Perbedaan antara MOU dan

Treaty
 Antara lain :
• MOU is an instrument concluded between
states which do not intend to be governed by
Internasional law consequently is not legally
binding.
• Treaty is an insiturment concluded between
statses which intend to be governed by
Internasional law consequently is legally
binding .
• Presiden Clinton dengan Prime Minister Iris
yang bernama Aher mengadakan electronik
mail ,maka dihubungkanlah kedua surat
tersebut secara bersamaan ; apakah keduanya
treaty atau MOU . Surat tersebut disebut
Teraty karena diwakili oleh orang yang
berwenang dinegara ybs.
• Contoh : Iran Anglo comp v Iran apakah ini
perjanjian internasional atau bukan. Konsesi
diberiakan oleh Iran.
• Subyek hukumnya adalah Company atau PT
dengan Negara jadi = MOU.
• Tretay of Watangi yang dibuat oleh Ketua suku
mori dengan Gubernur di Australia= MOU
• Menurut US ; untuk membedakan Treaty dan
MOU adalah :
• Intention of the parties
• Their undertaking is legally binding or non
legally binding
• Form kata dalam pembendaharaan mis kata
shall untuk tretay diganti dgn will untuk MOU ;
dan kata come into forces untuk tiearty diganti
dengan come into operation untuk MOU.
• Agean sea continental shelf yang dibuat antara oleh
Greek ( Yunani) dengan Turki ; apakah hal
tersebut( Agean sea) disebut perjanjian
internasional ?
• Jawabannya adalah Agean sea yang dibuat oleh
Kedua orang yang berwenang tersebut disebut
Treaty.
• Alasanya : 1. Wewenang dari pembuatnya .
• 2. Agean sea continental shelf diatur oleh
Hukum Internasional
• Keuntungan dgn MOU adalah ;
• Confidentiality (mis di bidang pertahanan )
• Lack Of Formality – (biasanya perundingan
lebih cepat – mis Helsinki Final Act 1975 dan
NATO –Russia Founding Act 1977)
• Kerugian dgn MOU adalah ;
• Respect for MOUs may be seen as less
inportant than for Treaty
• Kerugian MOU ;
• Lack of Impelementing legislation
• Estopel ( itikad baik)
• Contohnya :
• State A memberi bantuan senilai 2 juta Eruo ; pada waktu tsb
diberikan 1 juta dibuatlah j
• embatan tsb, sewaktu pembrian kedua State A mengalami
perubahan pemimpin dan mengatakan Budgetnya tidak cukup
maka ditafsirkan sebagai Itikad Baik untuk menyelesaikan kasus
tersebut.
`
 Kapasitas untuk membuat Treaty
• Subyek Hukum Internasional yang terdiri dari
Negara negara atau internasional organisasi
atau perorangan (kasus Nurenberg).
• Contohnya:
• The Cook Island meskipun penduduknya 1500
tapi disebut negara dan banyak bergantung
kepada New Zealand .
• Vatikan diikat dengan Perjanjian Lateral Pact
yang dibuat oleh Vatikan dengan Itali .
• Taiwan ; pada waktu tahun 1949 orang –orang
Taiwan berhijarah ke suatu pulau yang dikenal
dengan Formosa .
• Taiwan menjadi anggota dari World Trade
agreement dng Austarlia , New Zeland karena
Taiwan sebagai wilayah yang diatur tersendiri –
custom territory.
• Pada tanggal 5 September 2000 Taiwan
menyelenggarakan MOU dengan negara seperti
Australia dan New Zealand .
• Palestina ; sejak konflik dgn israel 1967 , tanah
yang semula dikuasai oleh Palestina ,
kemudian dengan konfil tersebut dikuasai oleh
Israel dari Dulu wilayah Golan dan Jalur Caza
dikuasai oleh Israel .
• Di tahun 1988 Parlement Palestina
membentuk Palestina Liberation
Organization(PLO)
• TRNC disebut sebagai negara Turky Republik Northen Cyprus . Pada waktu itu ditahun 1963

• Terjadi pergerakan manusia yang mengarah ke utara Cyprus. Di area tsb government of cyprus
diberikan kesempatan membuat negara yang dikenal dgn nama TRNC.
• Western Sahara
• Terjadi gejolak didareah tsb antara Spanyol , PBB bertidak memadamkan dan wilayah tersebut
menjadi states .
• Federasi ; yang mewakili suatu Federasi adalah negara
federal sedangkan Overseas teritory adalah sekedar
wilayah yang bebas artinya tidak ada yang mengaturnya.
