Perhitungan Neraca Massa 1 PDF
Perhitungan Neraca Massa 1 PDF
(Wikipedia, 2010)
= 315,6565 kg/jam
Alur 27
F27 = 315,6565 kg/jam
27
IPB : FIPB = 0,9920 x 315,6565 = 313,1312 kg/jam
27
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,0010 x 315,6565 = 0,3157 kg/jam
27
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,0070 x 315,6565 = 2,2096 kg/jam
Alur 26
F26 = 47,3485 kg/jam
26
IPB : FIPB = 0,9920 x 47,3485 = 46,9696 kg/jam
Alur 25
F25 = 363,0050 kg/jam
25
IPB : FIPB = 0,9920 x 363,0050 = 360,1008 kg/jam
25
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,0010 x 363,0050 = 0,3631 kg/jam
25
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,0070 x 363,0050 = 2,5411 kg/jam
IPB (l)
DIPB (l) (22)
MD-102
Benzene (l)
Asumsi komposisi pada alur umpan berdasarkan pabrik yang sudah berdiri:
F31
= 0,0833
F22
F31 = 0,0833F22
Neraca massa total
F22 = F27 + F31
F22 = F27 + 0,0833 F22
0,9167F22 = F27
F27
F22 = = 344.34 kg/jam
0,9167
F31 = F22 − F27 = 344,34 − 315,6565 = 28,6835 kmol/jam
Alur 27
F27 = 315,6565 kg/jam
27
IPB : FIPB = 0,9920 x 315,6565 = 313,1312 kg/jam
27
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,0010 x 315,6565 = 0,3157 kg/jam
27
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,0070 x 315,6565 = 2,2096 kg/jam
Alur 22
F22 = 344,34 kg/jam
22
IPB : FIPB = 0,91 x 344,34 = 313,3494 kg/jam
22
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,0836 x 344,34 = 28,7810 kg/jam
22
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,0064 x 344,34 = 2,2096 kg/jam
IPB (l)
IPB (l) (29) DIPB (l)
DIPB (l) (30)
E-110
IPB (l)
DIPB (l)
(31)
Berdasarkan Geankoplis (2003), untuk kondisi umpan masuk dalam keadaan bubble
point (cair jenuh) sehingga q = 1.
Vd = Vb + (1-q) F (Geankoplis, 2003)
Vb = Vd
= 363,0050 kg/jam
Lb = Vb + B
= 363,0050 + 28,6835
Alur 30
F30 = Vb = 363,0050 kg/jam
30
IPB : FIPB = 0,008 x 363,0050 = 2,9040 kg/jam
30
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,992 x 363,0050 = 360,1010 kg/jam
Alur 29
F29 = Lb = 391,6885 kg/jam
29
IPB : FIPB = 0,008 x 391,6885 = 3,1335 kg/jam
29
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,992 x 391,6885 = 388,5550 kg/jam
Menara
Cumene (l) (15) Distilasi
DIPB (l) (MD-
Benzene (l) 101) Cumene (l)
DIPB (l)
(22)
Benzene (l)
Asumsi komposisi pada alur umpan berdasar pabrik yang sudah berdiri :
- XIPB = 0,2336897
- XDIPB = 0,0163103
- XBenzene = 0.75
(setiawan, 2002)
Komposisi Umpan Menara Distilasi (MD-102) sama dengan komposisi hasil bawah
Menara Distilasi (MD-101), komposisi hasil bawah MD-101 :
- XD = 0,91
