ALIRAN DAYA

&
RUGI-RUGI DAYA

Aliran Daya Reaktif :

- mengakibatkan rugi-rugi pada
saluran dan transformator
- menurunkan kapasitas jaringan
distribusi
- faktor daya menunjukkan besar
aliran daya reaktif

Faktor daya daerah

perumahan (Rabu)

0,7 0,9

Faktor daya daerah

perumahan (Minggu)

0,7 0,9

Faktor Daya typical berdasarkan jenis

industri dan jenis proses
(motor industri menyerap energi listrik > 50%)
No

Industry

Power Factor

Process

Power Factor

Auto parts

0.750.8

Air Compressing

0.750.8

Brewery

0.760.8

Welding

0.350.6

Clothing

0.350.6

Machining

0.40.65

Hospital

0.750.8

Stamping

0.60.7

Commercial
Building

0.80.9

Spraying

0.665

Faktor Daya motor induksi sangat

tergantung pada beban

Peralatan/Beban yang menyerap

Daya Reaktif
1. Motor Induksi
Distribusi Rugi-Rugi typical
Power

Ml

M2

M3

M4

M5

M7

25

50

100

200

0.746

3.7

18.65

37.3

74.6

149.2

Output[W]

746

3,730

18,560

37,300

74,600

149,200

Input [W]

1,020

4,491

20,946

41,217

81,530

160,432

73

83

89

90.5

91.5

93

HP
kW

Efficiency [%]

Rugi-Rugi Magnetik
Power

Ml

M2

M3

M4

M5

M7

HP

25

50

100

200

kW

0.746

3.7

18.6

37.3

74.6

149.2

MagnetiC Core Loss [W]

76

225

351

765

906

1,650

Total Loss [W]

274

761

2,296

3,917

6,930

11,232

. Magnetic Loss [%]

27

29

15

19

13

15

Magnetic Loss current [A]

0.1

0.31

0.5

1.06

1.2

2.3

Komposisi Rugi-Rugi
Motor Component Loss

Loss [%]

Standard power loss

37

Rotor power loss

18

Magnetic core loss

20

Friction and windings

Stray load loss

10

 Efisiensi motor induksi tergantung pada besar/size dari

motor (makin besar motor makin tinggi efisiensinya)
Rata-rata rugi magnetik 20 % dari rugi-rugi total (cukup
significant)

2. Alat Pengatur Kecepatan (Variable Speed Drive)

Untuk aplikasi industri, motor induksi membutuhkan

pengaturan kecepatan
Digunakan variable speed drive system yang
menghasilkan variable frequency dan variable voltage
Faktor daya dari three phase diode bridge rectifiers
sangat tinggi (teoritis : 0.955)
Bila digunakan thyristor bridge rectifiers, faktor daya
menjadi fungsi dari firing angle dan overlap angle yang
akan meningkatkan konsumsi daya reaktif

3. Discharge Lamps
Rangkaian lampu yang menggunakan choke/leakage
transformer ballast mempunyai faktor daya lagging yang
rendah
Faktor daya dikoreksi dengan kapasitor menjadi 0,85 atau
lebih (rangkaian < 30 watt biasanya tidak dikoreksi)

Koreksi faktor daya dari 0,5 menjadi 0,85 akan

menghasilkan penurunan arus sebesar 40 %
Keuntungan Electronic Ballast :

Improved circuit efficiency i.e. reduced ballast loss

Reduction in weight, particularly for larger lamp sizes.
Improved luminous efficacy for many lamp types
Absence of flicker.
Elimination of audible ballast noise.
Elimination of supply current harmonics and provision of unity power
factor without the use of a correction capacitor.
Facility for accurate control of lamp power or current.
Reduced run-up time and restart time for high-pressure lamps.
Controlled starting and operating conditions leading to improved
lamp life.

