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 CHAPTER 1
PELAPORAN KEUANGAN DAN
STANDAR AKUNTANSI

Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

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 Learning Objectives

1. Mengidentifikasi laporan keuangan utama dan cara pelaporan

keuangan lainnya
2. Menjelaskan bagaimana akuntansi membantu dalam efisiensi
penggunaan sumber daya yang terbatas
3. Menjelaskan kebutuhan akan standar akuntansi berkualitas tinggi
4. Mengidentifikasi tujuan pelaporan keuangan
5. Mengidentifikasi badan utama penyusun kebijakan dan
parananya dalam proses penyusunan standar
6. Menjelaskan arti IFRS
7. Menjelaskan tantangan yang dihadapi pelaporan keuangan

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 Pelaporan keuangan dan standar akuntansi

Tantangan
Tujuan pelaproan Organisasi
Pasar global pelaporan
keuangan penyusun standar
keuangan

Laporan Laporan keuangan IOSCO IFRS dalam

keuangan dan untuk tujuan umum lingkungan politik
IASB
pelaporan
Penyedia modal Kesenjangan
keuangan Hierarki IFRS
ekspektasi
Perspektif entitas
Akuntansi dan
Isu-isu laporan
alokasi modal Kegunaan dalam
keuangan yang
pengambilan
Standar yang signifikan
keputusan
berkualitas tinggi
Etika dalam
lingkungan
akuntansi keuangan

Konvergensi
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 Pasar global

World markets are becoming increasingly intertwined.

Top 20 Global Companies In Terms Of Sales

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 Pasar global

Significant number of foreign companies are found on

national exchanges. Illustration 1-2
International Exchange
Statistics

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 Pasar global

Laporan keuangan dan pelaporan keuangan

Karakteristik akuntansi :
(1) identifikasi, pengukuran, dan komunikasi informasi
keuangan mengenai

(2) Entitas ekonomi kepada

(3) Pihak-pihak yang berkepentingan

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LO 1 Identify the major financial statements and other means of financial reporting.
 Pasar global

Entitas ekonomi Laporan keuangan Tambahan informasi

Pelaporan Laporan poisisi Surat direktur

keuangan keuangan Prospektus
Akuntansi? Laporan laba rugi Laporan yang
atau laporan laba diajukan ke badan
Mengidentifika pemerintah
si, mengukur rugi komprehensif
dan Laporan arus kas Berita terbaru
mengkomunika
sikan Perkiraan manajemen
Laporan perubahan
ekuitas Laporan tentang
dampak sosial atau
Pengungkapan atas lingkungan
laporan keuangan
dll.

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1-8 LO 1 Identify the major financial statements and other means of financial reporting.
 Pasar global

Akuntansi dan alokasi modal

Sumber daya itu terbatas. Penggunaan sumber daya yang

efisien sering menjadi penentu bagaimana perkembangan
sebuah bisnis
Illustration 1-3
Capital Allocation Process

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LO 2 Explain how accounting assists in the efficient use of scare resources.
 Pasar global

Standar berkualitas tinggi

Globalisasi menuntut seperangkat standar akuntansi
internasional berkualitas tinggi. Elemen-elemen untuk
mencapai hal tersebut:
1. Standar akuntansi tunggal yang berkualitas tinggi yang
ditetapkan oleh satu badan penyusun standar
2. Konsisten dalam penerapan dan aplikasi.
3. Pengungkapan umum.
4. Standar dan praktik pengauditan yang berkualitas tinggi.
5. Pendekatan umum atas reviu peraturan dan penegakannya .
6. Pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi para pelaku pasar. (Continued)
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LO 3 Explain the need for high-quality standards.
 Pasar global

Standar berkualitas tinggi

7. Sistem delivery yang bersifat umum (misal., eXtensible
Business Reporting Language—XBRL).
8. Pendekatan umum atas tata kelola perusahaan dan kerangka
hukum di seluruh dunia

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LO 3 Explain the need for high-quality standards.
Slide
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LO 3 Explain the need for high-quality standards.
 Tujuan Akuntansi keuangan

Objective: Menyediakan informasi keuangan tentang entitas

pelaporan yang berguna bagi
Investor saat ini dan investor potensial,
Pemberi pinjaman dan
Kreditur lainnya
Untuk membuat keputusan daam kapasitas mereka sebagai
penyedia modal.

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LO 4 Identify the objectives of financial reporting.
 Tujuan Akuntansi keuangan

General-Purpose Financial Statements

Menyediakan informasi pelaporan keuangan kepada
berbagai pengguna
Menyediakan informasi yang paling berguna pada
tingkat biaya yang paling rendah

Capital Providers (Investors)

Investor adalah kelompok utama pengguna laporan keuangan

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LO 4 Identify the objectives of financial reporting.
 Tujuan Akuntansi keuangan

Perspektif entitas
Perusahaan dipandang sebagai entitas yang terpisah dari
pemiliknya.
Kegunaan dalam pengambilan keputusan

Investor tertarik untuk menilai

1. Kemampuan untuk menghasilkan aliran kas bersih
2. Kemampuan manajemen untuk memproteksi dan
meningkatkan investasi penyedia modal

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LO 4 Identify the objectives of financial reporting.
 Tujuan Akuntansi keuangan

Review Question
The objective of financial reporting places most
emphasis on:
a. reporting to capital providers.
b. reporting on stewardship.
c. providing specific guidance related to specific
needs.
d. providing information to individuals who are
experts in the field.

