Learning Objectives
1 Identify the activities and users associated with accounting.
Identifying
Identifying
Select
Select transactions
transactions and
and
events
events to
Economic various
Recording
Recording
Input,
Information users
Input, measure
measure and
and classify
classify
Communicating
Communicating
Prepare,
Prepare, analyze
analyze and
and
interpret
interpret
the economic events of an organization to interested users
What is Accounting?
Illustration 1-1
Instructions
Categorize the accounting tasks performed by Jenks as relating to either the
identification (I),recording (R), or communication (C) aspects of accounting
8
Example Answer
C Analyzing and interpreting information.
R Classifying economic events.
C Explaining uses, meaning, and limitations of data.
R Keeping a systematic chronological diary of events.
R Measuring events in dollars and cents.
C Preparing accounting reports.
C Reporting information in a standard format.
I Selecting economic activities relevant to the company.
R Summarizing economic events
9
What is Accounting?
Internal
Users
Illustration 1-1
Questions that internal users
ask
LO 2
Users
Usersand
andUses
Usesof
ofFinancial
FinancialInformation
Information
External
Users
Illustration 1-2
Questions that external users
ask
LO 2
Who Uses Accounting Data
STAKEHOLDERS
1
Internal:
Pemilik,
manajer,
Eksternal:
Pelanggan,
kreditor,
2
pegawai pemerintah Ketahui
Identifikasi kebutuhan
stakeholders
informasi
Siapkan stakeholders
laporan
akuntansi
untuk
stakeholders
5
Rancang sistem
Catat data informasi
Sistem
ekonomik dari
aktivitas
bisnis
4 Informasi
Akuntansi 3
akuntansi untuk
memenuhi
kebutuhan
stakeholders
17
Ethics - A Key Concept
19
Ethics In Financial Reporting
Kecurangan dalam
Akuntansi dan Bisnis
Perusahaan Kecurangan Akuntansi Akibat
atau Bisnis
PT Kimia Farma Menggelembungkan nilai Direksi dan pemeriksa laporan keuangannya
penjualan dan persediaan. (auditor) didenda oleh Bapepam lebih dari
Rp500.000.000.
Enron Menggelembungkan hasil Pailit. Tuntutan pidana terhadap para eksekutif
kinerja keuangan. senior dan lebih dari $60 juta kerugian di pasar
saham.
Tiga Kantor Akuntan Memanipulasi hasil audit Dilarang mengaudit bank oleh pemerintah dan
Publik di Indonesia bank-bank yang diaudit saat bank yang terlibat dilikuidasi.
krisis ekonomi 1998.
Qwest Mengakui penerimaan Rp3 CEO dan para eksekutif didakwa atas
Communication miliar berdasarkan bukti “penipuan keuangan besar-besaran”.
International, Inc. penerimaan palsu.
Xerox Corporation Mengakui pendapatan Denda $10 juta oleh SEC. Enam eksekutif
sebesar $3 miliar yang harus membayar $22 juta.
seharusnya belum dicatat.
Peran Etika Dalam Akuntansi dan
Perusahaan
• Untuk mengatasi penyimpangan, Kongres AS
mengesahkan undang-undang baru untuk mengawasi
perilaku akuntan dan perusahaan.
Question
Ethics are the standards of conduct by which one's actions
are judged as:
a. right or wrong.
b. honest or dishonest.
c. fair or not fair.
d. all of these options.
24
Prinsip Akuntansi yang Diterima Umum
(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, GAAP)
25
Prinsip Akuntansi yang Diterima Umum
(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, GAAP)
Akuntansi dikembangkan dari suatu kerangka dasar akuntansi yang ditetapkan oleh
penyusun standar. Kerangka ini merupakan konsep dasar akuntansi yang berterima
umum.
Khusus untuk akuntansi keuangan, penyusunan laporan keuangan didasarkan pada
standar akuntansi yang ditetapkan oleh penyusun standar.