4. Transformator
Rugi-rugi trafo tergantung pada besar arus beban dan
tahanan belitan primer & sekunder trafo

Bila mengalir arus nominal, rugi-rugi trafo :

Atau,

Rugi-rugi total :

Contoh 1 :
Diketahui transformer dng data Sn : 500 kVA, V:11/0.4
kV, Po : 2100 W and Pn = 9 450 W, hitung dan plot
rugi-rugi sebagai fungsi beban.
Load [%]

10

25

50

75

100

Load [kVA]

50

125

250

375

500

No-load Losses [W]

2100

2100

2100 2100

2100

Load Losses [W]

94.5

590

2362 5315

9450

Total Losses [W]

Losses [%]

2194.5 2690
95.6

78

4462 7415 11550

47

28

18

Transformer load and no-load losses as a function of load

Rugi-rugi no-load constant tidak tergantung pada beban

No load losses (in % of total losses) as a function of transformer load

Rugi-rugi per kVA

Beban optimal (ekonomis) trafo :

Secon : pembebanan ekonomis

trafo

Transformer losses per KVA as a function of transformer load

CATATAN :
1. Minimum losses per kVA terjadi pada beban trafo
kira-kira 50% rated capacity
2. Hanya rugi-rugi trafo yang diperhitungkan (tidak
termasuk rugi-rugi saluran/supply lines)

Daya reaktif trafo tanpa beban :

i0 = arus tanpa beban (%)

Daya reactif yang diserap trafo :

Daya reactif beban penuh

atau

Daya reaktif beban penuh juga dapat ditentukan sbb.:

Untuk trafo besar, S n > 1 MVA

Daya reaktif total trafo :

Aliran daya reaktif menghasilkan rugi-rugi pada jaringan distribusi :

kq : 0.1 0.2

Rugi-rugi total : Rugi-rugi trafo dan rugi-rugi jaringan distribusi

Rugi-rugi tanpa beban

Rugi-rugi berbeban

Rugi-rugi per kVA dari daya VA :

Beban optimal (ekonomis) trafo :

Contoh 2 :
Diketahui trafo dng data 1000 kVA, u% = 5%, io = 4.5%, Po
= 4000kW , Pn = 14000W
Rugi-rugi tanpa beban :

Rugi-rugi beban nominal (rated load) :

Untuk kq = 0.15, beban ekonomis trafo

When total losses appearing in both transformers and

distribution lines are taken into account, the optimal
transformer load is about 70% of full load.

TUGAS-2

Siapkan sistem jaringan distribusi (1 feeder)

Run Load Flow
Check rugi-rugi trafo-nya
Cari data typical dari rugi-rugi trafo untuk
pembebanan nominal (Pn), dan beban nol
(P0)
Hitung rugi-rugi total (Pt) dari trafo.
Note: S ditentukan dari hasil run Load Flow.

25

Perhitungan Rugi-Rugi akibat Aliran

Daya Reaktif
P : rugi-rugi akibat aliran daya
reactif
: sudut fasa antar tegangan
dan arus supply
R : tahanan saluran supply

Rugi-rugi transmission dan distribusi (dikompensasi oleh

capacitor banks)
Q : P tan
Qc : kapasitas dari
compensating devices

Losses in distribution lines depend on the location of customers,

and they should be calculated for each customer individually
To obtain losses of electrical energy, power losses should be
multiplied by the number of hours of demand. This is a
relatively easy task when demand is constant. Unfortunately, in
practice, demand varies during the day, so there is a need for
the introduction of a measure allowing the determination of
energy losses for varying demand.