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LO 4 Identify the objectives of financial reporting.
 Tujuan Akuntansi keuangan

Review Question
General-purpose financial statements are prepared
primarily for:
a. internal users.
b. external users.
c. auditors.
d. government regulators.

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LO 4 Identify the objectives of financial reporting.
 Organisasi Penyusun Standar

Dua organisasi utama:

International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

 mengeluarkan International Financial Reporting

Standards (IFRS).

 Standar yang digunakan pada sebagian besar bursa

asing

 Standar yang digunakan oleh perusahaan yang listing di

Bursa US

 IFRS digunakan di lebih dari 115 negara

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1-18 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Organisasi Penyusun Standar

Dua organisasi utama:

Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

 Mengeluarkan Statements of Financial Accounting

Standards (SFAS).

 Diwajibkan untuk semua perusahaan yang berbasis di

US

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1-19 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Organisasi Penyusun Standar

International Organization of Securities

Commissions (IOSCO)

 Tidak menyusun standar

akuntansi.

 Bekerja untuk memastikan bahwa

pasar global dapat beroperasi
secara efisien dan efektif
http://www.iosco.org/

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1-20 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Organisasi Penyusun Standar

International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

Terdiri dari 4 organisasi—

 International Accounting Standards
Committee Foundation (IASCF)

 International Accounting Standards

Board (IASB) http://www.iasb.org

 Standards Advisory Council

 International Financial Reporting

Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)

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1-21 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Organisasi Penyusun Standar

Illustration 1-4
International Standard-Setting Structure

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1-22 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Standard-Setting Organizations

Review Question
IFRS stands for:
a. International Federation of Reporting Services.
b. Independent Financial Reporting Standards.
c. International Financial Reporting Standards.
d. Integrated Financial Reporting Services.

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1-23 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Standard-Setting Organizations

Review Question
The major key players on the international side are
the:
a. IASB and FASB.
b. SEC and FASB.
c. IOSCO and the SEC.
d. IASB and IOSCO.

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1-24 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Standard-Setting Organizations

Review Question
Which body from the U.S. side is similar to the IASB?
a. SEC.
b. FASB.
c. FASC.
d. FAF.

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1-25 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Due Process

due process IASB memiliki elemen-elemen:

1. Dewan penyusun standar yang independen.

2. Proses yang menyeluruh dan sistematis untuk
mengembangkan standar
3. Keterlibatan dengan investor, regulator, pemimpin bisnis,
dan profesi akuntansi global pada setiap tahap dalam due
process
4. Upaya kolaborasi dengan masyarakat penyusunan
standar di seluruh dunia

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1-26 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Due Process

Illustration 1-4
International
Standard-Setting
Structure

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1-27 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Due Process

Review Question
Accounting standard-setters use the following process in
establishing international standards:
a. Research, exposure draft, discussion paper, standard.
b. Discussion paper, research, exposure draft, standard.
c. Research, preliminary views, discussion paper,
standard.
d. Research, discussion paper, exposure draft, standard.

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1-28 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Jenis-jenis pernyataan (Pronouncements)

Dikeluarkan oleh IASB:

International Financial Reporting Standards.
Kerangka dasar pelaporan keuangan
Interpretasi pelaporan keuangan internasional

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1-29 their role in the standard-setting process.
 Jenis-jenis pernyataan (Pronouncements)

Hierarki IFRS
Perusahaan pertama-tama harus melihat ke:

1. International Financial Reporting Standards;

2. International Accounting Standards; and

3. Interpretasi dari komite interpretasi pelaporan

keuangan internasional (International Financial
Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC)) atau
Standing Interpretations Committee (SIC).

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LO 6 Explain the meaning of IFRS.
 Jenis-jenis pernyataan (Pronouncements)

Review Question
IFRS is comprised of:
a. International Financial Reporting Standards and FASB
financial reporting standards.
b. International Financial Reporting Standards, International
Accounting Standards, and international accounting
interpretations.
c. International Accounting Standards and international
accounting interpretations.
d. FASB financial reporting standards and International
Accounting Standards.
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LO 6 Explain the meaning of IFRS.
 Tantangan Pelaporan LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
Discuss the challenges
Keuangan facing financial reporting.