• HKSR Hongkong sepecial administrasi region
• Pada tgl 30 june 1997 dikembalikanlah Hongkong
kepada pemerintah China yang dengan menganut one
contries two system yang berbeda dgn China . Urusan
Luar negeri dan Pertahanan urusan CPG ( China people
government) , sedangkan urusan lainnya urusan
hongkong sendiri.
• Di tahun 1995 Hongkong menjadi pendiri dari
organisasi dagang dunia ( World Trade
Organization= WTO.)
• Antara tahun 2000 dan 2005 , Hongkong telah
menandatangi 63 Bilateral treaty yang
meliputi promosi, dagang, investasi . Seluruh
treaty tersebut ditandatangi dan mewakili
Hongkong Administration Region.
• Overseas ; jika melakukan tindakan harus
diberi kuasa atau harus ada autority dari
parent state
• Full Power atau Credentials
• Tindakan sepihak yang dilakukan oleh pihak
yang mau memberi surat kuasa.
• Perbedaan antara Full Power dan Crdential
kalau full Pow
• er bersifa absolut , kalau credensial bersfat
relative .
• Pengecualian yang tidak perlu menggunakan full
power adalah :
• Kepala negara (head of state)
• Menlu
• Utusan diplomatik
• Prosedure dalam membuat Full Power :
• Nama lengkap
• Nama treaty
• Tanda tangan dari ketiga yang dikecualikan tsb
• Tanggal dan tempat dari penandatangan
• Cap resmi
• Adoption dan Authentication
• Adoption adalah proses pembuatan treaty
yaitu melalui pengambilan keputusan 2/3 atau
berbeda rulenya .
• Authentication adalah preoses pembuatan
treaty untuk memeriksa keaslian treaty yang
dibuat.
• Consent to be Bound
• Artinya ;
• A State dalam hal ini sudah terikat pada
perjanjian atau disebut positiv act

• Pantisipasi in a treaty
• A state dapat terikat apabila para pihak
tergantung pada term of the treaty.
• The Council of Europe telah masuk dalam a
treaty sbb :
• 1. Treaties terbuka pada suatu organisasi
seperti the European Convention on Human
Rigths 1950 ;
• 2.Partial Agreement terbuka pada anggota
tertentu seperti : The COE Pharmacopeia
Conventian 1964 terbuka pada para p
• enandatangan asli dan the council of minister .
• 3. Treaties terbuka untuk para anggotanya
plus anggota international organisasi yang
begitu penting dalam the treaty ;
• 4. Treaties terbuka untuk para anggotanya ( a
state atau internasional organization ) yang
mangambil bagian dari permulaan;
• 5.increasingly, treaties dimana the European
entitled to be original signatory;
• 6. By Invitation dari Concil of Ministers untuk
akses setelah treaties tsb come into forces kadang
–kadang non member a council of europe.
• A state terikat perjanjian dgn adoptian or
authentication . Menurut pasal 11 , a state can be
express to be bound dengan al :
• -signature;
• -exchange of instrument constituting treaty
• -ratification,acceptance or approval
• - accession;
• - any agreed means

• Signature ad referendum
• Definisi signature membuat treties into forces
( berlaku) . Jika kemudian signature berarti
bahwa keseluruhan(Full) signature of the
treaty.
• Pada umumnya definisi signature subyek to
ratification article 12 – treaty of viena
menyatakan :
• Treaty menyediakan tanda tangan.
• Pendirian negara perunding mengungkapkan
persetujuannya.
• Maksud menggunakan full power sudah sejak
negosiasi.
• The convention , apakah effective date dari signature ad
referendum, the signature effective date sejak the date of
signature . The exact date will depend on the content of the
treaty.
• place of signature
• On 13 desember 2001 , the swedish foreign minister acting for
the host state sent note to the fourteen other states and two
international organization – negotiated the Global Water
Partnership Organisation
• The note suggested that either ( 1) the treaty could be signed
in stockholm (2) returned to the depository , executive scretary
the organization .. They around
• Initialling
• It is obviously preferable for each states to
initial ; a mixture of initials and signature
could easily lead to confusion as to the effect
of initialing.
• The Dayton Agreement
• This provided that :
• The dayton Agreement on Initialling shall
enter into force.
• Measures
• All members of the United Nations have legal
obligation to carry out the measures .
• The measures under the Antartic Treaty and
ICAO standart binding in internasional law .
• Drafting and Final Clause
• Treaties do not have to be any particular form. But , the
principal exceptions of Notes , most treaties consist of a
single main instrument yang mempunyai patern sbb :
• - Titel ;
• - Preamble;
• - main text ;
- final clause ;
- testimonium and signature block;
- attachment.