TUGAS :
RUMUS UTK MENENTUKAN RUGI-RUGI
ENERGI DNG MENGGUNAKAN LOSS FACTOR

Kompensasi Daya Reaktif

Pembangkitan Daya Reaktif Kapasitif
Daya reaktif induktif yang dibutuhkan peralatan listrik dapat dng mudah
diperoleh secara lokal dari kapasitor yang terhubung paralel (shunt capacitors).
Dengan demikian aliran daya reaktif dari sumber/pembangkit yang jauh bisa
dihindari, sehingga dapat mengurangi rugi-rugi akibat aliran daya reaktif.
Flow of active and reactive
power without compensation

Flow of active and reactive

power with compensation

Reactive power may be generated by rotating compensators

or capacitors
Synchronous generators at power stations that produce and supply
reactive power. Such generators can be used to supply reactive power to
local customers. Transmission of reactive power to distant customers is
associated with network losses and is not cost effective. Synchronous
generators are designed in such a way that the optimal operating point
requires some reactive power generation, so a very high power factor is
not feasible.
Synchronous condensers that consist at unloaded generators connected
in various places within the supply network. Their primary role is to
supply only reactive power. Due to high initial cost and significant
losses, synchronous compensators are only used in applications where
their voltage regulating and stabilizing effects are necessary.
Synchronous motors can produce reactive power when overexcited.
Since small synchronous motors are expensive, this method is rarely
used.

Capacitors are the best solution to producing reactive power,

due to their low initial cost and inexpensive maintenance

mutual interaction of inductive and capacitive currents, by their

arithmetic summation, leads to high values for a power factor,
calculated as cos , and reduction of supply current magnitude

Kapasitor pada sistem 3 fasa dapat dihubungkan

delta atau star.
Hubungan delta memberikan daya reaktif lebih besar
dari hubungan star dengan harga kapasitor (F) yang
sama.
Ini diakibatkan oleh tegangan antar fasa yang lebih
besar pada capacitor bank dengan hubungan delta

HUBUNGAN DELTA
Daya reaktif yang dibangkitkan oleh kapasitor :

(sin = 1.0)

Arus kapasitor :

HUBUNGAN STAR
Tegangan pada kapasitor :
V : Tegangan antar fasa
Daya reaktif yang dibangkitkan :

Although a delta configuration provides three

times more reactive power than a star
arrangement, capacitors connected in delta are
subjected to higher voltages; therefore, this
arrangement is not recommended for HV
installations.

Lokasi Kapasitor
Central compensation capacitor bank terhubung pada HV incoming
feeder.
Group compensation capacitor bank terhubung pada MV/LV buses.
Individual compensation unit capacitor terhubung pada motor2.

Central compensation mengakibatkan penurunan rugi2 pada

sisi supply, rugi2 pada jaringan industri tidak terkompensasi.
Kompensasi ini hanya untuk memenuhi persyaratan perusahaan
listrik agar mempunyai faktor daya diatas yang ditentukan (PLN
menentukan faktor daya minimal 0.85 lag)

Keuntungan
Utilization of reactive power compensating banks,
since all motors do not operate at the same time.
Low maintenance cost.

Kerugian
Switching the protection equipment may cause explosions
Transients caused by energizing of a large capacitor group
Space requirements
Provides only upstream compensation

Group compensation
Keuntungan :
Low installation cost
Ability to utilize installed capacitance
Low maintenance cost

Aspek negatif :
Necessity to install capacitor banks on each MV/LV bus
Only upstream compensation
Space requirements

Individual capacitor units

Keuntungan :
increased capacity of the supply lines
provide direct voltage support
capacitor and load are switched ON/OFF together, which does not
require expensive switching equipment
easy selection and installation of capacitor units

Aspek negatif :
high installation cost, since price per kVAr is higher for small units
requires lengthy calculations
installation is not fully utilized
over-excitation of a motor
large transients generated in frequently switching the installation
(ON/OFF)
longer running off periods for some loads

The best solution is usually a

combination of individual and group
compensation. Although this solution
involves lengthy calculations, it can be
cost effective in many installations.

1. Release Line Capacity

The flow of reactive power causes not

only energy losses due to resistance of
distribution lines, but it also reduces
the capacity of transmission lines, in
particular in peak demand periods.