- XB = 0,09
XF = XBENZEN =0,75
B (X D − X F ) (0,91 − 0,75)
= = = 0,1951 (McCabe, 1997)
F (X D − X B ) (0,91 − 0,09 )
F 22
= 0,1951
F15
F 22
F15 =
0,1951
F15 = 1764,9411 kg/jam
Neraca massa total
F 23 = F15 − F 22
F 23 =1764,9411 − 344,34
F 23 =1420,6011 kg/jam
Alur 15
F15 = 1764,9411 kg/jam
15
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,75 x 1764,9411 = 1323,7115 kg/jam
15
IPB : FIPB = 0,2336897 x 1764,9411 = 412,4486 kg/jam
15
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,0163103 x 1764,9411 = 28,7810 kg/jam
Alur 23
F23 = 1420,6011 kg/jam
23 15 22
Benzene : FBenzene = FBenzene - FBenzene = 1321,5091 kg/jam
23 15 22
IPB : FIPB = FIPB - FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
Isopropilbenzen (l)
Benzen (l)
(18)
Isopropilbenzen (l) (19) (23) Isopropilbenzen (l)
Benzene (l) AC-101
Benzene (l)
Komposisi Produk :
- Benzene : X23 = 0,9302
- IPB : X23 = 0,0698
F23 = 1420,6011 kg/jam
Asumsi F19 = 0,15 x F23
Maka F19 = = 0,15 x 1420,6011 kg/jam = 213,0902 kg/jam
Nerca massa total
F18 = F19 + F23
F18 = 213,0902 + 1420,6011 = 1633,6913 kg/jam
Alur 23
F23 = 1420,6011 kg/jam
23 15 22
Benzene : FBenzene = FBenzene - FBenzene = 1321,5091 kg/jam
23 15 22
IPB : FIPB = FIPB - FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
Alur 19
F19 = 213,0902 kg/jam
19
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,9302x 213,0902 = 198,2166 kg/jam
19
IPB : FIPB = 0,0698 x 213,0902 = 14,8736 kg/jam
Alur 18
Cumene (l)
Cumene (l) (20) DIPB (l)
DIPB (l) (21) Benzene (l)
Benzene (l) Cumene (l)
E-106
DIPB (l)
Benzene (l)
(22)
Berdasarkan Geankoplis (2003), untuk kondisi umpan masuk dalam keadaan bubble
point (cair jenuh) sehingga q = 1.
Vd = Vb + (1-q) F (Geankoplis, 2003)
Vb = Vd
= 1633,6913 kg/jam
Lb = Vb + B
= 1633,6913 + 344,34
= 1978,0313 kg/jam
Alur 21
F21 = Vb = 1633,6913 kg/jam
21
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,0064 x 1633,6913 = 10,4557 kg/jam
21
IPB : FIPB = 0,91 x 1633,6913 = 1486,659 kg/jam
21
DIPB : FDIPB = 0,0836 x 1633,6913 = 136,5766 kg/jam
Alur 20
F20 = Lb = 1978,0313 kg/jam
20 21 22
Benzene : FBenzene = FBenzene + FBenzene = 12,6595 kg/jam
20 21 22
IPB : FIPB = FIPB + FIPB = 1800,0084 kg/jam
20 21 22
DIPB : FDIPB = FDIPB + FDIPB = 165,3634
kg/jam
Propilen (g)
(16) Propana (g)
Propilen (g)
Propana (g)
(13) V-
Benzen (g)
Isopropilbenzen (g) 101
Diisopropilbenzen (g)
Cumen (l)
(14) Benzene (l)
DIPB (l)
Alur 14
F14 = 1764,9411 kg/jam
14
Benzene : FBenzene = 0,75 x 1764,9411 = 1323,7115 kg/jam
Alur 13
F13 = 1787,4631 kg/jam
13 14
Benzen : FBenzen = FBenzene = 1323,7115 kg/jam
