Filsafat ilmu

STRUKTUR PENGKAJIAN ILMIAH

METODE ILMIAH PENELITIAN ILMIAH
PENGAJUAN MASALAH : 1. Latar Belakang Masalah 2. Identifikasi Masalah 3. Pembatasan Masalah 4. Perumusan Masalah 5. Kegunaan Penelitian PENYUSUNAN KERANGKA TEORITIS DAN PENGAJUAN HIPOTESIS : 1. Pengkajian teori yang dipergunakan 2. Pembahasan penelitian yg relevan 3. Penyusunan kerangka berfikir dalam pengajuan hipotesis (dengan menyatakan postulat, asumsi dan prinsip sekiranya ada) 4. Perumusan hipotesis METODOLOGI PENELITIAN : 1. Tujuan Penelitian 2. Tempat & Waktu Penelitian 3. Metode Penelitian 4. Teknik Pengambilan Contoh 5. Teknik Pengumpulan Data 6. Teknik Analisis Data

MASALAH

PENYUSUNAN KERANGKA BERFIKIR

HIPOTESIS

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN

PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS

HASIL PENELITIAN : 1. Deskripsi Variabel Penelitian 2. Pengujian Persyaratan Analisis 3. Pengujian Hipotesis 4. Penafsiran 5. Kesimpulan Pengujian Hipotesis

KESIMPULAN

KESIMPULAN, IMPLIKASI & SARAN : 1. Kesimpulan yg merupakan sintesis dari berbagai penemuan penelitian 2. Pembahasan kesimpulan penelitian 3. Dari berbagai teori keilmuan dan hasil penelitian yang relevan 4. Pengkajian implikasi penelitian 5. Pengajuan saran

Teori dan Kons ep

Membac a& berfikir

IKHTISAR PROSES RISET

Dedu ksi

Masal ah

Hipot esis

Menjabarkan variabel secara operasional

Hipot esis
Memb uat Disain

Memilih/ mengemban gkan

Riset & Penelah aan

Temuan Terdahu lu

Indu ksi

Instrum en
Menerap kan

Disa in Rise t
Menerap kan

Disk usi/ Tafsi ran

Sam pel

Temuan
Tulis lapor an

HASI L

Pengumpulan dan pengolahan data

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

CONSEDERATIONS AND STEPS IN FORMULATION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM METHODS, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC WRITING

RESEARCH DESIGN : THEORY AND FUNCTIONS

LITERATU RE REVIEW

LITERATU RE REVIEW

FIELD TESTING OF RESEARC H INSTRUME NT

METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING AND INTRODUCTIO N TO COMPUTING

FORMULATIO N OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM

CONSEPTUALIS ATION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN

CONSTRUCT ION OF A RESEARCH TOOL

SELECTION OF SAMPLE

DATA COLLECTI ON

DATA ANALYS IS

REPOR T WRITIN G

RESEARCH DESIGN

SAMPLING THEORI, CONSIDERATION S AND DESIGN

DEVELOP ING A CODEBO OK

CODING Operatio nal Steps Needed Theoretical Knowledge

VARIABLES AND HYPOTHESES : DEFINITION AND TYPOLOGY

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

EDITING OF DATA

Needed Intermed iary Steps

WHAT AND WHY

HOW

THREE RESEARCH APPROACHES

RESEARCH PURPOSE
Exploratory Research 1. What new product should be developed ? 2. What product appeal will be effective in advertising ? 3. How can our service be improved ?

RESEARCH QUESTION
What alternative ways are there to provide lunches for school children? What benefits do people seek from the product ? What is the nature of any customer dissatisfaction ?

HYPOTHESIS

Boxed lunches are than other forms. Constructs unknows Suspect that an image of impersonalization is a problem

Descriptive Research 4. How should a new product be distributed ? 5. What should be the target segment? 6. How should our product be changed?

Where do people now buy similar products ? What kinds of people now buy the products, and who buys our brand ? What is our current image ?

Upper-class buyer use specialty stores, and middle-class buyers use department stores. Older people buy our brand, whereas the young married are heavy users of competitors. We are regarded as being conservatives and behind the times.

Causal Research 7. Will an increase in the service staff be profitable ? 8. Which advertising program for public transit should be run ? 9. Should a new budget or no frills class of airfare be introduced ?

What is the relationship between size of service staff and revenue ? What would get people out of cars and into public transit ? Will the no frills airfare generate sufficient new passengers to offset the loss of revenue from exiting passengers who switch from economy class ?

For small organizations, an increase of 50% or less will generate marginal revenue in excess of marginal costs. Advertising program A generates more new riders than program B. The new airfare will attract sufficient revenue from new passengers.