Contoh 3:
Diketahui beban yang menyerap daya aktif yang dinyatakan
dengan arus aktif sebesar 50A. Harga awal cos nya adalah
0.5 lagging, yang menghasilkan arus total sebesar 100A.
Hitung peningkatan kapasitas saluran, bila faktor daya
diperbaiki dengan compensating devices. Hasil perhitungan
diberikan pada tabel2 berikut.
Ia

It

P (kW)

Ir

Q (kvar)
S (kVA)

cos

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.98

sin

0.866

0.8

0.71

0.6

0.43

0.2

Reactive current [A]

86

66.4

50.7

37.5

23.8

10.2

Total current [A]

100

83

71.4

62.5

55.5

51

Active current [A]

50

50

50

50

50

50

Line Capacity Increase (%)

17

28,6

37.5

44.5

49

Increase of supply line capacity due to power factor improvement

It is very difficult to evaluate the exact increase of

line capacity, in particular when many distribution
lines are not fully loaded, even in peak periods

Increase of supply line capacity due to power factor

improvement

2. Jaringan Industri
Untuk menekan biaya peralatan kompensasi daya reaktif
adalah dengan menentukan lokasi yang tepat untuk
pemasangan kapasitor, yang tidak hanya mengurangi
kebutuhan daya reaktif tetapi juga biaya peralatan dan
pemasangan yang minimal.
Jaringan industri umumnya mempunyai konfigurasi
radial. Kompensasi daya reaktif di industri bertujuan
untuk mencapai faktor daya tertinggi di gardu induk
yang menghubungkan sistem kelistrikan industri tsb
dengan jaringan distribusi/transmisi, dan mengurangi
rugi-rugi pada sistem kelistrikan industri

Metode paling efektif adalah individual compensation karena

memberikan kompensasi daya reaktif langsung ke beban.
Pada kondisi-kondisi tertentu metode ini sangat mahal, dan
bisa mengakibatkan kenaikan tegangan yang cukup besar
pada belitan/kumparan motor induksi.
Central compensation adalah metode kompensasi yang
paling sederhana, karena kompensasi dipasang pada main
substation. Tetapi metode ini tidak mengurangi rugi-rugi
didalam sistem kelistrikan.
Pada Group compensation, peralatan kompensasi
dipasang pada substation yang mensupply kelompok2
beban. Kompensasi ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi rugirugi energi pada semua saluran supply.

Fungsi objective untuk memperoleh total rugi2 minimal

pada semua saluran supply (group compensation)
diformulasikan sbb.:

Qi = reactive power consumed

in each substation,
Qci = reactive capacitance to be
installed in each substation
Ri = resistance of supply lines
V = supply voltage

Constraint dari permasalahan ini adalah harga dari faktor daya

pada main bus (yang telah ditentukan), dan kapasitas kapasitor
harus sama dengan besar daya reaktif yang harus dikompensasi
untuk faktor daya tertentu.

Qctotal = the total value of capacitance to be installed.

Permasalahan ini dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan 2
metode :
by application of Lagrange multiplier
by application of Dynamic Programming

Sebagai contoh perhitungan praktis, perhatikan saluran ke 4 dari sistem

dibawah ini (lihat tabel)
Line

P [kW]

Q[kV A]

R []

150

60

4.0

110

60

2.0

100

130

0.5

150

250

0.2

Total

510

500

Faktor daya pada main bus ditentukan, yaitu 0.96, maka kapasitas
kapasitor yang dibutuhkan adalah 350 kVAr. Hasil optimasi diberikan
pada tabel dibawah ini.
Untuk memberikan gambaran dari metode optimasi ini, lokasi
kapasitor dan rugi-rugi ditentukan dengan menggunakan "classical
approach" dimana kompensasi faktor daya dilakukan pada setiap
substation untuk mencapai 0.96.

Optimal Calculation
Substation

QC[kVAr]

Losses

Classical Approach
QC[kVAr]

[kW]

Losses
[kW]

50

0.77

20

12.3

50

0.43.

