TERMODINAMIKA

KIMIA
KULIAH KIMIA DASAR
 Termodinamika Kimia
• Termodinamika adalah studi energi dan transformasinya (therme = panas
dan dynamis = tenaga).
• Termodinamika penting tidak hanya untuk kimia tetapi untuk bidang sains
lainnya dan menyentuh kehidupan kita sehari-hari.
• Termodinamika berhubungan dengan topik yang luas antara lain dengan
metabolisme, operasi industri, siklus materi, dll.
• Cakupan pembahasan dalam termodinamika disebut : SISTEM.
• Semua yang terdapat diluar sistem adalah LINGKUNGAN.
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 Pembagian Sistem
Antara sistem dan lingkungan tidak ada pertukaran energi
Sistem Tersekat
dan/atau pertukaran materi.

Contoh Termos air yang ideal (isolator berfungsi dengan sempurna).

Pertukaran energi antara sistem dan lingkungan dapat terjadi

Sistem Tertutup
tetapi tidak materi.
Sejumlah gas dalam silinder yang dilengkapi dengan
Contoh
pengisap.
Jika pertukaran energi dan pertukaran materi dapat tterjadi
Sistem Terbuka
antar sistem dan lingkungan.

Contoh Zat atau campuran zat dalam gelas kimia terbuka.

3
Hukum Termodinamika I

Konsep
Energi tidak dapat diciptakan atau dimusnahkan.

Energi total yang hilang oleh suatu sistem sama dengan energi total yang
diberikan oleh lingkungannya.

Demikian juga, energi total yang diberikan oleh sistem sama dengan
energi yang hilang oleh lingkungan.

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Energi Dalam
Energi Dalam Sistem (ΔE)
Energi total sistem merupakan jumlah semua energi kinetik dan energi potensial dari tiap
komponennya. Energi total ini disebut energi dalam sistem.

ΔE = E akhir - E awal
ΔE = positif = E akhir > E awal = sistem memperoleh energi dari
lingkungannya.

ΔE = negatif = E akhir < E awal = sistem memberikan energi ke

lingkungannya.
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Hubungan ΔE, Panas dan Kerja
● Jika sistem menerima panas, q = positif (+), jika kerja dilakukan pada
sistem, w = positif (+)
● Pada gambar dibawah panas (q) dan kerja (w) diserap oleh sistem, keduanya
= positif (+).
● Perubahan energi dalamnya, ΔE = q + w

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Fungsi Keadaan
● Besaran termodinamika yang hanya bergantung pada keadaan awal
dan akhir daru sistem dan tidak pada bagaimana perubahan terjadi,
disebut : Fungsi Keadaan.

● Beberapa fungsi keadaan : Energi dalam, entalpi, entropi, energi

bebas Gibbs.

● Panas dan kerja bukan fungsi keadaan.

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 Entalpi
• Untuk menghitung panas yang mengalir ke dalam atau ke luar sistem pada P
tetap, digunakan konsep entalpi, simbol = H

• Perubahan entalpi (ΔH) = selisih antara entalpi hasil dan entalpi pereaksi,
dengan kata lain ΔH sama dengan panas yang dilepaskan atau diserap.

• ΔH = E + PV atau ΔH = H (hasil) – H (pereaksi).

• ΔH positif atau negatif tergantung pada proses. Untuk proses endotermis, ΔH

positif (ΔH > 0), untuk proses eksotermis, ΔH negatif (ΔH < 0).
• Proses spontan memiliki nilai ΔH < 0

8
 Aplikasi Hukum Termodinamika I pada
Entalpi
• Jika V tetap, maka ΔV = 0, w = P ΔV = 0. Diperoleh : ΔE = q + w = qv
• ΔE = qv = Panas yang diserap atau dilepaskan pada V tetap.
• Jika reaksi pada P tetap menghasilkan kenaikan jumlah total mol gas, maka
sistem melakukan kerja terhadap lingkungan (ekspansi), jika sebaliknya
disebut (kompresi).
• Pada P tetap panas reaksi = ΔH (qP = ΔH), Sehingga ΔE = qP + w
• ΔE = ΔH – P ΔV. Jadi : ΔH = ΔE + P ΔV, dimana w = kerja ekspansi
nilainya negatif.
• Jika gas dianggap gas ideal, maka P ΔV = Δn.RT

9
 Petunjuk Penulisan Persamaan Reaksi pada
Termokimia
• Koefisien stoikiometri selalu merujuk pada jumlah mol tiap zat.
• Jika persamaan dibalik, fungsi pereaksi diubah menjadi hasil. Akibatnya besar
ΔH untuk persamaan ini tetap tetapi tandanya berbeda.
• Jika kedua sisi persamaan dikalikan dengan faktir n, maka ΔH juga berubah
dengan faktor yang sama.
• Keadaan fisik dari pereaksi dan hasil reaksi harus dituliskan.
• Entalpi zat bergantung pada suhu, dan perubahan entalpi juga bergantung pada
suhu tertentu.
• Perubahan entalpi biasanya diekspresikan pada suhu standar (250C).

