KARDIOVASKUER
Oleh :
Imam Cahyo Murwidi
Anatomi jantung
Topografi jantung
• Rongga dada kiri
• Terlindung oleh dinding dada
• Ukuran 12-14x8-9x6 cm
• Berat 250-350 gr
• Basis : superior-posterior ICS II
• Apex anterior –inferior ICS V ( 2 jari di bawah papila
mamae)
Jantung terdiri dari 4 ruang
• Atrium kanan
• Atrium kiri
• Ventrikel kanan
• Ventrikel kiri
Jantung terdiri dari 4 katup
• Katup trikuspidalis
• Katup bikuspidalis
(mitral)
• Katup semilunaris
aorta
• Katup pulmunalis
Katup Jantung
Lapisan jantung
• Pericardium
• Epicardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium
Vaskuler
• Ateri
Membawa darah dari jantung menuju kapiler
• Kapiler
Merupakan pembuluh darah terkecil di tubuh yang
menghubungkan arteriola dan venula dan sebagai tempat
pertukaran air, oksigen, karbon dioksida serta nutrien dan
zat kimia sampah antara pembuuh darah dan sel
• Vena
Menghantarkan darah dari kapiler ke jantung
Darah
• Plasma (komponen cair)
• Komponen padat (komponen sel)
Sel darah merah (eritrosit)
Sel darah putih (leukosit)
Trombosit
Fungsi sistem kardiovaskuler
• Sebagai transportasi nutrisi, hormon, produk sisa,
gas, sel dan panas
• Mengatur keseimbangan pH dan elektrolit
• Pembekuan darah
• Pertahanan tubuh terhadap patogen
Sirkulasi jantung
• Sirkulasi pulmunal
Jantung → paru-paru
→ jantung
• Sirkulasi sistemik
Jantung → seluruh
tubuh → jantung
Sistem konduksi jantung
• Sinoatrial node (SA
Node)
• Internodal pathway
• Atrioventricular node
(AV node)
• AV bundle
Left bundle branch
Purkinje
Right bundle branch fiber
• Purkinje fiber
1
1. Potensial aksi dihasilkan o/SA
Node dan aktivasi atrium dimulai
2. Stimulus disebarkan dipermukaan
atrium melalui kontak antar sel 2
dalam internodal pathway dan
segera mencapa AV node
3. Penundaan 100 msec terjadi AV
node dan selama itu kontraksi
atrium terjadi 3
4. Setelah kontraksi atrium selesai,
impuls berjalan sepanjang septum
interventrikularis dalam AV bundle
dan bundel branch ke sserat
purkinje dan juga melalui band 4
moderator ke otot2 papilari pada
ventrikel kanana kontraksi
ventrikel dimulai.
5. Immpuls didistribusikan oleh serat
purkinje ke seuruh myocardium 5
ventrikel. Kontraksi ventrikel
mencapai kekuatan penuh
Aksi potensial otot jantung
• Voltage-gate saluran Na terbuka
• Na+ masuk, depolarisasi membran
dan memicu pembukaan lebih
lama saluran Na+, memicu positif
feed back pada siklus dan tegangan
membran meningkat pesat
• Saluran Na+ tertutup, ketika sel
depolarisasi dan tegangan puncak
mendekati + 30 mV
• Ca masuk dengan lambat memlalu
saluran Ca untuk memperpanjang
depolarisasi membran yang
menghasilkan fase plateau. Plateau
terjun sedikit karena terjadi
kebocoran K, tetapi kebanyakan
saluran K tertutup sampai akhir
plateau
• Saluran Ca tertutup, dan ca di
transportasi keluar dari sel .
Saluran k terbuka, K dengan cepat
keluar kembali kemembran dan
masuk resting potensial
Kontraksi otot jantung
• Rangsang membuka Ca
channel, Ca masuk sel
merangsang Ca
keluar dari
sarcoplasmic reticulum
dan berikatan dengan
troponin kontraksi
otot.
• Bila Ca lepas dari
troponin otot relaks,
Ca masuk ke dalam SR
dan sebagian keluar sel
• Irama kontraksi jantung normal mengikuti irama SA
node SA memancarkan PA reguler ke seluruh atrium
AV node sistem Purkinje kontraksi ventrikel ritmis.
FUNGSI EKG
EKG mempunyai fungsi diagnostik diantaranya :
• Aritmia jantung
• Hipertrofi atrium dan ventrikel
• Iskemik dan infark miokard
• Efek obat-obatan seperti ( digitalis, anti aritmia dll )
• Gangguan keseimbangan elektrolit khususnya kalium
• Penilaian fungsi pacu jantung
GAMBAR EKG
KERTAS EKG
C. Ambil EKG strip sepanjang 6 detik, hitung jumlah QRS dan kalikan
10.