30

3.5

100

0.87

100

0.87

150

3.87

200

0.967

Total

350

5.94

350

17.64

TUGAS
Dengan metode trial and error, tentukan
nilai kapasitor yang menghasilkan total
rugi2 antara 5,94 kW dan 17,64 kW
Buat 2 (dua) scenario

50

3. Penyulang (Feeders) Distribusi

Pada jaringan supply distribusi, optimisasi aliran daya reaktif
bertujuan untuk menentukan lokasi kapasitor pada suatu feeder
sehingga rugi-rugi yang disebabkan oleh aliran daya reaktif
minimal, untuk mempertahankan tegangan (maximum) sepanjang
feeder tsb, dan untuk meminimisasi biaya pemasangan.

check

Untuk menghindari over kompensasi pada saluran supply,

capacitor banks should be split into two parts: fixed
capacitors and switched capacitors.

When demand is not known, it is assumed, as a rule of thumb,

that 1/3 of the units are fixed on line year around, while 2/3
of the units are switched due to the variable demand

Bila capacitor banks akan dipasang pada satu titik di

saluran supply, maka circuit load centre ditentukan sbb.:
where
Pi : loads in a particular section of the
supply line
li : distances between nodes

Contoh 4:

Lcenter = 2.2 x 500 + 1.5 x 1000 + 0.5 x 2000 = 1636 m

2.2

Load centre mendekati node 2, sehingga capacitor bank

dipasang pada node 2.
This simple rule-of-thumb does not take into account
either varying demand or differences in line resistance
between feeder nodes. It is estimated that this method
provides the optimal solution in less than 40% of cases.

Side Effects
1. Overcompensation

Bila terjadi overcompensation, tegangan saluran supply

menjadi lebih tinggi dari nominalnya, yang akan
mempengaruhi beban-beban lain yang terhubung pada
saluran tsb. Hal ini mengakibatkan berkurangnya umur
isolasi, dan mempunyai dampak negatif pada beban-beban
sensitif, misalnya lampu pijar.

Automatic capacitor control

In order to avoid overcompensation, equipment for group or
central compensation is often provided with automatic
regulation, switching capacitors in and out in step with the load.
When large load fluctuations exist, it is recommended to use an
automatic bank with several steps. Switching of the capacitors is
regulated by a power factor relay, keeping the power factor at
the setting value

2. Induction Motor Excitation

Kompensasi individual dari motor-motor induksi dengan
ratings sampai dengan 8 kW bisa digunakan besaran
standard dari kapasitor tegangan rendah.
However, capacitors used for individual compensation
should not be too large. This limitation results from
possible motor excitation. When an induction motor is
disconnected from the supply and continues to rotate, the
capacitor feeds excitation current to the motor that starts
operating as an induction generator. If the capacitor is
too large, the self-excitation voltage is higher than the
rated voltage. This can damage both the motor and
capacitor.

Untuk menghindari masalah ini, individual compensation

should never have an output higher than the output
corresponding to the no-load current of the motor,
where Io = no-load current

Bila data Io tidak ada, Io dapat ditentukan sbb.:

When a capacitor is to be connected to a motor with a

star/delta switch, it is important to check that there is no
switching position in which the capacitor is either directly
short-circuited or in series with the motor windings

Capacitors reduce motor supply

currents, so the setting of the motor
protection switch should be adjusted to
give the same protection to the motor
as it was before compensation

Case Study
Reactive Power Compensation in Industrial
Networks
An industrial customer intends to increase production by the
installation of new machines. The new installation comprises
seven induction motors of 22 kW. A new supply line of 185
mm2 (copper) is proposed. An initial calculation showed
that the new installation would cause the transformer to be
overloaded. Consider compensation of reactive power to
reduce energy demand.