• Titel
• Name
• Treaty berarti namanya disebut Act , Charter ,
Covenant , Pact and Protocol;
• Memorandum of Understanding berarti nama
• nya disebut Arrangement
 Purpose
The Fish stocks Agreement is actually the Agreement for the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea of 10 Desember 1982
Multilateral Treaty :
The General Framework Agreement for Peace in
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 are known the place .
Hence ,Dayton agreement.
Thus , The convention on The Prohibition of The
Development , Production , Stockpiling and use
Chemical weapons and on their Destruction 1993
simply CWC.
The comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1996
hence CTBT
• Bilateral Treaty :
• Contohnya di Bilateral treaty :
• Agreement on Co operation in the field of
Tourism between the Government of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and the Government of the Republik of
Albania .
• Hence , Tourism Agreement.
• Preamble:
• The Preamble of Bilateral Treaty will usually
begin :
• The Government of Fredonia and the
Government of Utopia …
• Have agreed as follows :
• The Preamble of Multilateral Treaty should
begin :
• Final Clause
• Final Clause can include articles on ;
• - relationship to other treaties;
• - settlement of disputes ;
• - amendmend and review ;
• - status of annexes ;
• - signature ;
• -ratification ;
• - accession ;
• - entry into force ;
• - duration ;
• - withdrawal/ termination
• - provisional application
• - territorial application
• - reservations ;
• - depository ;
• - registration ;
• Authentic texts
• The States Parties to this Agreement /
Convention/ Treaty
• Main Text
• The Main Text is of course the heart of the
treaty.
• Treaty are tools of internasional life and so are
in constant use , should therefore be user
friendly .
• Testimonium
• Testimonium is the (fancy) latin name for the last,
formal part of a treaty beneath which the
representatives sign.

• Attachment
• If a treaty has attachment it will usually provide that
they are integral . They will be name variously
Annext , Protocol or appendix or schedule
•
• Reservation
• A state may have taken an active in drafting and fully support its
central objective.
• Its objective in Article 2 (1)(d)define a reservation as :
• A unilateral statement , however phrased or named , made by a
state when signing, ratifying,accepting approving , or acceding
to a treaty whereby it purports to exclude or to modify the legal
effect of certain provision of the treaty in their application to that
a state . For example : In the Rawle kennedy Case , Trinidad and
Tobago acceded to the First Optional Protocol to International
Covenant on Civil and Political rights ( ICCPR)– membolehkan
indiwidual untuk protes ke UN Human Rights Committee
• Today most treaties which expressly mention
reservations provide for them to be made on
ratification.
• Typically , the reservation will be contined in a
note or letter from a diplomatic representative
of the reserving state , and this should be
referred to in the instrument of ratification
• The ICJ had considered the legal effect of
reservation 50 years earlier in the Reservation to
the Genocide Convention Case in which the General
Assembly sought an Advisory Opinion on the legal
effect of reservations where there are objections to
reservation by other party to the treaty .
• If an Advisory Opinion concluded that a state in the
Genocide Convention case are considered to state
customer rule , thus the objections are acceptable.
• Hubungan Hukum Internasional dan Hukum
nasional
• Prof Bagir Manan , dituangkannya perjanjian
internasional ke dalam bentuk undang undang
pengesahan, terlepas dari arti kedudukan undang
undang ini , merupakan kontradiksi keilmuan.
• Undang undang no 24 tahun 2000 tentang
perjanjian internasional namun hanya menyatakan
bahwa perjanjian internasional disahkan dengan
undang undang / Peraturan Presiden .
• Kontradiksi ke-ilmuan , dalam teori hukum
tata negara perjanjian internasional (traktat )
sudah dikenal sebagai sebagai sumber hukum
dan kedudukannya bediri sendiri dan terpisah
dari undang undang
• Pengesahan perjanjian internasional dengan Undang
Undang berarti sbb :
• a.masalah politik, perdamaian,pertahanan dan
keamanan negara ;
• b.perubahan wilayah atau penetapan batas wilayah
negara RI;
• c.kedaulatan dan hak berdaulat negara;
• d.hak azasi manusia dan lingkungan hidup;
• e.pembentukan kaidah hukum baru ;
• F.pinjaman atau hibah luar negari.
• Perjanjian Internasional tidak termasuk dalam
Pasal 7 Ayat 1 undang undang 10 tahun 2004
tentang hierarki sebagai berikut :
• Undang Undang Dasar 1945;
• Undang Undang/Peraturan Pemerintah
Pengganti Undang Undang (Perpu);
• Peraturan Pemerintah(PP)
• Peraturan Daerah
• Peraturan Desa
• Dalam teori , terdapat beberapa pilihan hukum
yaitu :
• Aliran Dualisme yang menempatkan hukum
internasional sebagai sistem hukum yang terpisah
dari hukum nasional. Dalam hal ini tidak dapat
hubungan hierarki , dengan dikonversikannya
hukum internasional ke dalam hukum nasional dan
berlaku sebagai hukum nasional jadi tidak ada
konflik antara Hukum Nasional dan Hukum
internasional.
