Klas : Osteichthyes/ teleostei/

teleostomi
• Subklas : Sarcoptrerygii /Paleopterygii
Jumlah Ordo 2 : Coelacanthiformes &

Dipteriformes
• Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii
Jumlah Ordo : 17
 Sub klas Sarcopterygii
• Ciri-ciri
• Mempunyai P&V yg menonjol (lobate) dan
berdaging
• Sisik dengan endoskeletal yg kuat
Ordo : Coelacanthiformes
Bertulang rawan, sisik cycloid,
bentuk ekor diphycercal, tanpa sub
operculum
Coelacanthiformes
“Sarcopterygii”
Actinistia

• Latimeria
• 2 dorsal fins
• fleshy fins
• intracranial joint
• morphology constant throughout
evolutionary history
•Unbranched lepidotrichia
 Ordo Dipteriformes
• Memp gelemb renang yg berhub dg
usus berfungsi sbg paru-paru.
• D,C,A bersatu ; V & P Lobate (dg
tonjolan daging)
• Gigi palatin tanpa premaxilla &maxilla
• Makanan Invertebrata & tumbuhan air
• Kebanyakan telah jadi fosil
 Dipnoi

•earliest lungfishes- cosmoid scales

•modern forms- embedded
scales/continuous dorsal, anal and caudal
fins; spiral valve intestine
•tooth plates
•lack marginal tooth-bearing
jaw bone
•circulatory system
 Ceratodontidae
(Australian Lung Fishes)
• Tdpt sejak periode Triassic & banyak
yg sudah punah
• Conth species : Neoceratodus forsteri
• Ciri-ciri : sisik cycloid, sirip tebal spt
daun, distribusi Queensland, selama
musim panas bernafas dg paru-paru.
Neoceratodus forsteri
 Lepidosirenidae
south American /African lung fishes
• Tubuh angulliform, sisik kecil V &P
spt cambuk. Saat musim kering
membuat sarang dari lendir & lumpur
(kepompong/cocoon)
• Contoh Protopterus sp (Afrika tengah)
Lepidosiren sp (Amerika Selatan)
 African lung fishes
Protopterus annectans
Cara belut sawah mengambil
udara
Subklas:Actinopterygii / Neopterygii

• Rangka dari tulang sejati, C homocercal

• Vertebrae dg cekungan di depan dsbt
amphicoelous.
• sisik cycloid, ctenoid sedikit yg ganoid.
• Lubang hidung tidak berhubungan dg
rongga mulut
• V & P tidak menonjol
• tdpt sejak periode permian sd sekarang
 Ordo Polypteryformes (Bichirs)
• Tubuh bulat panjang, P menonjol &
bersisik, tanpa D diganti dg 8 finlet. C
diphycercal. Pernafasan tambahan
dg gelembung gas. Polypterus weeksi
Bichir dari LIPI Penang Des’15
 Polypteriformes
• Originally placed with lobe-
finned Highly specialized
survivors of primitive
actinopterygians
•Dorsal fin spine pattern
•Retains thick scales
•Diphycercal tail
•Highly vascularized ventral
lungs-obligate air breathers
•
 Actinopterygii: ray-finned fishes
• Primitive actin. single dorsal fin
•Teleosts- ant. spiny; post. soft rays
• Ganoid scales
•
•
•
•Toothed marginal jaw bones
•Toothed dermal bones in buccal cavity
•Dermal cheek bones form solid plate
•Lateral movements of cheek and palatoquadrate
limited
•Heterocercal caudal fin
 Ordo Acipenceriformes
Sturgeon & Spoon bill
• Mulut di bagian ventral, bersisik atau tidak
• Hidung di ujung kepala & runcing
• C heterocercal
• Memp. Gelemb renang & operculum
• Fam : Acipenseridae, Hidung spt sekop
tdpt 4 helai sungut di depan mulut, badan
fusiform, mulut spt succer, usus spiral
• Acipenser oxyrhynchus
Sturgeon a. Acipenser fluvescens
b. Acipenser medirostris
 “Chondrostei”
Acipenseriformes

•Living paddlefishes and sturgeons

•Highly modified jaws
•Heterocercal tail-cartilaginous
•Sturgeons- suction feeders; bony
scutes
•Paddlefishes- filter feeder; reduced
scales
 Spoon bill : Polyodon spathula
terpedo, sisik ganoid di ekor, gigi kecil, hidung spt
dayung
 Ordo : Amiiformes
Hanya ada 1 sp hdp di Great Lake Florida
• Rahang pendek, sisik cycloid, D panjang
• Gel.renang dg ductus pneumaticus
• Contoh Bowfin (Amia calva) spot = jantan
 Amiidae

•Dorsal lung
•New jaw opening mechanism via
interopercular bone Maxilla is free
from cheek- able to suction feed
more efficiently
 Lepisosteidae