P
Q
cos
kW
kVAr

S
kVA

Metal Halide Lamp

220*400W

88

0.85

54.5

103.5 144

Induction Motors
5.5 kW*16

88

0.7

90

125

Induction Motors
11kW*9

99

0.6

132

Induction Motors
22kW*7

154

0.7

429

No

Load

Total

I
A

Iactive
A

Ireactive
A

122

76.4

174

122

124

165

230

138

184

157

220

306

214

218

433.5

610

847

596

602.4

No

Load

P
kW

cos

Qnew
kVAr

QC
kVAr

S
kVA

I
A

Iactive
A

Ireactive
A

Metal Halide Lamp

220*400W

88

0.96

25.6

28.9

91.6

127

122

35.6

Induction Motors
5.5 kW*16

88

0.96

25.6

64.4

91.6

127

122

35.6

Induction Motors
11kW*9

99

0.96

28.6

103.2 103.1

143

138

40.25

Induction Motors
22kW*7

154

0.96

44.9

112.1 160.4

223

214

62.4

429

125

308.6 446.8

620

596

173.8

Total

OPTION 1
Uncompensated

OPTION 1
Compensated

610

447

122(*)

89

Total current [A]

847

620

Total active current [A]

596

596

Total reactive current [A]

602

174

Average cos

0.7 .

0.96

Active power [kW]

429

429

Reactive power [kVAr] .

433

125

308.6

Parameters
S [kV A]
Transformer load [%] maximum

Compensation devices [kVAr]

Tugas UTS
SIAPKAN SISTEM KELISTRIKAN PLN (JTM)
1. RUN LOAD FLOW (BASE CASE)
PROFILTEGANGAN, DAYA INPUT, FAKTOR
DAYA, LOSSES JARINGAN, LOSSES TRAFO,
PEMBEBANAN TRAFO
2. PEMBEBANAN DIUBAH SHG TERJADI
MASALAH POWER QUALITY
PROFILTEGANGAN, DAYA INPUT, FAKTOR
DAYA, LOSSES JARINGAN, LOSSES TRAFO,
PEMBEBANAN TRAFO

Tugas UTS
3. BERIKAN KOMPENSASI DAYA REAKTIF YANG
MENGHASILKAN PENGURANGAN LOSSES (C
DI PASANG PADA 2/3 PANJANG FEEDER, PADA
LOAD CENTER, DLL) PROFILTEGANGAN,
DAYA INPUT, FAKTOR DAYA, LOSSES JTM,
LOSSES TRAFO, PEMBEBANAN TRAFO (GI &
DISTRIBUSI)
4. UTK NO 3, HITUNG PENINGKATAN
AVAILABLE POWER, RELEASE CAPACITY &
PENGURANGAN LOSSES, FAKTOR DAYA
66

Tambahan Kuliah
Tgl 03 04 08 , Kamis, jam 18.30, di Lab
SSTL (reg)
Tgl 03 04 08 , Kamis jam 16.00, ruang
C103 (ext)

67

Tugas UTS
SIAPKAN SISTEM KELISTRIKAN INDUSTRI
1. RUN LOAD FLOW (BASE CASE)
PROFILTEGANGAN, DAYA INPUT, FAKTOR
DAYA, LOSSES JARINGAN, LOSSES TRAFO,
PEMBEBANAN TRAFO
2. PEMBEBANAN DIUBAH SHG TERJADI
MASALAH POWER QUALITY
PROFILTEGANGAN, DAYA INPUT, FAKTOR
DAYA, LOSSES JARINGAN, LOSSES TRAFO,
PEMBEBANAN TRAFO
68

Tugas UTS
3. BERIKAN KOMPENSASI DAYA REAKTIF YANG
MENGHASILKAN PENGURANGAN LOSSES
(BESAR DAN LOKASI C DITENTUKAN SECARA
TRIAL AND ERROR) PROFILTEGANGAN,
DAYA INPUT, FAKTOR DAYA, LOSSES
JARINGAN, LOSSES TRAFO, PEMBEBANAN
TRAFO
4. UTK NO 3, HITUNG PENINGKATAN
AVAILABLE POWER, RELEASE CAPACITY &
PENGURANGAN LOSSES, PENINGKATAN
FAKTOR DAYA