13
Popilen : FPropilen = F13 x 0,0078 = 13,9422 kg/jam
13
Propena : FPropena = F13 x 0,0048 = 8,5798 kg/jam
13 14
IPB : FIPB = FIPB = 412,4486 kg/jam
13 14
DIPB : FDIPB = FDIPB = 28,7810 kg/jam
Alur 16
F16 = 22,522 kg/jam
16 13
Popilen : FPropilen = FPropilen = 13,9422 kg/jam
16 13
Propena : FPropena = FPropena = 8,5798 kg/jam
Propilene (g)
(11)
Propana (g)
R- Benzene (g)
101 Isoprophylbenzene (g)
Isoprophylbenzene (g) DIPB (g)
Propilene (g)
Propana (g)
(10)
Benzene (g)
Reaksi:
C3H6(g) + C6H6(g) C9H12(g) ….( 1 )
(Propilen) (Benzen) (Cumen)
: N11 14
Benzene = FBenzene /78,11 kg/kmol = 16,9467 kmol/jam
11
Propylen : FPropilen = 13,9422 kg/jam
: N11 16
Propilen = FPropilen /42,08 kg/kmol = 0,3313 kmol/jam
11
Propana : FPropana = 8,5798 kg/jam
: N11 16
Propna = FPropilen /44,09 kg/kmol = 0,1945 kmol/jam
11
IPB : FIPB = 412,4486 kg/jam
: N11
IPB
14
= FIPB /120,19 kg/kmol = 3,4316 kmol/jam
11
DIPB : FDIPB = 28,7810 kg/jam
: N11 14
DIPB = FDIPB / 162 kg/kmol = 0,1776 kmol/jam
σ 1 Propilen = -1 σ 2 IPB = -1
σ 1 Benzen = -1 σ 2 Propilen = -1
σ 1 IPB = 1 σ 2 DIPB = 1
N in = N out − σ s rs
DIPB = 0,1776 + r2
Diisoprophilbenzene : N10 ….(4)
Pada alur masuk ke reaktor, umpan tidak mengandung DIPB, maka persamaan (4)
menjadi :
DIPB = 0,1776 + r2
N10
0 = 0,1776 + r2
r2 = - 0,1776
Laju alir mol IPB pada alur masuk sama dengan alur recycle dari Menara Destilasi I
(MD-101)
23
IPB : FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
: N 23
IPB
23
= FIPB /120,19 kg/kmol = 0,8245 kmol/jam
Substitusi persamaan (1)
IPB = 3,4316 - r1 − r2
N10
0,8245 kmol/jam = 3,4316 - r1 - r2
r1 = 2,7847
Alur 10
F10 = F11 = 1787,4631 kg/jam
10 11
Propana : FPropana = FPropana = 8,5798 kg/jam
: N10
Propna = N11
Propna = 0,1945 kmol/jam
IPB : N10
IPB = N 23
IPB = 0,8245 kmol/jam
(4)
Propilen (g)
(9) (10) Propana (g)
Benzen (g) M-
IPB (g) Benzen (g)
102
IPB (g)
Alur 4
F4 = 147,1443 kg/jam
4 10
Popilen : FPropilen = FPropilene = 138,5645 kg/jam
4 10
Propana : FPropena = FPropana = 8,5798 kg/jam
Alur 9
F9 = 1640,3188 kg/jam
9 10
Benzen : FBenzen = FBenzene = 1541,2196 kg/jam
9 10
IPB : FIPB = FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
(7R)
IPB (l)
Benzen (l)
Pada vaporizer terjadi perubahan fasa yaitu dari fasa cair ke fasa gas. Perubahan fasa
terjadi dengan jalan memanaskan cairan sampai pada titik didihnya. Diasumsikan
bahwa 80% cairan yang masuk ke dalam vaporizer berubah menjadi gas serta
keluaran dari vaporizer pada alur 7 semuanya berwujud gas dan recycle cairan yang
belum menguap masuk pada alur 7R.