27
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Accounting Standards
Financial
Financial Statements
Statements
Various
Various users
users
Balance
Balance Sheet
Sheet
need
need financial
financial
Income
Income Statement
Statement
Statement
Statement of
of Owner's
Owner's Equity
Equity
information
information
Statement
Statement of
of Cash
Cash Flows
Flows
Note
Note Disclosure
Disclosure
PPL - IAPI
32
Accounting
Accounting Standards
Standards
• Untuk keseragaman laporan keuangan, laporan keuangan yang relevan dan reliable
(representational faitfullness)
• Memudahkan penyusun laporan keuangan karena ada pedoman baku sehingga
meminimalkan bias dari penyusun
• Memudahkan auditor dalam mengaudit
• Memudahkan pembaca laporan keuangan untuk menginterpretasikan dan membandingkan
laporan keuangan entitas yang berbeda.
• Pengguna laporan keuangan banyak pihak sehingga penyusun tidak dapat menjelaskan
kepada masing-masing pengguna.
33
Lima Pilar Standar Akuntansi Indonesia
IFRS hanya diadopsi PSAK full 2012. Tahun 2013 dilakukan revisi standar dan ditambahkan standar baru 65,
66, 67, 68 yang efektif pada 2015.
Pada 2015 dikeluarkan PSAK 69 Agrikultur dan revisi beberapa standar.
Pada tahun 2016 dikeluarkan PSAK 70 dan ED PSAK 71 & ED PSAK 72.
SAK ETAP dikeluarkan tahun 2010, dan 2016 dikeluarkan SAK EMKM
Pada 26 Mei 2016: Revisi PSAK 108 Akuntansi Transasi Asuransi Syariah dan PSAK 101 LK Syariah
Karakteristik IFRS
• IFRS menggunakan “Principles Base “ :
– Lebih menekankan pada intepreatasi dan aplikasi atas standar sehingga harus berfokus pada spirit
penerapan prinsip tersebut.
– Standar membutuhkan penilaian atas substansi transaksi dan evaluasi apakah presentasi akuntansi
mencerminkan realitas ekonomi.
– Membutuhkan profesional judgment pada penerapan standar akuntansi.
Konvergensi Konvergensi
Pra PAI IFRS 2008- IFRS 2012-
2012 2014
1973 8 Desember 2008
Komitmen
mendukung IFRS
sebagai standar
akuntansi keuangan
global
Karakteristik Elemen
Tingkatan kedua: mutu Laporan
- Konsep dasar pelaporan informasi Keuangan
QUALITATIVE ELEMENTS
CHARACTERISTICS 1. Assets
1. Fundamental 2. Liabilities
qualities 3. Equity Second level
2. Enhancing 4. Income Bridge between
qualities 5. Expenses levels 1 and 3
Conceptual OBJECTIVE
Framework for Provide information
Financial Reporting about the reporting
entity that is useful
to present and First level
potential The "why"—purpose
equity investors, of accounting
lenders, and other
creditors in their
capacity as capital
providers.
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Objectives
Memberikan informasi yang
Berguna untuk keputusan investasi dan kredit
Dapat membantu investor dan kreditor untuk menilai prospek arus
kas di masa mendatang
Menggambarkan sumber daya ekonomis, klaim atas sumber daya
tersebut dan perubahannya
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Second
SecondLevel:
Level:
1.1.Fundamental
Fundamental Concepts
Concepts
Relevance : informasi yang diberikan dapat memberikan perbedaan hasil keputusan
Predictive value
Feedback value
timelines
Faithful Representation : Penyajian Jujur berarti bahwa angka-angka dan deskripsi
sesuai dengan apa yang benar-benar ada atau terjadi
2. Enhancing Qualities
Dapat dibandingkan : disajikan dengan cara yang sama untuk perusahaan
yang berbeda
Konsisten : penerapan cara penyajian yang sama dari satu periode ke periode
berikutnya
The Building Blocks of Accounting
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Assumptions
Monetary Unit – include in the accounting records only
transaction data that can be expressed in money terms.
