Analisis Rasio
2
Tujuan Analisis Rasio
3
Logika dibalik Ratio Analysis
• Analisis likuiditas
• Analisis aktivitas / pemanfaatan aktiva
• Analisis tingkat hutang (leverage / solvabilitas)
• Analisis profitabilitas / rentabilitas
• Dupont
• Analisis pasar
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6
6
7
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Comparative Statements
CLOVER CORPORATION
Compa ra tive Income Sta te me nts
For the Ye a rs Ended De ce mbe r 31, 1999 a nd 1998
1999 1998
Revenue
Net sales $ 494,000 $ 450,000
Cost of merchandise sold 140,000 127,000
Gross profit 354,000 323,000
Operating expenses 270,000 249,000
Income from operations 84,000 74,000
Interest expense 2,640 3,200
Other expenses 1,360 800
Income before income tax 80,000 70,000
Income tax expense (20%) 16,000 14,000
Net Income $ 64,000 $ 56,000
8
Comparative Statements
CLOVER CORPORATION
Compa ra tive Balance She ets
De ce mber 31, 1999 a nd 1998
1999 1998
Assets
Cash $ 30,000 $ 20,000
Accounts receivable 20,000 17,000
Merchandise inventory 12,000 10,000
Equipment 60,000 60,000
Less Accumulated depreciation (15,000) (12,000)
Building 100,000 100,000
Less Accumulated depreciation (25,000) (20,000)
Land 168,000 125,000
Total Assets $ 350,000 $ 300,000
Lanjutan
9
Comparative Statements
CLOVER CORPORATION
Compa rative Ba la nce She ets, Continue d
De cem be r 31, 1999 a nd 1998
1999 1998
Liabilities
Accounts payable $ 39,000 $ 40,000
Notes payable 33,000 40,000
Total Liabilities $ 72,000 $ 80,000
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock, $1 par $ 27,400 $ 17,000
Paid-in capital 198,100 153,000
Retained earnings 52,500 50,000
Total Stockholders' Equity 278,000 220,000
Total Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity $ 350,000 $ 300,000
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Analisis Likuiditas
11
Rasio Likuiditas
13
Net Working capital
14
Current Ratio
15
Current Ratio
Current $62,000
= = 1.59 : 1
Ratio $39,000
16
Quick Ratio (Acid Test)
17
Quick Ratio (Acid Test)
Quick $50,000
= = 1.28 : 1
Ratio $39,000
18
Cash Ratio
19
Cash Ratio
Cash $30,000
= = 0.769 : 1
Ratio $39,000
20
Rasio Aktivitas
21
Receivable Turnover
22
Receivable Turnover
Receivable $494,000
= = 26.70 times
Turnover ($20,000 + $17,000) ÷ 2
23
Average Age of Receivables
Receivable Turnover
sebesar 26.70 kali.
24
Average Age of Receivables
25
Inventory Turnover
26
Inventory Turnover
Inventory $140,000
= = 12.73 times
Turnover ($12,000 + $10,000) ÷ 2
27
Average Days’ Supply in Inventory
28
Average Days’ Supply in Inventory
29
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
Fixed $494,000
Asset = = 1.826
Turnover ($288,000 + $253,000) ÷ 2
30
Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio
31
Total Asset Turnover Ratio
32
Total Asset Turnover Ratio
Total $494,000
Asset = = 1.52
Turnover ($350,000 + $300,000) ÷ 2
33
Operating Cycle
34
Cash Conversion Cycle
35
Kebutuhan Working capital
36
Rasio Solvabilitas / Leverage
37
Times Interest Earned
38
Cash Coverage
39
Debt/Equity Ratio
40
Debt Ratio
Total Liabilities
Debt Ratio =
Total Asset
$72,000
Debt Ratio = = 0,2057
$350,000
41
Rasio profitabilitas
42
Gross Profit Margin
43
Profit Margin
44
Profit Margin
Profit $64,000
= = 12.96%
Margin $494,000
45
Return on Owners’ Investment
47
Return on Total Investment
48
Return on Total Investment
49
Financial Leverage
50
Financial Leverage
51
Earnings per Share (EPS)
Income
EPS =
Average Number of Shares of
Common Stock Outstanding
52
Earnings per Share (EPS)
Income
EPS =
Average Number of Shares of
Common Stock Outstanding
$64,000
EPS = = $2.88
(27,400 + 17,000) ÷ 2
53
Quality of Income
54
Quality of Income
55
Quality of Income
Quality $66,000
= = 1.031
of Income $64,000
56
Rasio pasar
57
Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio
58
Price/Earnings (P/E) Ratio
59
Dividend Yield Ratio
60
Dividend Yield Ratio
61
Rasio lainnya
62
Book Value per Share
63
Book Value per Share
64
Deviden Payout ratio
Deviden $2,5
= = 0.868
Payout 2,88
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DUPONT
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The DuPont Model
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The DuPont Model
68
The DuPont System
ROE
69
The DuPont System
ROE
Divided Devided
Sales Into Net Income Total Assets Into Sales
Subtracted