Alur 7
F7 = 1640,3188 kg/jam
7 9
IPB : FIPB = FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
7 9
Benzen : FBenzen = FBenzene = 1541,2196 kg/jam
Alur 6
F9 = 1640,3188 kg/jam
6 9
IPB : FIPB = FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
6 9
Benzen : FBenzen = FBenzene = 1541,2196 kg/jam
Alur 7R
F7R = 0,2 x F6 = 328,0637 kg/jam
7R 6
IPB : FIPB = 0,2 x FIPB = 19,8198 kg/jam
7R 6
Benzen : FBenzen = 0,2 x FBENZEN = 308,2439 kg/jam
(6)
Alur 23
F23 = 1420,6011 kg/jam
23 15 22
IPB : FIPB = FIPB - FIPB = 99,0992 kg/jam
23 15 22
Benzene : FBenzene = FBenzene - FBenzene = 1321,5019 kg/jam
Komponen a b c d
C6H6 -7,27329 7,70541E-01 -1,64818E-03 1,89794E-06
C3H6 12,28877 9,18751E-01 -4,34735E-03 7,94316E-06
C3H8 33,7507 7,46408E-01 -3,64966E-03 7,10670E-06
C9H12 -47,3271 1,40532 -2,43735E-03 2,10281E-06
C12H18 -21,466 1,28851 -2,22048E-03 1,91681E-06
(Sumber : Reklaitis, 1983)
Tabel LB.3 Kapasitas panas gas Cpg = a + bT + cT2 + dT3 + eT4 [ J/mol. K ]
Komponen a b c D e
C6H6 18,5868 -1,17439E-02 1,27514E-03 -2,07984E-06 1,05329E-09
C3H6 26,3657 7,12795E-02 3,38448E-04 -5,15275E-07 2,30475E-10
C3H8 42,2659 -0,131469 1,17000E-03 -1,69695E-06 8,1891E-10
C9H12 -46,1396 -0,829738 -6,20486E-04 2,39055E-07 -3,72820E-11
C12H18 -19,5616 0,724058 -4,70818E-04 1,464E-07 -1,61041E-11
(Sumber : Reklaitis, 1983)
Komponen ∆Hf
C6H6 19,82
C3H6 4,88
C3H8 -24,82
C9H12 0,94
C12H18 -3,33
(Sumber : Reklaitis, 1983)
Komponen A B C
C6H6 14,1603 2948,78 -44,5633
C3H6 13,8782 1875,25 -22,9101
C3H8 13,7097 1872,82 -25,1011
C9H12 13,9908 3433,51 -66,0278
C12H18 14,2225 3633,94 -59,9427
(Sumber : Reklaitis, 1983)
T1 T1
T2
b c 3 d
∫ CpdT = a (T2 − T1 ) + (T2 − T1 ) + (T2 − T1 ) + (T2 − T1 ) ..................... (3)
2 2 3 4 4
T1
2 3 4
Untuk sistem yang melibatkan perubahan fasa persamaan yang digunakan adalah :
T2 Tb T2
265,86 oC 272,04 oC
7,5 atm 18 atm
Propilene (g)
Propilene (g)
Propana (g)
Propana (g)
T2 P
∆ S = Cpig ,ln - R ln 2 + S2 - S1 (Smith, 2001)
T1 P1
Pada entropi tetap, S2 = S1
Maka:
T2 P
0 = Cpg , ln - R ln 2 + 0
T1 P1
P2 T
R ln = Cpg . ln 2
P1 T1
Cp ig T P
. ln 2 = ln 2
R1 T1 P1
T2 1 P
ln = ln 2
T1 Cpg P1
R
P
ln 2
ln T2 − ln T1 =
1 P
ln 2 T2 = exp
P1 + ln T
Cp g P1 Cp g 1
R R
P2 Cpg
ln = 0,8754 = 76,6801
P1 R1
ln T1 = 6,2897 T2 = 545,19 K
dQ
= QOut– QIn
dt
= [73552,9692 – 71329,7499] kJ/jam
= 2223,2193 kJ/jam
dW
Karena sistem tidak melakukan kerja, maka =0
dT
dQ
Sehingga,
dT
= ∑N
out
i H i (Ti , Pi ) − ∑N
in
j H j (Tj , Pj )
Media pemanas yang dipakai superheated steam pada 360 0C, kemudian keluar pada
suhu 150 0C (1atm).
