BIDANG FARMASI
TIM BIOTEKNOLOGI
FARMASI
TEKNIK DALAM BIOTEKNOLOGI
1. POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
2. TEKNOLOGI DNA REKOMBINAN (KLONING)
3. DNA FINGER PRINTING, TEST DNA
4. TEKNOLOGI ANTIBODI MONOKLONAL
5. FERMENTASI-> PRODUKSI PROTEIN TERAPEUTIK SKALA BESAR
6. KULTUR JARINGAN TANAMAN-> INANG UNTUK KLONING
7. TRANSGENIK-> GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM (GMO)
8. STEM CELL
9. NANOBIOTEKNOLOGI
10. DLL
PERAN BIOTEKNOLOGI DI BIDANG FARMASI
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/
wnan.1598
REPOXYGEN (nama GEN
TERAPI
dagang):untuk pasien anemia akut
akibat kerusakan ginjal (sel-sel ginjal
tidak dapat memproduksi protein
eritropoietin/EPO, protein yang
berperan dalam eritropoiesis yaitu
pembentukan sel darah merah di
sumsum tulang belakang
WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency):
gen atau sel doping adalah gen atau sel
yang memiliki kapasitas untuk
meningkatkan performa (genetically
modified athlete), NON GEN TERAPI->
tahun 2003 dilarang
CRISPR: Clusteres Regularly
Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/nobel-prize-in-
chemistry-for-crispr-technology/
APLIKASI CRISPR/Cas 9
• TERAPI PENYAKIT (GENETIK)
• Anemia bulan sabit (cell sickle anemia)
• Thalasemia
• Duchenne muscular dystrophy (degenerasi otot)
• HIV (penelitian pada sel kultur)
• TERBARU:
• Deteksi covid-19 (setujui FDA)
• Terapi covid-19 (penelitian)
CRISPR/Cas: DIAGNOSIS COVID-19
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4933
CRISPR/Cas: TERAPI
COVID-19
RNA TERAPETIK
• RNA TERAPETIK: pengobatan berbasis RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
• TIPE RNA TERAPETIK
1. asRNA (antisense RNA)
2. siRNA (small interfering RNA)
3. RNA aptamer
4. mRNA (messenger RNA) atau (RNA
duta)
Types of RNA therapy. (A) Antisense RNA (single-stranded RNA). The single-stranded antisense RNA is designed to bind to pre-
or mature mRNA. After binding, it modulates the splicing of pre-mRNA or induces the degradation of mRNA. It can also inhibit
the translation of mRNA into protein. (B) Small interfering RNA (double-stranded RNA). The small interfering RNA (siRNA) is
introduced as a double-stranded form. After loading into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), one strand is removed after
strand separation. The siRNA-RISC complex binds to target mRNA sequence-specifically and cleaves the mRNA (depicted as
scissor) inducing its degradation. (C) RNA aptamer. The RNA aptamer can bind to a specific protein and block its function. (D)
Messenger RNA. After the messenger RNA (mRNA) is introduced into the cells, cellular machinery including the ribosome
translates its information into a protein, the final product that can work as an enzyme or antigen.