10
 Entalpi Pembentukan dan Reaksi Standar
• Entalpi reaksi yang dilakukan pada keadaan standar disebut entalpi reaksi
standar, .
• = Σn (produk) – Σm (pereaksi).
• N = koefisien produk, m = koefisien pereaksi.
• Ada dua cara penentuan nilai suatu senyawa :
• Metode langsung
• Metode tidak langsung

11
Metode Langsung
C (grafit) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) = - 393,5 kJ

12
Table of contents
01 02 03
Statement Hypothesis Objectives
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here the section here

04 05 06
Methodology Analysis Conclusions
You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of You can describe the topic of
the section here the section here the section here

13
01 Statement
You can describe the topic of the section here

14
 98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention

15
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter's rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

386,000 km
Distance between Earth and the Moon

16
A picture always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember:
use an image instead of a long text. Your audience
will appreciate it

17
A picture is worth a thousand words
18
Awesome words

19
Current situation & problems statement
Problems
Current situation 1 Earth
Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest Earth is the third planet from
planet in the Solar System. It's the the Sun and has life
fourth-brightest object in the night
sky. It was named after the Roman Mars 2
god of the skies and lightning Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place

3 Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

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Hypotheses
1 Hypothesis 1
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life in the Solar System. All
humans live on this planet

2 Hypothesis 2
Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter
than Mercury—and its atmosphere is extremely poisonous

3 Hypothesis 3
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives the
planet its reddish cast
21
Study objectives

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust

22
Reviewing concepts is a good idea

Mars Venus Neptune

Mars is actually a very cold Venus has extremely high Neptune is the farthest
place temperatures planet from the Sun

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant with Jupiter is the biggest planet
planet to the Sun several rings of them all

23
Theoretical framework
Relevant theories
Theory 1
Saturn has a high number of
Our framework
moons, like Jupiter
Theoretical
Venus has a beautiful name and is Theory 2
framework
the second planet from the Sun.
Neptune is very far away
It’s hot and has a poisonous
from the Sun
atmosphere

Key terms
● Mercury is small
● Earth harbors life

24
Schedule
Task 1
Neptune is far away from Earth
Task 2
Mercury is a very small planet
Task 3
Saturn is a gas giant

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Task Description Date Status

Task 1 Mars is actually a cold place Jan 1 - Mar 15 Completed

Task 2 Earth harbors lots of life Feb 1 - Apr 30 In progress

Task 3 Venus has a beautiful name May 15 - Jun 30 Delayed

25
Methodology
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
Type of data smallest one in the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon

Venus has a beautiful name and is the second

Motives planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot—even hotter
than Mercury
Mercury
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place.
Data collection It’s full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet
its reddish cast

Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the

Sampling Solar System. It’s also the fourth-brightest object
in the night sky

26
Analysis & development
Phase 01
● Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s a
bit larger than the Moon
● Jupiter is a gas giant, the biggest planet in
the Solar System and the fourth-brightest
object in the night sky
● Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun.
It's also the fourth-largest planet by diameter
in the Solar System
27
Phase 02
● Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s terribly hot
—even hotter than Mercury
● Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings.
This planet is composed mostly of hydrogen
and helium
● Earth is the third planet from the Sun and
the only one that harbors life in the Solar
System
Analysis & development
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System The
planet’s name has nothing to do with the
liquid metal

● The Sun is the star at the center of the

Solar System

● Jupiter is the biggest planet in the

entire Solar System
Mercury Venus
It’s the closest Venus has a ● Saturn is composed mostly of
planet to the Sun beautiful name hydrogen and helium

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
28
Analysis of the results
15% - Mercury
Mercury is the smallest
planet of them all

25% - Venus
Venus is extremely hot,
even more than Mercury

60% - Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then actually a cold place
paste the new one here. For more info, click here

29
This is a map
Venus
Venus is the second planet
from the Sun

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun

Mars
Despite being red, Mars is a
very cold place

30
Conclusions

Mars Venus
Despite being red, Mars is Venus has a very beautiful name
actually a cold place. It’s full of and is the second planet from the
iron oxide dust Sun

Mercury Neptune
Mercury is the closest planet to Neptune is the fourth-largest
the Sun and the smallest one in planet by diameter in the Solar
the Solar System System

31
Bibliographical references
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher
Surname, A. (YEAR). Name of the source. Publisher

32
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