Normal : Isoelektris
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6
Siklus jantung
• Sistole
Fase kontraksi
Kedua ventrikel kontraksi secara simultan
• Diastole
Fase relaksasi
(a)Atriole systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces
START a small amount of additional
blood into relaxed ventricles.
(c)Ventricular systole—
Cardiac first phase: Ventricular
cycle contraction pushes AV
valves closed but does
not create enough pressure
to open semilunar valves.
370
(e)Ventricular diastole—early: msec (d)Ventricular systole—
As ventricles relax, pressure second phase: As ventricular
in ventricles drops; blood pressure rises and exceeds
flows back against cusps of pressure in the arteries, the
semilunar valves and forces semilunar valves open and
them closed. Blood flows blood is ejected.
into the relaxed atria.
Figure 12-11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 of 6
(a)Atriole systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces
START a small amount of additional
blood into relaxed ventricles.
0
msec 100
msec
Cardiac
cycle
Figure 12-11
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(a)Atriole systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces
START a small amount of additional
blood into relaxed ventricles.
(c)Ventricular systole—
Cardiac first phase: Ventricular
cycle contraction pushes AV
valves closed but does
not create enough pressure
to open semilunar valves.
Figure 12-11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 3 of 6
(a)Atriole systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces
START a small amount of additional
blood into relaxed ventricles.
(c)Ventricular systole—
Cardiac first phase: Ventricular
cycle contraction pushes AV
valves closed but does
not create enough pressure
to open semilunar valves.
370
msec (d)Ventricular systole—
second phase: As ventricular
pressure rises and exceeds
pressure in the arteries, the
semilunar valves open and
blood is ejected.
Figure 12-11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 4 of 6
(a)Atriole systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces
START a small amount of additional
blood into relaxed ventricles.
(c)Ventricular systole—
Cardiac first phase: Ventricular
cycle contraction pushes AV
valves closed but does
not create enough pressure
to open semilunar valves.
370
(e)Ventricular diastole—early: msec (d)Ventricular systole—
As ventricles relax, pressure second phase: As ventricular
in ventricles drops; blood pressure rises and exceeds
flows back against cusps of pressure in the arteries, the
semilunar valves and forces semilunar valves open and
them closed. Blood flows blood is ejected.
into the relaxed atria.
Figure 12-11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5 of 6
(a)Atriole systole begins:
Atrial contraction forces
START a small amount of additional
blood into relaxed ventricles.
(c)Ventricular systole—
Cardiac first phase: Ventricular
cycle contraction pushes AV
valves closed but does
not create enough pressure
to open semilunar valves.
370
(e)Ventricular diastole—early: msec (d)Ventricular systole—
As ventricles relax, pressure second phase: As ventricular
in ventricles drops; blood pressure rises and exceeds
flows back against cusps of pressure in the arteries, the
semilunar valves and forces semilunar valves open and
them closed. Blood flows blood is ejected.
into the relaxed atria.
Figure 12-11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6 of 6
Suara jantung
• Suara I: lub, suara rendah lembut, ok katup AV
tutup, awal sistole dan isovolumic contraction
• Suara II: dub, suara lebih keras, ok katup aorta
tutup, awal diastole dan isovolumic relaxation
• Suara lain: murmur, sistolik dan diastolik
Suara I : Penutupan katup AV
• Katub mitral , ICS V midclav
kiri
• Katub tricuspidal, ICS V
parasternal kiri
Suara II : Penutupan katup
semilunar
• Katup aorta, ICS II
parasternal kanan
• Katup pulmonal, ICS II
parasternal kiri
Heart rate
Satu Siklus Jantung terdiri atas:
Sistole = fase kontraksi = 0,3 det
Diastole = fase relaksasi = 0,6 det
0,9 det
Heart Rate = 60 : 0,9 = 66,6 67 x / menit
Normal 60 – 100 x / min 72 x / min
Bradikardi < 60 x / min
Takikardi > 100 x / min
Cardiac output
STROKE VOLUME ( ISI SEKUNCUP ) = SV
• SV = Jumlah darah yang dipompa satu kali oleh ventrikel kiri /
kanan.
• Pada manusia dewasa sehat SV + 70 ml
Stroke Volume = End Diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume,
70ml = 120ml – 50ml
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CURAH JANTUNG) = CO
• CO = Jumlah darah yang dipompa oleh jantung dalam 1
menit.