• Alaran Monisme yang menempatkan hukum
internasional dan hukum nasional sebagai
bagian dari kesatuan sistem hukum.
• Hukum internasional berlaku dalam ruang
lingkup satu kesatuan sistem hukum.
• Untuk aliran ini terbagi menjadi dua yaitu :
yang mendahulukan hukum nasional (primat
hukum nasional) dan mendahulukan hukum
internasional (primat hukum internasional)
• Monisme Dualisme
• Hukum Internasional dan Hukum interna-
• Hukum nasional merupakan sional dan huk-
• Suatu kesatuan sistem. Um nasional ber
• laku pada wila-
• yah yang berbe-
• beda .
• Hukum Monisme Hukum Dualisme
Aparat hukum mene- Aparat hukum mene-
rapkan norma hukum rapkan hukum in’l
dalam statusnya sbg – dlm statusnya sbg
Norma hukum in’l. norma hukum nas.
. Hukum Internasional Hukum internasional
di inkorporasi dgn hu- di transfomasikan ke-
kum nasional ke dlm hukum nasional
• Hukum Monisme Hukum Dualisme
Terbuka munculnya Tidak mungkin terjadi
konflik antara hukum konflik karena wilayahnya
Internasional dgn hu- berbeda
kum nasional.
Malahirkan primat
Hukum internasional
atau primat hukum –
nasional
• Contohnya penganut aliran monisme adalah Belanda ,
Italy , Perancis . Sedangkan penganut aliran dualisme
adalah AS, Inggris , Australia .
• Di AS perjanjian ada yang disebut Self executing dan Non
– self executing ; yang pertama self executing that may be
enforced by in the courts without prior legislation by
Conggres, non self executing treaties , conversely , as a
treaty that may not be enforced in the courts without
prior legislative implementation .
• Menurut penulis( Damos ) bahwa karakter self executing
di tentukan oleh perjanjian internasional itu sendiri.
• The COE Nationalty Convention 1977,Article 29(1)
, States this expressly in providing with exception
of certain chapters , reservations may be made to
the rest of the Convention so long as they are
compatible with its object and purpose .
• Wheter a reservation is permissable under
exception (a) or (b) will depend on interpretation
of the treaty .
• Exception ©: Exception (a) and(b) do not apply -
• and the reservation is incompatible with
object and purpose of the treaty
( Incompatibility test )
• Contohnya Perjanjian Pasar Bebas(Free Trade
Agreement) baik dgn pasar Jepang maupun
regional ASEAN , pihak tersebut memberikan
komitmen untuk menurunkan tarif , kemudian
tarif tsb berlaku untuk individual suatu
negara . Hal ini memerlukan Tarif yaitu
Menteri Keuangan mengeluarkan Peraturan
Menteri Keuangan untuk menetapkan pos
tarif tersebut.
• Contoh lainnya : Agreement on Trade in Goods
of the Framework Agreement on
Comprehensive Economic Co operation
between the Asosiation of Southeast Asian
nations and the People’s Republic of China
2004 sebagai berikut :
• Article 23
• Entry into Force
• 1. This Agreement shall enter in force on I July 2003.
• 2. The Parties undertake to complete their internal procedures
for the entry into force of this Agreement prior 1 July 2003.
• 3. Where a Party is unable to complete its internal procedure
for the entry into force of this Agreement by 1 July 2003, the
rights and obligations of that Party under this Agreement shall
commence on the date of the completion of such internal
procedures.
• 4. A party shall upon the completion of its internal precedures
for the entry into force of this Agreement notify all the other
Parties in writing .
• Jika diteliti maka membedakan pengertian yaitu : “
berlakunya pada tanggal 1 juli 2003”, dan “ mengikatnya
“ terhadap suatu negara”. Apabila negara belum selesai
“ internal prosedure “ pada tanggal 1 Juli 2003. Apakah
pada tanggal 1 juli 2003 negara tersebut berlaku
perjanjian tersebut. Negara yang pertama
menyampaikan notifikasinya pada tanggal 5 Januari
2004 adalah Vietnam , dan negara yang kedua Laos
pada tanggal 8 Januari 2004. Menurut ayat 3 maka
negara vietnam berlaku pada tanggal 5 Januari 2004 dan
Negara Laos berlaku pada tanggal 8 januari 2004.
