitive Industry
Advantage -6 -5 -4 -3 - -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 Strength
2 -1
DEFENSIVE -2 COMPETITIVE
-3
-4
-5
-6
Environmen
tal
Stability
EXHIBIT 7 – 11
SPACE Profile for a Regional Hospital
System
Financial Strength
6
5
4
CONSERVATIVE 3 AGGRESSIVE
2
- 2.4 1
1.6 3,7
Competitive
Advantage
Industry
Strength
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2 COMPETITIVE
-3
DEFENSIVE -4 -3.7
-5
-6
Environmental
Stability
EXHIBIT 7 – 12
F S
SPACE Strategy Profiles F S
C A I S
AGGRESSIVE C A I S
PROFILES
A financially strong organization that has achieved major
E aS growing and stable industry segmens
competitive advantages in E S
An organization whose financial strength is a dominating factor in the
industry segment
F S
F S
CONSERVATIVE
PROFILES C A I S
C I S
A
E S
E S An organization that suffers from major competitive disadvantages in an
An organization that has achieved financial strenght industry segment that is technologically stable but declining in revenue
in a stable industry segment that is not growing : the
organization has no major competitive advantages F S
F S
COMPETITIVE PROFILES I S
C A
C I S
A
E S
E S An organization that is competing fairly well in an industry segment
An organization with major competitive advantages but where there is substantial environment uncertainty
limited financial strength in a high – growth industry
segment F S
F S
DEFENSIVE PROFILES
C A I S
C A I S
E S E S
An organization that has a very weak competitive position A financially troubled organization in a very unstable and weak industry
in a negative growth, stable but weak industry segment
Source : Adapted from a summary by Fred R. David, Strategic management, 2d ed. ( Columbus, Ohio : Merril Publishing Company, 1989 ). P. 216, of Alan J. Rowe, Richard O. Mason, and Karl E. Dickel, and N. H.
Snyder, Strategic Management : A Methodological Approach ( Reading, massachustts : Addison- Wesley Publising Company, 1982 ), p. 155. 1989 by Addison-Wesley Publising Company. Reprinted with permission
of the publisen.
EXHIBIT 7 – 8
Expanded Product Portofolio
Matrix
Market Share
High Low
High SHINING HEALTY
STAR High
Growt CHILD
BLACK PROBLEM
CASH FAITHFUL HOLE CHILD Growt
COW DOG
Low CASH MANGY
PIG DOG Low
High Low
Market Share
Source : Gary McCain, “ Black Holes, Cash Pigs, and other Hospital Portofolio
Analysis Problems, “ Journal of Health Care Marketing 7, no.2 ( June 1987 ),
p. 58, by the American Marketing Association
KEKUATAN INTERNAL BISNIS
1. 2.
3.
GROWTH GROWTH
Tinggi RETRENCH-
Konsentrasi Konsentrasi
MENT
Melalui Melalui
Turnaround
Integrasi vertikal Int.Horiztl
DAYA TARIK 6.
INDUSTRI 5
RETRENCH-
4. STABILITY
MENT
STABILITY Tak ada
Captive Company
Sedang Hti - hati Perubahan
Atau
Profit strategi
Divestment
9.
7. 8.
RETRENCH-
Rendah GROWTH GROWTH
MENT
Diversifikasi Diversifikasi
Bangkrut atau
Konsentrasi Konsentrasi
Sumber : Hunger – Likuidasi
Wheelen (1996)
TAHAP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN
(DECISION STAGE)
STRATEGI ALTERNATIF
FAKTOR-
FAKTOR Strategi A Strategi B
SWOT BOBOT
AS TAS AS TAS
EFAS
Peluang
-
-
-
Ancaman
-
-
-
MATRIKS QSPM
IFAS
Kekuatan
-
-
-
Kelemahan
-
-
-
TOTAL