dQ
= m. Cp. ∆T
dt
Steam yang diperlukan adalah :
qheater
∆H (360 CSuperheated Steam − 1500 CKondensat )
0
= 169,1757 kg/jam
269,47 oC 278,77 oC
1 atm 18 atm
Propilene (g)
Propilene (g)
Propana (g)
Propana (g)
P2 T
R ln = Cpg . ln 2
P1 T1
Cp ig T P
. ln 2 = ln 2
R1 T1 P1
T2 1 P
ln = ln 2
T1 Cp g P1
R
P2
ln
ln T2 − ln T1 =
1 P
ln 2 T2 = exp
P1 + ln T
Cp g P1 Cp g 1
R R
P2 Cpg
ln = 2,8904 = 170,0945
P1 R1
ln T1 = 6,2964 T2 = 551,9224 K
dQ
= QOut– QIn
dt
= [1063753,9408 – 1034082,6442] kJ/jam
= 29671,2966 kJ/jam
Superheated steam
360 oC, 1 atm
Benzena (g)
Benzena (l) IPB (g)
IPB (l) T= 92,314 oC
T= 76,66 oC P= 1 atm
P= 1 atm
Superheated steam
150 oC, 1 atm
∫ Cp (l) dT
N Q out
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl
298,15 BP
∫ Cp (g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
Benzena
19,7314 18773,1 7409,7918 1222,3794 540744,3694
IPB
0,8245 15301,3224 12615,9403
Total 553360,3097
= 970,7029 kg/jam
Benzena (g)
Benzena (g)
T= 115,93 C 0 T= 269,47 0C IPB (g)
IPB (g) P= 2 atm
P= 2 atm
Media pemanas yang dipakai superheated steam pada 300 0C, kemudian keluar pada
150 0C (1 atm).
dQ
= m. Cp. ∆T
dt
Steam yang diperlukan adalah :
q heater
∆H (360 C Superheated Steam − 150 0 C Kondensat )
0
= 1040,3154 kg/jam
T2 P
∆ S = Cpig ,ln - R ln 2 + S2 - S1 (Smith, 2001)
T1 P1
Pada entropi tetap, S2 = S1
Maka:
T2 P
0 = Cpg , ln - R ln 2 + 0
T1 P1
P2 T
R ln = Cpg . ln 2
P1 T1
Cp ig T P
. ln 2 = ln 2
R1 T1 P1
T2 1 P
ln = ln 2
T1 Cpg P1
R
1 P
ln T2 − ln T1 = ln 2
Cp g P1
R
P2
ln
T2 = exp
P1 + ln T
Cp g 1
R
P2
ln = 0,4055
P1
ln T1 = 5,8094
Cpg
= 34,6506 T2 = 337,33 K
R1
BP 337,33
Panas Masuk pada alur 9: Qout = ∑ N i ∫ Cp (l ) dT + (∆Hvl) + ∫ Cp (g) dT
298,15 BP
Tabel LB.18 Panas Keluar Compresor (JC-103)
BP 337,33
N Q out
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl ∫ Cp (l) dT
289,15
∫ Cp (g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
BP
IPB (g)
Propilene (g)
Propana (g)
278,23 oC Benzene (g)
18 atm
Dowtherm A
1 atm
30 oC
Dowtherm A
1 atm
255 oC
N ∫ Cp(l) dT
298,15
∫ Cp (g) dT Q in
BP
Komponen (kmol) ∆Hvl (kJ/Jam)
Propylene 3.2936
21617,3487 71198,8998
Propana 0.1945
23703,4680 4610,3245
30763,400 1241765,085
Benzene 19,7314
0 7411,3639 24758,6866 2
38241,800 32627,557
IPB 0.8245
0 6 28294,1258 81760,2921
1399334,601
Total 6
Reaksi :
C3H6(g) + C6H6(g) C9H12(g) …. ( 1 )
(Propilen) (Benzen) (Cumen)
∆H RO, 298 = (∑ ∆H O
)
f , 298 Pr oduk − (∑ ∆H O
)
f , 298 Re ak tan
IPB
298,15
Untuk reaksi 1:
∆H RO, 298 = 1,87 − (4,88 + 19,82)
= -22.83 kcal/mol
= -0,0955 kJ/kmol
∫ ∆Cp ⋅ dT =
−3
T 2 ) + (2,8342.10 − 6 T 3 ) + (−1,3210.10 − 9 T 4 ) ⋅ dT
298,15 298,15
= 1,7301 kJ/kmol
550 , 57
Untuk reaksi 2:
∆H RO, 298 = −3,33 − 4,88 − 1,87
= - 10,08 kcal/mol
= - 0,0421 kJ/kmol
∫ ∆Cp ⋅ dT =
−4
T 2 ) + 4,2262.10 − 7 T 3 + (−2,0930.10 −10 T 4 ⋅ dT
298,15 298,15
= -20,9656 kJ/kmol
549 , 73
Media pendingin yang digunakan adalah Dowtherm-A, dari data yang dikeluarkan
Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company,2001
∆H(30 oC) = 28,66 kJ/kg
∆H(255 C) o
= 458,2 kJ/kg
∆H = 458,2 – 28,66 = 429,54 kJ/kg
T2 P
∆ S = Cpig ,ln - R ln 2 + S2 - S1 (Smith, 2001)
T1 P1
Pada entropi tetap, S2 = S1
Maka:
T2 P T2 1 P
0 = Cpg , ln - R ln 2 + 0 ln = ln 2
T1 P1 T1 Cpg P1
R
P2 T Cp ig T P
R ln = Cpg . ln 2 . ln 2 = ln 2
P1 T1 R1 T1 P1
1 P
ln T2 − ln T1 = ln 2
Cp g P1
R
P2
ln
T2 = exp
P1 + ln T
Cp g 1
R
P1 Cpg
ln = -2,8904 = 467,2952
P2 R1
ln T1 = 6,3124 T2 = 547,98
∫ Cp (l) dT
N Q out
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl
289,15
∫ Cp
BP
(g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
Propylene 0.3313
21266,2344 7045,5034
Propana 0,1945
23307,5850 4533,3253
Benzene 16.9467 18773.1
7409,7918 24256,0905 854774,3024
IPB 3,4316 38241.6
30763,5738 28870,1606 335868,9977
DIPB 0.1776 38867.2
42892,9860 19770,0556 18031,7709
Total 1220253,8997
Dari hasil perhitungan dew point didapat temperature 333,415 K adalah suhu
dimana Benzen, IPB, dan DIPB seluruhnya mencair, sedangkan Propilen dan
Propana masih dalam fase uap pada suhu tersebut, sehingga dapat dengan mudah
dipisahkan pada flash drum (F-101).
dQ dW
Neraca energi : − = ∑ N i H i (Ti , Pi ) − ∑N j H j (Tj , Pj )
dT dT out in
dW
Karena sistem tidak melakukan kerja, maka =0
dT
dQ
Sehingga,
dT
= ∑N
out
i H i (Ti , Pi ) − ∑N
in
j H j (Tj , Pj )
Media pemanas yang dipakai superheated steam pada 360 0C, kemudian keluar pada
150 0C (1 atm).
dQ
= m. Cp. ∆T
dt
Steam yang diperlukan adalah :
q heater
∆H (360 C Saturated Steam − 150 0 C Kondensat )
0
= 1008,2834 kg/jam
∑ xi.K = 1 terpenuhi,
P = 1 atm
K = Pi/P
Trial : T = 355,02 K (81,87 oC)
Tabel LB 29. Penentuan suhu operasi Condensor Subcooler (E-107)
P uap
Komp. T P uap (atm) xi K xi.K
Benzene 355.02 105.8581 1.0448 0.9535 1.0448 0.9963
IPB 355.02 8.2468 0.0813 0.0464 0.0813 0.0037
Total 1.0000
Dari hasil perhitungan dew point untuk Benzene dan IPB didapat temperature
355,02 K adalah titik embun pertama sekali kedua komponen tersebut.