• Hukum Nasional dan Praktik Indonesia tentang status Perjanjian
Internasional
• Menurut Pidato Muhamad Hatta , dan Prof. Mochtar
Kusumaatmadja , dan Prof. Utrech , pada tanggal 11 Agustus
1950 : “ Berdasarkan anggapan anggapan yang diterima dalam
pergaulan negara –negara maka traktat lebih tinggi daripada
undang undang dasar “ . Indonesia mengarah pada monisme
primat hukum internasional dan menyarankan agar dikemudian
hari pilihan politik hukum yang diambil adalah aliran ini .
• Menurut pasal 11 UUD 1945 hanya menyebut “ Presiden dalam
membuat perjanjian internasional harus mendapat persetujuan
DPR serta menetapkan kriteria lainnya yang perlu mendapat
persetujuan DPR. “
• 2.Undang Undang no 24 tahun 2000 ini hanya
praktek RI tentang kodifikasi yang sebelumnya
berdasarkan Surat Presiden RI no 2826 /HK/1960 ,
dan belum ada benturan hukum di kedua sistem
tsb.
• 3.Dalam hal ini hukum tata negara belum terdapat
disiplin yang kolaboratif dari hukum internasional
dan hukum tata negara tentang masalah ini
( Hukum monisme dan Hukum Dualisme).
• Menurut kriteria umum sebagai berikut :
• 1. Para perumus Undang undang ini (UU No 24 tahun 2000)
dipengaruhi oleh Prof. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja bahwa
Indonesia menganut aliran primat hukum internasional ,
contohnya undang undang No 24 tahun 2000 Pasal 13
menginstruksikan bahwa setiap undang undang atau
Perpres yang mengesahkan perjanjian internasional
ditempatkan dalam lembaran negara , dengan
penempatanya dalam lembaran negara tsb mengikat
seluruh warga negara Indonesia. Dimasukannya dalam
Lembaran negara tsb , maka perjanjian tsb mengikat seluruh
warga (sangat kental dgn warna monisme).
• 4.Yurisprudensi Indonesia belum memberikan atau belum
berkontribusi untuk mengidentifikasikan persoalan ini (ke
dua sistem hukum Monisme atau Hukum
Dualisme )sehingga nyaris bukan persoalan juridis yang
perlu mendapat perhatian.
• Dengan kenyataan ketertinggalan pembangunan sistem
hukum ini maka jika memilih :
• A. Monisme , maka Indonesia cukup melakukan
inkorporasi norma norma perjanjian internasional melalui
mekanisme pengikatan diri ( tanda tangan , ratifikasi atau
aksesi) terhadap perjanjian yang dimaksud.
• Dualisme , maka konsekensinya adalah Indonesia
harus merenungkan seluruh norma norma
Perjanjian internasional ke dalam undang undang
nasional.Jika proses pembentukan norma
perjanjian internasional tidak dapat diimbangi
dengan proses pembentukan perundangan
undangan nasional maka Indonesia akan terus
menerus mengalami ketertinggalan dengan
dinamika yang berkembang di masyarakat
internasional.
• Menurut Muhammad Hatta bahkan mengarah
ke supremasi Perjanjian Internasional
terhadap hukum nasional yang berarti bersifat
monisme .
• Sistem hukum indonesia berakar pada pola
pikir eropah kontinental yang pada umumnya
berkarakter monisme.
• Hukum internasional dengan sendirinya cukup
jelas menempatkan kedudukan Hukum
nasional.Pasal 26 Viena Convention on
Treaties mengatur prinsip fundamental hukum
perjanjian internasional yaitu Pacta Sunt
servanda yang menyatakan bahwa perjanjian
mengikat para pihak yang membuatnya dan
harus dilaksanakan dengan itikad baik.
 Entry Into Force
• Entry into Force ( berlakunya Perjanjian
Internasional )
• When a treaty has entered into force , it binds
only those states which have consented to be
bound by it.
• However , none of this means that a treaty will
have no legal effects before it enters into force
• A treaty enters into force in such manner and on such date as
provided for in the treaty or as the negotiating states may agree
article 24 (1) are various ways ;
• 1. On ratification by both all signatories states
• The Europol convention 1995 , article 45 (1) provides that ;
• This Convention shall enter into force on-
• the month following the expire of a three-
• month period after the notification by the
• member state which, being a member of the Eu-
• ropean Union on the date of adoption by the
• councill of the act drawing up this convention , is
• the last to fulfill that formality .
• 2.The minimum number for a multilateral a treaty is
two.The four Geneva Convention of 1949 , their
Additional Protocol of 1977 , and other treaties on
international humanitarian law require only two
ratification to enter into force.