RNA ANTISENSE
Familial hypercholesterolemia,
cholesterol reducing drug
PROTEIN TERAPETIK
TAHAPAN PRODUKSI PROTEIN REKOMBINAN
Produksi Ekstraksi,
Kloning
protein Pemurnian,
Protein Formulasi
Skala besar Karakterisas
rekombina (Fermentasi
n i protein
) Memenuhi
persyaratan:
mutu, efikasi,
safety
INSULIN
tingproject.org/
DNA FINGERPRINTING
DNA
PROFILING
GENOTYPING
https://nebula.org/blog/paternity-test/ https://www.katinamichael.com/research/2014/1/7/towards-
the-blanket-coverage-dna-profiling-and-sampling-of-citizens
DNA FINGERPRINTING: dikembangkan oleh Alec Jeffreys (1894)
DNA mitokondria (berubah, maternity), DNA inti (tidak berubah)
Sampel: rambut, kuku, darah (leukosit, epitel bibir (puntung rokok), keringat, saliva , sperma
https://www.abcam.cn/kits/elisa-principle
https://www.researchgate.net/post/what_the_differences_between_direct_and_in_direct_ELISA
RAPID TEST-ANTIBODI (COVID-19)
Mendeteksi antibodi
(IgM dan IgG, Ig:
imunogloubulin)
IgM: dihasilkan hari
ke-8 setelah pasien
terpapar virus
IgG: dihasilkan terus
menerus setelah hari
ke-12 pasien
terpapar virus
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Peanut-allergens-identi-ed-to-date-
The-size-of-the-ellipses-approximately-corresponds-to_fig1_264668652
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Immunoglobulin-E-and-the-allergic-
cascade-IL-indicates-interleukin-Sxs-symptoms_fig1_234042319
Immunoglobulin E and the allergic cascade (IL indicates interleukin; Sxs, symptoms). After allergen
sensitization, cytokines stimulate B cells to produce allergen-specific IgE. Immunoglobulin E molecules then
circulate and bind to high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI) on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Activation
of mast cells and basophils by cross-linking of the surface IgE molecules leads to degranulation and release of
mediators. Adapted from Brownell and Casale
https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/451593/fnut-
06-00068-HTML/image_m/fnut-06-0 0068-g001.jpg
DETEKSI DNA BABI: PRODUK
HALAL
Provenge
direkomendasikan untuk
kanker prostat yang telah
menyebar (metastasis)
Dendritic cell vaccine and candidate vaccine licensed and in clinical development
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257740128_Vaccines_of_the_future/download
PERSONAL
VAKSIN
1. Ekstraksi APC d ari darah
pasien
2. Kombinasi APC dengan
protein atau antigen PAP
(overproduksi pada pasien,
BIOMARKER-> IMMUNE
BOOSTING COMPLEX
3. APC ‘ENGULF’PAP-> APC
teraktivasi
4. APC teraktivasi disuntikkan
ke peredaran darah pasien
5. Sel T terinduksi
6. Sel T bereplikasi mencari
dan membunuh sel kanker
VAKSIN EDIBEL: FOOD VACCINE
• Vaksin yang dapat dimakan
• Gen patogen (bakteri, virus) dimasukkan
kedalam sel tanaman (baik secara langsung
maupun tidak langsung)
• Tanaman menghasilkan protein (antigen)
vaksin-> tanaman sebagai pabrik (bioreakator)
untuk produksi vaksin
• Moleculer pharming: pertanian molekuler.
Misalnya: kentang, padi, tomat, pisang, lettuce,
wortel dll
• Edible algal vaccines
• Probiotics as edible vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc
/articles/PMC7445323/figure/F1/?
report=objectonly
FARMAKOGENOMIK:
The Right Drug to the Right Person-Personalized
(Precision ) Medicine
FARMAKOGENOMIK
Kombinasi ilmu farmakologi dan genomik
(mempelajari gen dan fungsinya)
Farmakogenomik: difokuskan pada pemahaman
bagaimana variasi genetik mempengaruhi respon
individu terhadap obat
Obat-obatan dapat dibuat khusus, disesuaikan
dengan susunan genetik setiap individu
Meningkatkan keberhasilan terapi obat
Meminimalkan efek samping atau efek toksiknya
WARFARIN
Antikoagulan oral : mencegah pembekuan darah
(menghambat pembentukan atau fungsi faktor-
faktor pembekuan darah)
Mekanisme kerja: menghambat (kompetitif)
vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1
(VKORC1), enzim untuk mengaktivasi vitamin K ->
produksi vitamin K menurun-> pembekuan darah
dicegah
• SNIP (Single nucleotide polymorphism)
• VKORC1: G3673A
• VKORC1: C6484T
• VKORC1: G9041A
• Pasien dengan VKORC1 (G9041A) memerlukan
DOSIS WARFARIN LEBIH TINGGI
NANOBIOTEKNOLOGI
SISTEM PENGANTARAN ANTIGEN
VAKSIN
Vaksin mRNA harus masuk ke
sitoplasma agar bisa diubah
menjadi protein (antigen vaksin)
Kendala: mRNA kurang stabil
(degradasi oleh RNAase di kulit
dan darah), molekul berukuran
besar, bermuatan negatif-> sulit
menembus membran sel
(membran sel juga bermuatan
negatif-> electrostatic repulsion)
Vaksin Covid-19: Pfizer dan
Moderna (mRNA)
SISTEM PENGHANTARAN https://theconversation.com/what-happens-when-the-covid-19-vaccines-
SESUAI enter-the-body-a-road-map-for-kids-and-grown-ups-164624
TERIMA
KASIH