Now
Future
Going-Concern Assumption
Perusahaan diasumsikan tidak Time Period Assumption
bermaksud atau berkeinginan . Dianggap bahwa kehidupan suatu
melikuidasi atau mengurangi perusahaan dapat dibagi ke dalam
secara material skala usaha. periode waktu, seperti bulan dan
tahun
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Measurement
Revenue Recognition Principle Cost Principal Perolehan Aset
1. Recognize revenue when it is dicatat berdasarkan biaya aktual.
earned. Biaya yang sebenarnya dianggap
2. Proceeds need not be in cash. obyektif.
3. Measure revenue by cash
received plus cash value of Fair Value Principle aset dan
items received. liabilitas disajikan dalam laporan
keuangan sebesar nilai wajar
Full Disclosure
Expense recognition Principle
Menggunakan atau arus keluar dari aset
ataupun mengakibatkan terjadinya Sebuah perusahaan diwajibkan
kewajiban atas penyerahan atau untuk melaporkan rincian dari
memproduksi barang atau jasa selama
laporan keuangan yang akan
satu periode
berdampak pada keputusan
pengguna '
The Building Blocks of Accounting
Kelebihan
• Mudah mengorganisasikan
PD LARIS • Biaya mengorganisasikan
rendah
Kekurangan
• Sumber keuangan terbatas
• liabilitas tak terbatas
49
Tipe Organisasi Bisnis
50
Tipe Organisasi Bisnis
Kekurangan
• Terkena pajak dua kali
(Double Taxation)
51
Indicate whether each of the following statements presented
below is true or false.
Question
Combining the activities of Kellogg and General Mills
would violate the
a. cost principle.
b. economic entity assumption.
c. monetary unit assumption.
d. ethics principle.
Question
A business organized as a separate legal entity under law
having ownership divided into ordinary shares is a
a. proprietorship.
b. partnership.
c. corporation.
d. sole proprietorship.
= +
Assets Liabilitie Equity
s
Hak dari kreditor,
Sumber daya mencerminkan utang
yang dimiliki perusahaan Hak dari pemilik
perusahaan
Asset
Harta/kekayaan atau sumber-sumber
ekonomi yang dimiliki perusahaan yang
diharapkan akan memberikan manfaat
atau keuntungan pada masa yang akan
datang.
ASSET ACCOUNTS
Cash
Cash Accounts
Land Accounts
Land Receivable
Receivable
Buildings
Buildings Asset Notes
Notes
Receivable
Receivable
Accounts
Prepaid
Prepaid
Equipment
Equipment Accounts
Accounts
Supplies
Supplies
The Basic Accounting Equation
Liabilities
Claims against assets (debts and obligations).
Creditors - party to whom money is owed.
Accounts payable, Notes payable, etc.
Equity
= +
Assets Liabilitie Equity
s
Transaksi Bisnis
Transaksi bisnis adalah peristiwa ekonomi yang secara
langsung mengubah kondisi keuangan perusahaan atau
secara langsung mempengaruhi hasil operasi bisnis
Stockholders’
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
Illustration 1-8
Expanded accounting equation
LO 4
Jenis-Jenis Transaksi yang Memengaruhi
Ekuitas Pemilik
Ekuitas Pemilik
Jenis-Jenis
Transaksi Investasi Prive Pendapatan Beban
oleh (Penarikan
Pemilik ) Pemilik
Laba
(Rugi)
Bersih
The Basic Accounting Equation
Illustration 1-7
Revenues(Pendapatan)
result from business activities entered into for the purpose of earning
income.
Generally results from selling merchandise, performing services,
renting property, and lending money.
LO 6 State the accounting equation, and define its components.
Jenis-Jenis Pendapatan
The Basic Accounting Equation
Illustration 1-7
Expenses(Beban)
are the cost of assets consumed or services used in the process of earning revenue.
Common expenses are salaries expense, rent expense, interest expense, property
tax expense, etc.
Dividends
are the distribution of cash or other assets to shareholders.
Reduce retained earnings
Not an expense
Classification Effect on
Equity
1. Rent expense Expense Decrease
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (2). Purchase of Equipment for Cash. Softbyte purchases
computer equipment for €7,000 cash.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (3). Purchase of Supplies on Credit. Softbyte purchases for
€1,600 from Acme Supply Company computer paper and other supplies
expected to last several months. The purchase is on account.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (4). Services Provided for Cash. Softbyte receives €1,200
cash from customers for programming services it has provided.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (5). Purchase of Advertising on Credit. Softbyte receives a
bill for €250 from the Daily News for advertising but postpones payment until
a later date.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (6). Services Provided for Cash and Credit. Softbyte
provides €3,500 of programming services for customers. The company
receives cash of €1,500 from customers, and it bills the balance of €2,000
on account.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (7). Payment of Expenses. Softbyte pays the following
expenses in cash for September: store rent €600, salaries and wages of
employees €900, and utilities €200.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (8). Payment of Accounts Payable. Softbyte pays its €250
Daily News bill in cash.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (9). Receipt of Cash on Account. Softbyte receives €600 in
cash from customers who had been billed for services [in Transaction (6)].