• 3. Conditional on the ratification of certain states a
specified by number , name category . The nuclear Non –
Proliferation Treaty 1986 provided for entry into force
after ratification by forty signature states , including
ratification by the three depository states , the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom and United States .
• 4.As in (2) or (3) above , but the minimun
number of states or organisations must also
fulfill other conditions.
• The Kyoto Protocol 1997 could enter into force
only when it had received fifty five
ratifications, including the parties listed in
Annex I who acccounted in total for at least 55
percent of the total carbon dioxide emissions
for 1990.
• 5. On The exchange of instrument of
ratification ( bilateral Treaty).
• 6. On notification by each signatory state to
the other of the completion of its contitutional
requirements. Again , this is more common for
bilateral treaties, or multilateral treaties which
are bewteen only a few states .
• No provisions or agreement on entry into force
• If the treaty has no express provision on entry
into force , and there is no other agreement
about it between the negotiating states , the
treaty will enter into force as soon as all those
states have consented to be bound article 24
(2)
• Date entry into force
• In the case of multilateral treaties it usual to
provide that the date of entry into force will be
specified number of days, weeks or months
following the deposit of the last instrument of
ratification which is needed to bring the treaty
into force of the Viena convention.
• The CoE Protection of National Minorities
Framework Convention 1995 provides that it :
• shall enter into force on the first of the -
• month following the expiration of period of
• three months after the date on which twelve
• Members States of the Councill of Europe –
• have expressed their consent to be bound .
• In case of a bilateral treaty , it is good to
practice to confirm the date in the Certificate
of exchange of Instrument of ratification.
Effect from which the treaty speaks
• Ratification after the treaty has entered into
force
• A multilateral treaty will usually provide that it
will enter into force for such a state once a
specified period has elapsed following
deposit .
• A Treaty does not have to be retroactive effect
so as to bind a party with respect to any act or
fact which took place , or any situation which
ceased to excist , before its entry into force for
that party , unless this is provided for in the
treaty .
 Restrictive Interpretation
• Case studi ;
• In the Land Reclamation case, the
International Tribunal on the Law of the
Sea(ITLOS)unanimously directed Singapore not
to conduct its land reclamation in ways that
might cause irreparable perejudice to the
rights of Malaysia or serious harm to the
marine environment.
• In ordering prelimanary measures, the tribunal
chose not to rely on the commitment of the
Government of Singapore would seriously
reexamine its works and consider taking such steps
as are necessary and proper , including a
suspention … to dealt with the adverse effect in
question. President Nelson considered that the
Order of the Tribunal :
• …seems to run the risk of prescribing certain
• provisional measures which the Respondent --
• --- Singapore – has already pledge itself to
• undertake . In this sense the argument may
• be made that Tribunal has failed to take in-
• to account an important principle of law
• that good faith is to be presumed.
• The tribunal had noted the commitment , but believed
nonetheles that it was necessary to build on Singapore’s
statement by ensuring no action would be taken to
prejeudice …. In short, the pledge was not sufficient to
remove the need for the prelimanary order.
•
• Final clause can include articles on :
• relationship to other treaties;
• settlement of disputes;
• amendement and review;
• status of annexes;
• signature;
• ratification;
• accession ;
• entry into force;
• duration ;
• withdrawal/termination;
• provisional application;
• reservation ;
• depository;
• registration;
• authentic text .

•
• When a treaty how disputes can be settled , it
usually provides for a prelimanary
Dispute Settlement phase
where the parties seek to settle the dispute by
direct negotiations or consultations .
• Even if the dispute is eventually refered to
arbitration or judicial settlement , it is
desirable the the points at issue should be
better defined by such contracts.
• And, although formal methods of dispute settlement have important role to play , they are usually no substitute for a carefull negotiated settlement.
• Some treaties require the parties to a dispute to do more than enter into consultations or negotiations with a view to reaching a settlement or to
agreeing on another method settlement . Thus , the negotiations must be conducted purposefully.
• For reasons already given, the MOU, though not itself legally binding , may nevertheless have legal consequences , as was demonstrated in the
award in the UK-US User Charges Arbitration
• Involvement of third parties
• If the method is mediation or conciliation, unless the agreement provides for the parties to accept the recommendations of third party (which is not
usual ), neither party will be bound by them.
• Conciliation
• Conciliation may be provided for in the treaty itself or in a general treaty on settlement of disputes to which the parties in dispute are both bound ,
or it may be agreed ad hoc. The nature of conciliation is neatly expressed in the Annex to the Vienna Convention itself , which provides for the
conciliation of disputes between parties to the Convention in certain limited circumstantes . Part of it provides that ;
• (4) The Concilaiation Commission may draw the attention of the parties to disputes to any measures which might facilitate an amicable settlement .