IFRS dalam lingkungan politik

► Pertimbangan konsekuensi ekonomi dari aturan-aturan
akuntansi, kelompok-kelompok tertentu akan bereaksi
terhadap aturan yang diajukan
► IASB seharusnya tidak mengeluarkan standar yang
bermotif politik
► IASB harus menyusun IFRS berdasarkan penelitian dan
korangka konseptual yang dibangun berdasarkan realitas
ekonomi.
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LO 4
 Tantangan pelaporan keuangan

IFRS dalam lingkungan politik Illustration 1-6

User Groups that Influence the
Formulation of Accounting Standards

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LO 7 Describe the challenges facing financial reporting.
 Tantangan pelaporan keuangan

Kesenjangan ekspektasi
Apa yang harus dilakukan akuntan menurut masyarakat
vs. apa yang dapat dilakukan menurut akuntan

Masalah pelaporan keuangan yang signifikan

 Pengukuran yang bersifat nonfinansial
 Informasi berwawasan ke depan (forward-looking)
 Soft asset
 Ketepatan waktu

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LO 7 Describe the challenges facing financial reporting.
 Tantangan pelaporan keuangan

Etika dalam lingkungan akuntansi keuangan

Perusahaan berkonsentrasi untuk “memaksimalkan hasil,
mengahadapi tantangan kompetisi dan menitikberatkan
pada hasil jangka pendek” menempatkan akuntan dalam
lingkungan yang penuh konflik dan tekanan

IFRS tidak selalu menyediakan jawaban

Melakukan yang benar tidak selalu mudah dan jelas

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LO 7 Describe the challenges facing financial reporting.
 Tantangan pelaporan keuangan

Konfergensi internasional
Tahun 2002 IASB dan FASB menformalkan komitmen mereka
untuk konvergensi U.S. GAAP dan standar internasional.
Mereka bersepakat untuk :

1. Sesegera mungkin membuat standar pelaporan

keuangan mereka sepenuhnya konfergen (menyatu),
dan

2. Mengkoordinasikan program kerja sama mereka untuk

memastikan bahwa konfergensi yang dicapai akan
selalu dipertahankan
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LO 7 Describe the challenges facing financial reporting.
 Financial Reporting Challenges

Review Question
The expectations gap is:
a. what financial information management provides and
what users want.
b. what the public thinks accountants should do and what
accountants think they can do.
c. what the governmental agencies want from standard-
setting and what the standard-setters provide.
d. what the users of financial statements want from the
government and what is provided.
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LO 7 Describe the challenges facing financial reporting.
  The fact that there are differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP
should not be surprising because standard-setters have developed
standards in response to different user needs.
 IFRS tends to be simpler and more flexible in its accounting and
disclosure requirements.
 The U.S. SEC recently eliminated the need for foreign companies
that trade shares in U.S. markets to reconcile their accounting with
U.S. GAAP.

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 Appendix 1A THE U.S. STANDARD-SETTING ENVIRONMENT

Organizations responsible for developing financial

accounting standards (GAAP) in the United States:

1. Securities and Exchange

http://www.sec.gov/
Commission (SEC).

2. Financial Accounting
http://www.fasb.org/
Standards Board (FASB).

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 Securities and Exchange Commission

Established by federal government

Accounting and reporting for public companies

Securities Act Securities Act

of 1933 of 1934

Encouraged private standard-setting body

SEC requires public companies to adhere to GAAP
SEC Oversight
Enforcement Authority

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1-40 role in the standard-setting process.
 Financial Accounting Standards Board
Wheat Committee’s recommendations resulted in the creation of a
the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in 1973.

Financial Selects members of the FASB

Accounting Funds their activities
Foundation Exercises general oversight.

Financial Mission to establish and improve

Accounting standards of financial accounting
Standards Board and reporting.

Financial Accounting
Standards Advisory Consult on major policy issues.
Council

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 Financial Accounting Standards Board

Missions is to establish and improve standards of financial

accounting and reporting. Differences between FASB and
APB include:

Smaller Membership
Full-time, Remunerated Membership
Greater Autonomy
Increased Independence
Broader Representation

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 Financial Accounting Standards Board

Due Process
FASB relies on two basic premises:
(1) Responsive to entire economic community
(2) Operate in full view of the public

Step 1 = Topic placed on agenda

Step 2 = Research conducted and Discussion Memorandum issued.
Step 3 = Public hearing
Step 4 = Board evaluates research, public response and issues
Exposure Draft
Step 5 = Board evaluates responses and issues final Statement of
Financial Accounting Standard
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 Financial Accounting Standards Board

Types of Pronouncements
Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions.
Financial Accounting Concepts
Emerging Issues Task Force Statements

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 Financial Accounting Standards Board

U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

Principles that have substantial authoritative support.

Major sources of GAAP:

FASB Standards, Interpretations, and Staff Positions

APB Opinions
AICPA Accounting Research Bulletins

When the Board approves a new standard, staff position, etc., the results are
included in the Codification through an Accounting Standards Update.

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 Financial Accounting Standards Board

Illustration 1A-2

The
Codification
Framework

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 International Accounting Convergence

Improvements in Accounting Standards

IASB and FASB have set up an extensive work plan to achieve
one set of international standards.
Illustration 1A-3
IFRS Adoption Timeline

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1-47 role in the standard-setting process.
 International Accounting Convergence

SEC Work Plan

Sufficient development and application of IFRS.

Independent standard-setting for the benefit of investors.

Investor understanding and education.

Regulatory environment.

Impact on large and small financial statement preparers.

Human capital readiness.

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1-48 role in the standard-setting process.
 Copyright

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