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
Transaction Analysis
Transaction (10). Dividends. The corporation pays a dividend of €1,300 in
cash.
Illustration 1-10
LO 7
LEARNING Describe the four financial statements
5
OBJECTIVE and how they are prepared.
Statement of Statement
Income change in Balance
Statement shareholders of Cash
Sheet
equity Flows
Comprehensive
Income
Statement
LO 5
Financial Statements
Setelah transaksi dicatat dan dirangkum, laporan
kemudian disiapkan bagi pengguna. Laporan
akuntansi menyediakan informasi yang disebut
laporan keuangan.
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
Question
Net income will result during a time period when:
a. assets exceed liabilities.
b. assets exceed revenues.
c. expenses exceed revenues.
d. revenues exceed expenses.
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
Melaporkan
pendapatan dan beban
untuk suatu periode
tertentu.
Net income –selisih
lebih revenues
terhadap expenses.
Net loss –selisih lebih
expenses terhadap
revenues.
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
Financial
Statement
menjelaskan
alasan kenapa
Retained earning
meningkat atau
berkurang selama
periode tertentu.
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Melaporkan
SOFTBYTE INC
Balance Sheet
assets,
Liabilities
liabilities dan
Accounts payable $1,600 owner’s equity.
Equity
Balance Sheet
Assets
Cash $8,050
Supplies 1600
Equipment 7,000
Liabilities
Equity
Financial Statements
Information untuk periode
waktu tertentu.
Answers the following:
1. Where did cash
come from?
2. What was cash
used for?
3. What was the
change in the
cash balance?
SO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Comprehensive Income Statement
LO 8
Financial Statements
Question
Which of the following financial statements is prepared
as of a specific date?
a. Statement of financial position.
b. Income statement.
c. Retained earnings statement.
d. Statement of cash flows.
LO 8 Understand the four financial statements and how they are prepared.
Pengertian laporan keuangan
Merupakan laporan mengenai posisi
kemampuan dan kinerja keuangan
perusahaan serta informasi lainnya yang
diperlukan oleh pemakai informasi akuntansi.
Fungsi laporan keuangan
97
Financial Statements
Laporan Keuangan Menurut SAK ETAP
• Neraca(Balance Sheet)
• Laporan Laba-Rugi ( Income Statement)
• Laporan Ekuitas Pemilik ( Statement of owner’s Equity )
menunjukkan :
. (i) seluruh perubahan dalam ekuitas, atau
(ii) perubahan ekuitas selain perubahan yang timbul dari
transaksi dengan pemilik dalam kapasitasnya sebagai
pemilik;
• Laporan Arus Kas (Statement of Cash Flow),
• catatan atas laporan keuangan,
berisi ringkasan kebijakan akuntansi yang signifikan dan
informasi penjelasan lainnya
Financial Statements
99
Proprietorship SOFTBYTE
Owner’s Equity Statement
For the Month Ended September 30, 2017
Illustration 1-9
The ending
balance in SOFTBYTE
owner’s equity Balance Sheet
is needed in September 30, 2017
preparing the
balance sheet.
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements
and their
interrelationships
SOFTBYTE
Financial Balance Sheet
September 30, 2017
Statement
s
Illustration 1-9
Financial statements
and their
interrelationships
Pengaruh transaksi
Perubahan Aset dan utang yang Perubahan Aset dan utang Transfer
tidak terkait dengan modal yang terkait dengan modal pemilik
56
104
Continued
1-4
Example
Exercise
analysis 1-8
of the transactions made by Mark Kotsay & Co., a certifi ed public
accounting firm, for the month of August is shown below. The expenses were
$650 for rent, $4,800 for salaries and wages, and $500 for utilities.
Instructions
(a) Describe each transaction that occurred for the month.
(b) Determine how much owner’s equity increased for the month.
(c) Compute the amount of net income for the month.
56
105
APPENDIX 1A ACCOUNTING CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
Government Forensic
Careers with the tax authorities,
law enforcement agencies, and
Accounting
corporate regulators. Uses accounting, auditing, and
investigative skills to conduct
investigations into theft and fraud.