• (5)the comission shall hear the parties , examine the claims and objections , and make proposals the parties with view to reaching an amicable of the
dispute.
• This formula became a model for multilateral treaties , in particular for the Law of the Sea Convention 1982
• The results of conciliation are almost invariably non-binding . Once again , the matter is well expressesd in the Annext to the Vienna Convention :
• (6) ….. The report of the Commission , including any conclusions stated therein regarding the facts or questions of law , shall not be binding upon the
parties and shall have no other character than that of recommendations submitted for the consideration of the parties in order to facilitate an
amicable settelement of the dispute.
• compulsory binding settlement
• In international law a state cannot be compelleed to accept the jurisdiction of an international court or tribunal ; first , it has consent to the
jurisdiction.
• The two principal characteristics of compulsory binding settlement are ( 1) a prior agreement to submit disputes to a third party and ( 2)that the
decision of the third party is legally binding on the parties in disputes . These two elements may be provided for in the treaty which is subject of the
diputes …
•
• in a general treaty on the sett
disputes to which the parties
bound or ad hoc. But even if
for method of compulsory th
settlement , unless the provis
drafted one party may , in pra
delay the process.
 Arbitration
• Arbitration is the submission of a dispute to
jugde or jugdges , in principle chosen by the
parties , who agree to accept and respect the
judgement . The judges are termed
‘ arbitrator ‘ and their judgement is
refered to as ‘award’.
• Many multilateral and bilateral treaties contain
arbitration clauses and more treaty disputes are dicided
by arbitration than judicial settlement. That arbitration
is more common is certainly not because it is necessary
quicker , cheaper or less complicated , but because the
parties may better able to control the process.
• Since arbitration is a consensual process, the parties
must first agree that the dispute will be taken to
arbitration. This can be done by the following methods :
• (1) A treaty under which the parties agree to
submit future disputes ( no just about
treaties ) to arbitration . The treaty can be
multilateral or bilateral .
• (2) A clause in a treaty (known as a
‘compromise clause ‘)under which the parties
agree to submit all or part of their future
disputes regarding the interpretation or
application of the treaty to arbitration.
• ( 3) A compromis. If there is no existing
agreement, or if it does not contain enough
detail, it will be necessary for the parties to
conclude a treaty called a compromis . The
compromis set out all the details of the
establishment and procedure of the arbitral
trebunal . It usually covers :
• . composition of the tribunal;
• . appointment of its members, including the filling
of vacancies ;
• . appointment of agents of the parties ;
• . question( s) to be decided ;
• . rules of procedure and methods of works ;
• . language (S);
• . applicable law ;
•
• . seat of the tribunal ;
• . appointment of the secretary of the tribunal
and his staff;
• . the binding nature of the award ;
• . costs.
 Dispute settlement System (DSS)
• A unique feature of WTO DSS is the use of a two tiered
system.
• The WTO DSS will start with a consultation process
between two members who are in dispute. When such
a consultation fails to reach an agreement , a litigation
procees involing a panel will follow . If unsatisfied with
the final ruling of the panel , the parties have the
option to appeal to the Appellate Body . To this end ,
the Appelate Body is endowed with the power to
endorse, revise or rewerse the legal findings and
conclusions of a panel.
• Despite its touted success , the current DSS
arguably still has some that affect the interest of
WTO members. Developing and least developed
countries ( LDCs) still face diificulties in assessing
and utilizing the DSS. High legal and administrative
costs, limited knowledge of WTO rules and
agreements, as well less knowledge and experience
in the use of litigation strategies, are examples of
these common challenges .
•
• The current biggest challenge to DSS ,
however, is caused by the Appellate Body’s
lapse into paralysis, following the United
Sates’opposition to the selection process
aimed at filling vacant positions in the body.
As such , since 2019 , the outgoing members
of the Appelate Body have not been replace
• Indonesia is cognizant that WTO DSS reform
will have significant implications for the
functioning of the entire multilateral trading
system . Our priority is clear , to ensure the
ongoing WTO DSS reform process produces
implementable , meaningful and durable
recommendations , and thus create a DSS
more fit for purpose.
• Going forward, Indonesia will continue to
work constructively with all members to
achieve the necessary and effective reform of
the WTO ‘s DSS and thus contribute to the
development of a better , just and fair global
trade system at the WTO.
 Judicial Settlement
• Like an arbitral award, a judgement of
Internasional Court of Justice is binding on
parties, who can only be states.
 Case Study
• This was well illustrated in the Southern Blue Fin Tuna Case .