• CO = SV x HR = 70ml x 72x / menit = 5040 ml/menit ( 5000
ml/menit )
Pengaturan jantung
Intrinsik
• Heterometrik autoregulation
Pengaturan bila ada perubahan ukuran panjang
serabut otot jantung,terkait dengan Hukum Frank-
Starling,
• Homeometric autoregulation
Pengaturan tanpa ada perubahan panjang serabut
otot jantung, terkait dengan perubahan
metabolisme otot jantung, metabolisme
kekuatan elemen kontraksi
Ekstrinsik
Pengaturan ekstrinsik oleh saraf otonom
• Simpatik
Inotropik positif ( kekuatan kontraksi )
Chronotropik positif ( frek , 170-230 x/min) CO
• Parasimpatik
Inotropik negatif ( kekuatan kontraksi )
Chronotropik negatif (frek , maksimal menurun
sampai 20-30 x/min CO
Parasympathetic
innervation
• Releases
acetylcholine (ACh)
• Lowers heart rate
and stroke volume
Sympathetic
innervation
• Releases
norepinephrine (NE)
• Raises heart rate and
stroke volume
Kompensasi jantung
• Respon cepat
Respon cepat & lambat
Darah
• Plasma (liquid component)
• Formed elements (cellular components)
• Red blood cells (RBCs)
• White blood cells (WBCs)
• Platelets
Plasma
• Lebih dari 55% dari whole blood
• Kira-kira 92% dari plasma adalah air
• Has more protein and oxygen than interstitial fluid
• Plasma proteins terdiri dari 3 kelas
• Albumins
• Globulins
• Fibrinogen
Formed element
hematokrit
• Hematokrit merupakan persentase perbandingan
antara sel darah merah dengan volume darah
• Sel darah merah
• Transport oksigen dan karbon dioksida
• Lebih banyak hemoglobin
• Degenerasi setelah 120 hari
Figure 11-2
• Komposisi sel darah merah
• Hemoglobin merupakan 95% RBC protein
• protein globular terdiri dari empat subunit ,setiap subunit
mengandung:
• Sebuah rantai protein globin
• Sebuah molekul heme
• Sebuah atom besi
• Sebuah tempat yang mengikat untuk satu molekul oksigen
Figure 11-4
•The Origins and
Differentiation of RBCs,
Platelets, and WBCs
Figure 11-5
Origins and
Differentiation of
Formed Elements
Bone marrow
Release of
erythropoietin Stem
(EPO) cells
Increased
mitotic rate
Tissue
oxygen
levels Accelerated Erythroblasts
decline maturation
Reticulocytes
Tissue
oxygen
levels
rise
Improved
oxygen
content
of blood
Increased numbers
of circulating RBCs Figure 11-6
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Tissue
oxygen
levels
decline
Figure 11-6
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Release of
erythropoietin
(EPO)
Tissue
oxygen
levels
decline
Figure 11-6
3 of 7
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Bone marrow
Release of
erythropoietin Stem
(EPO) cells
Increased
mitotic rate
Tissue
oxygen Erythroblasts
levels
decline
Figure 11-6
4 of 7
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Bone marrow
Release of
erythropoietin Stem
(EPO) cells
Increased
mitotic rate
Tissue
oxygen
levels Accelerated Erythroblasts
decline maturation
Reticulocytes
Figure 11-6
5 of 7
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Bone marrow
Release of
erythropoietin Stem
(EPO) cells
Increased
mitotic rate
Tissue
oxygen
levels Accelerated Erythroblasts
decline maturation
Reticulocytes
Increased numbers
of circulating RBCs Figure 11-6
6 of 7
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Bone marrow
Release of
erythropoietin Stem
(EPO) cells
Increased
mitotic rate
Tissue
oxygen
levels Accelerated Erythroblasts
decline maturation
Reticulocytes
Tissue
oxygen
levels
rise
Improved
oxygen
content
of blood
Increased numbers
of circulating RBCs Figure 11-6
7 of 7
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Type atau golongan darah
• Ditentukan oleh ada atau tidak adanya antigen spesifik
(agglutinogens) di permukaan luar RBC
• Antigen disebut A, B, dan Rh
• Antibodi (aglutinin) dalam plasma bereaksi dengan antigen
asing pada sel darah merah, sel darah merah menggumpal
dan membuka
• Anti-Rh antibodi yang dibuat setelah terpapar sel darah
Figure 11-7(a)
+
Surface Opposing
antigens + antibodies Agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis
Figure 11-7(b)
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Surface
antigens
Figure 11-7(b)
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+
Surface Opposing
antigens + antibodies
Figure 11-7(b)
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+
Surface Opposing
antigens + antibodies Agglutination (clumping)
Figure 11-7(b)
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+
Surface Opposing
antigens + antibodies Agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis
Figure 11-7(b)
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• Sel darah putih (WBCs)?
• Disebut juga dengan leukosit
• Pertahanan tubuh terhadap:
• Pathogens
• Toxins
• Sel abnormal
• Sel rusak
Figure 11-8(a)
•White Blood
Cells
Figure 11-8(b)
•White Blood
Cells
Figure 11-8(c)
•White Blood
Cells
Figure 11-8(d)
•White Blood
Cells
Figure 11-8(e)
Platelets
• Diproduksi oleh bone marrow
• Berperan dalam proses pembekuan darah
Figure 11-9
•Events in the Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis
Figure 11-10
Nilai normal pemeriksaan darah
THE END