Total Costs Sales Fixed Assets Plus Current Assets
From
General and
Account
Depreciation Administrative Equipment Vehicle Inventory
Receivable
Expense
Extraordinary
Taxes
Expense
71
The DuPont System
ROE
72
RETURN ON EQUITY
Extended Du-Pont
DIVIDED
RETURN ON INVESTMENT(ROI) BY 1-DEBT RATIO
Divided Devided
Sales Into Net Income Total Assets Into Sales
Subtracted
Total Costs Sales Fixed Assets Plus Current Assets
From
General and
Account
Depreciation Administrative Equipment Vehicle Inventory
Receivable
Expense
Extraordinary
Taxes
Expense
73
Extended DuPont
EBIT
1. Operating Profit Margin
Sales
Sales
2. Total Asset Turnover
Total Assets
Interest Expense
3. Interest Expense Rate
Total Assets
Total Assets
4. Financial Leverage Multiplier
Common Equity
Income Taxes
5. 100% Tax Retention Rate
Net Before Tax
74
Operating Profitability Ratios
EBIT Sales EBIT
Sales Total Assets Total Assets
Net Before Tax (NBT) Total Assets Net Before Tax (NBT)
Total Assets Common Equity Common Equity
75
Analisis komponen
76
Intepretasi rasio
77
Book Value vs. True Value
78
Keterbatasan Informasi Akuntansi
Keuangan
79
Keterbatasan Analisis Ratio
80
Keterbatasan
81
Ringkasan Financial Ratios
• Ratios membantu:
– Evaluasi kinerja
– Analisis struktur modal dan aktiva
– Menunjukkan hubungan antara aktivitas dan kinerja
• Benchmark dengan
– Masa lalu perusahaan
– Industri
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Ratios
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Ratios
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Ratios
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Ratios
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Latihan soal
• Below are selected ratios for three companies which operate in three
different industries: Discount Retail Store, Drug, Utility.
Industry A B C
COGS/Sales 80% 58% n/a
R&D/ Sales 0% 7% 0.1%
Advertising/Sales not defined 3% 0.1%
Interest/Sales 0.9% 1% 6%
Net Income/Sales 2.5% 10% 10%
Return on Assets 8.5% 10.6% 7.2%
Inventory Turnover 5.5 4 n/a
Accounts Receivable Turnover 100 6 9
Long-term Debt/Equity 60% 50% 92%
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Latihan 2
RGB, Inc.'s purchases during the year were $100,000. The balance
sheet shows an average accounts payable balance of $12,000.
RGB's payables payment period is closest to:
A. 37 days.
B. 44 days.
C. 52 days.
89
Latihan 3
90
Latihan 4
RGB, Inc. has a net profit margin of 12%, a total asset turnover of 1.2
times, and a financial leverage multiplier of 1.2 times. RGB's return
on equity is closest to:
A. 12.0%.
B. 14.2%.
C. 17.3%.
91
Latihan 5
A firm has a dividend payout ratio of 40%, a net profit margin of 10%,
an asset turnover of 0.9 times, and a financial leverage multiplier of
1.2 times. The firm's sustainable growth rate is closest to:
A. 4.3%.
B. 6.5%.
C. 8.0%.
92
Latihan
You have been provided the following information about High
Inc.
(in thousands of dollars) 2004 2005
Current Assets $ 158 $ 163
Long Term Assets $ 453 $ 502
Current Liabilities $ 102 $ 143
Long Term Liabilities $ 302 $ 348
Net Income $ 32 $ 42
Working Capital for 2004 is:
A) $56,000.
B) $20,000
C) $151,000
D) $207,000
93
Latihan
You have been provided the following information about High
Inc.
(in thousands of dollars) 2004 2005
Current Assets $ 158 $ 163
Long Term Assets $ 453 $ 502
Current Liabilities $ 102 $ 143
Long Term Liabilities $ 302 $ 348
Net Income $ 32 $ 42
Owner’s Equity for 2005 is:
A) $20,000
B) $154,000
C) $174,000.
D) $207,000
94
Latihan
You have been provided the following information about High Inc.
(in thousands of dollars) 2004 2005
Current Assets $ 158 $ 163
Long Term Assets $ 453 $ 502
Current Liabilities $ 102 $ 143
Long Term Liabilities $ 302 $ 348
Net Income $ 32 $ 42
Current Ratio for 2004 is:
A) 1.55.
B) 1.51
C) 1.50
D) 1.14
95
Latihan
You have been provided the following information about High
Inc.
(in thousands of dollars) 2004 2005
Current Assets $ 158 $ 163
Long Term Assets $ 453 $ 502
Current Liabilities $ 102 $ 143
Long Term Liabilities $ 302 $ 348
Net Income $ 32 $ 42
Return on Common Equity for 2005 is:
A) 15.46%
B) 24.14%
C) 16.79%
D) 22.04%.
96
Latihan
97
Latihan
98
Latihan
99
Main References
100
Dwi Martani - 081318227080
martani@ui.ac.id atau dwimartani@yahoo.com
http://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/martani/ 101