Australia and New Zealand claimed Japan was in breach of
the Southern Blue Fin Tuna Conservation Convention 1993,
but Japan had not consented under its Article 16 to refer the
dispute to the International Court of Justice or Arbitration.
They therefore sought to have their claim heard by a tribunal
established under Annex VII of the Law of the Sea Convention
1982. In 2000, the tribunal held that there was only one
dispute , and it was under the 1993 Convention.
• Since Japan had not consented under that convention to any
means of compulsory dispute settlement , the tribunal had no
jurisdiction.
 Internasional Organisation
• The Important of International organisation for treaties is fourfold
;
• First , they are creations of treaties . Secondly ,international legal
personality is essensial element . Thirdly , being subjects of
international law , they can and do conclude many treaties with
other such subjects , both states and international organisation .
Fourtly , today most multilateral treaties are negotiated and
concluded within international organisations or at conferences
convened by them .
• The responsibility for the acts of international organisations,
dispute settlement within them, some special cases and the
European community and ASEAN CHARTER, will be discused at the
end of the chapter .
 Establishment by treaty
The international organisation is member of
states under Swiss law .
Many constituent instruments provide for their
amendement or revision. Article 108 and Article
109 of the UN charter are the most effective , in
that once and adopted amendement has been
ratified by two thirds of the UN membership ,
including all five permanent members , it comes
into force all members.
• As a subject of international law , in principle
an international organisation can become a
member of another internasional organisation
, provided the latter’constituent instrument
permits this.
 Interpretation of the constituent
instrument
• If the constituent instrument was concluded
after entry into force of the vienna convention
for states concern , the convention will apply
to it (Artcles 4 and 5) . If not , the convention
will apply only as customary law .
• They do not suggest that in interpreting the
Charter the court has been minded to follow a
doctrine , teleological approch .
• Articles 20(3)of the 1969 Convention provides
that , unless the constituent instrument
provides otherwise , a reservation to the
instrument requires the acceptance of ‘the
competent organ ‘of the organisation. This is
essensial to preserve the integrity of the
constituent instrument
 Membership
• Each internasational organisation has its own
provisions on membership . These usually
involve a decision on an application for
membership being taken by a specified
majority of the members of certain organ or
organs of the organisation. For example : In
ASEAN Charter , members must be dicided by
all existing members .
Certain organisations admit as member non –state entities on the
basis that they are separate custom territories . Thus , china , Hong
Kong (HKSAR) as well as chinese taipei (taiwan)are full members of
the WTO , as is China itself . Both china and HKSR are members of
the International Textiles and Clothing Berau , the World Trade
Organisation.
• If a new state is the result of the Union of two states, and one or
both was a member of the organisation before the union , the
new state will usually be accepted as a member under its new
name and without having to apply for membership. When the
two Yemens joined together as one state they retained one seat
in the United Nations under the name of Yemen , no application
for membership being required .
 Internasional legal personality
• The most distinctive characteristic of an international
organisation is that in international law it has legal
personality separate from its members . In this regard ,
it is rather like a joint stock company , which is l
• egally separate from its shareholders.
• The others distinctive characteristic of typical
international organisations are the they are financed by
the members and have two main organs an assembly,
in which all the members are etitiled to sit and
executive body (often with restricted membership)
 Treaties between states and internasional organisation or between international
organisations : the 1996 convention.

• An international organisation (as defined in

this chapter )has the capacity to conclude a
treaties, bilateral or multilateral, if this is
provided for in its constituent instrument or if
is indispensable for the fulfilment of its
purposes.
 Capacity of the ASEAN CHARTER AND the
ASEAN CHARTER to conclude treaties
• ASEAN CHARTER di resmikan di Singapore
pada tahun 2007 , dan ciri –cirinya adalah
ASEAN mempunyai legal personalities dan
mempunyai kewenangan membuat perjanjian
tersendiri.
• Soal hukum perjanjian internasional
• Apabila suatu negara A yang mempunyai kebijakan perdagangan tidak
sesuai dengan yang dianut oleh negara Maju , complain tersebut
ditujukan kemana sebutkalah kedua system complain yang terdapat di
WTO (World Trade Organisation)?Jelaskanlah ke dua system tersebut ?
• Coba jelaskan apa yang dimaksud dgn Legal Personality yang dimiliki
oleh Internasional organisasi , dan apakah ada beda dengan yang
dimaksud dengan Personalitas Hukum dalam hukum perseroan , dan
berikan alasan alasanya ?
• Apakah yang dimaksud dengan International Organisation ? Dan ,
mengapa terdapat beberapa internasional organisation , apa yang
membedakan diantara Internasional organisation ? Coba jelaskan
secara singkat ?