•Elongate jaws with toothed

infraorbitals
•Ganoid scales
•Ambush predators
•Dorsal bilobed lung

Neopterygii
- greater mobility of both fins and
cranial elements
Gars dari LIPI Pulau Penang
Des’2015
 Teleostei
•Homocercal tail
•Reduced scales
•Increased emphasis on suction feeding
•Major groups
• Osteoglossomorpha
• Elopomorpha
• Clupeomorpha
• Ostariophysi
• Euteleostei- difficult to characterize
with valid synapomorphies
 Osteoglossomorpha
•218 species
•Tongue bite
•Basihyal-parasphenoid bite
•2 palatal bones are also toothed

Arapaima

Mormyrid

Knifefish
Tongue bite
Elopomorpha

•650 species
•Mostly true eels
•Bonefish, tenpounders, tarpon
Leptocephalus larvae
 Clupeomorpha
•Anchovies, bream
& herrings
•290 species
•Plankton feeders
Bream

Anchovies

Clupea sp.
 Clupeomorph synapomorphies

1. Connection between swimbladder and inner ear

2. Unique foramina in skull

3. Keeled belly
 Ostariophysi
•75% of freshwater species of world
•6,000 species
•Gonorhynchiformes,Cypriniformes,
Characiformes, Siluriformes
Ostariophysan synapomorphies
•Alarm substance cells
•Specialized anterior vertebrae
allow for increased hearing
ability

Otophysi: Weberian apparatus

 Euteleostei

• 25 Orders, 275 families, and 17,000 species

• Poorly defined traits join them together
– Nuptial breeding tubercles
– Adipose fin
– Membranous component to first uroneural
• Retained in primitive euteleosteans and lost
in more derived species
 “Protacanthopterygii”
•Salmon and trout

Onchorhynchus

Salmo salar
 Esociformes
•Pickerels and pikes
•Toothless maxilla forming part of gape
•Fin placement correlated with
predatory habits
 Neoteleostei
• retractor dorsalis (RD)
or retractor arcus
branchialium originates
from anterior vertebrae
and insert on
pharyngobranchials
 Scopelomorpha-Lanternfishes
•Pelagic marine
fishes
•220 species
•Daily vertical
migrations-500m
•Photophores
•2 components of the
RD- increasing
emphasis on 3rd
pharyngobranchial
Lampridomorpha
-ribbonfishes and oarfishes
 Paracanthopterygii
•Percopsiformes- trout perches, pirate
perches, cavefishes
•Gadiformes- cods, hakes, eelpouts
•Pelvic fins anterior to pectorals
•Mental barbels
•Prolific egg producers
•Batrachoidiformes- toadfishes
Greatly •Gobiesociformes- clingfishes;
flattened skull modified pelvic fins
roof •Lophiformes- goosefishes,
anglerfishes, frogfishes, batfishes
 Lophiiformes-
anglerfishes

-ilicium and esca:

modified dorsal spines
 Some local paracanthopterygians
Merluccias productus Theragra chalcogramma

Gadus macrocephalus Lycodes palearis

 paracanthopterygians

Lycodes pacificus
Porichthys notatus
 Percomorpha

•More than 12,000 species

•Phylogeny largely unresolved
•Synapomorphies related to feeding
•Pharyngeal jaws for crushing
•Highly protrusible jaws
•
 Atherinomorpha

• Guppies, mosquitofish,
flyingfish, halfbeaks
Gasterosteiformes

• Sticklebacks, seahorses,
trumpetfishes
• Bony abdominal plates
 Scorpaeniformes
Myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus
•Suborbital stay
•Strongly spinous fins
•Many spines on the head

Leptocottus armatus

Sebastes
 Scorpaeniformes

Enophrys bison

Cyclopterus lumpus
 Perciformes
Lepidogobius lepidus

Trichodon trichodon

Cymatogaster aggregata
Pleuronectiformes
 Tetraodontiformes
•Bizzarofish
•Cowfish, pufferfish, porcupinefish,
molas Many use dorsal and anal fins for
locomotion
Ikan Mola-mola
 Trends in fish evolution
• Maxilla moves out of gape
• Premaxilla becomes sole toothed element
• Movement of both pectoral and pelvic fins

• Reduction in scales and increased

flexibility
• Swimbladder- increased
hydrostatic function
• Increasing cranial kinesis
•
 Ordo Clupeiformes / Malacopterygii / Isospondyli
The hering like fishes

• Sub ordo clupeoidei Bandeng lelaki Elops saurus

• Famili Elopidae
 Famili Notopteridae
• Badan pipih memanjang, tanpa sungut, badan &
kepala bersisik kecil. D tunggal dan terpisah dari C.
contoh ikan Belida Notopterus chilata
 Fam Albulidae (Bone fishes)
• D didepan V, A jauh atau dekat dubur contoh
Albula vulpes (Bandeng cerurut)
 Osteoglossidae
• Celah mulut lebar &miring D<A; P
memanjang di bag bawah badan
bersungut Sclerophages formosus
Fam. Clupeidae (Herring, Sardines)
• Tanpa jari-jari sirip keras.D pendek di tengah.
Tanpa V jika ada tidak sempurna
• Contoh ikan layang.terubuk, alosa dll
Famili Engraulidae (teri)
Ikan Blodog
Ikan Janjan