Panas masuk pada suhu 386,73 K (113,58 oC)
BP 368,73
Panas masuk pada alur 17: Qout = ∑ N i ∫ Cp (l ) dT + (∆Hvl) + ∫ Cp (g) dT
298,15 BP
Tabel LB.30 Panas Masuk pada Condensor Subcooler (E-107)
BP 368,73
∫ Cp
N Q in
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl
298,15
(l) dT ∫ Cp
BP
(g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
Benzen 19,451 18773.1 7409.7918 3454,4605
576627,2907
IPB 0.9482 20581,9442
19515,7995
Total
596143,0901
BP 355,02
Panas keluar pada alur 18 : Qout = ∑ N i ∫ Cp ( l )dT + (∆Hvl) + ∫ Cp (g) dT
298,15 BP
434923,4218 kJ/jam
=
(188,2144 kJ / kg − 0)
434923,4218 kJ/jam
=
188,2144 kJ/kg
= 2310,7869 kg/jam
Superheated
steam
360 oC
Benzene (l) Benzene (l)
IPB (l) IPB (l)
DIPB (l) 20 21 & 22 DIPB (l)
113,58 oC 159,28 oC
1 atm Kondensat 1 atm
150 oC
1 atm
Q = Qout - Qin
= (190585,6299 +904233,0504) – 334397,7795
= 760420,9008 kJ/jam
Steam yang diperlukan adalah :
q heater
m=
∆H (360 C Saturated Steam − 150 0 C Kondensat )
0
m = 1812,3518 kg/jam
Suhu umpan masuk pada Menara Destilasi (MD-102) adalah: 432,43 K (159,28 oC)
∑ xi.K = 1 terpenuhi,
P = 1 atm
K = Pi/P
Trial : T = 429,92 K (156,77 oC)
Tabel LB.37 Penentuan suhu operasi Condensor Subcooler (E108)
P uap
Komp. T P uap (atm) xi K xi.K
Benzene 429,92 670,7520 6,6203 0,0107 6,6203 0,0710
IPB 429,92 95,1561 0,9391 0,9885 0,9391 0,9284
DIPB 429,92 81,5060 0,8044 0,0007 0.8044 0,0006
Total 1.00001
Dari hasil perhitungan dew point untuk Benzene, IPB dan DIPB didapat
temperature 429,92 K .
Panas masuk pada suhu 432,43 K (159,28 oC)
BP 432,43
Panas masuk pada alur 24: Qout = ∑ N i ∫ Cp ( l ) dT + (∆Hvl) + ∫ Cp (g) dT
298,15 BP
Tabel LB.38 Panas Masuk pada Condensor Cubcooler (E-108)
BP 432,43
N Q in
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl ∫ Cp (l) dT
289,15
∫ Cp (g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
BP
Benzene 0.0325 18773.1 7409.7918 8682,9415 1133,1396
IPB 2.996 38241.6 30763,5738 1468,7331
211139,8250
DIPB 0.0022 33058,0787 72,7278
Total 211212,5528
∫ Cp
N Q out
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl
298,15
(l) dT ∫ Cp
BP
(g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
Benzene 0.0325 18773.1 7409.7918 8381,1768 1123,,3322
IPB 2.996 31956,4539 95741,5358
DIPB 0.0022 32368,2288 71,2101
Total 95812,7459
Superheated steam
0
159,28 C 360 oC, 1 atm
Benzene (l)
IPB (l) 1 atm
30 &31 IPB (l)
DIPB (l) 29
165,102 0C, 1 atm
Kondensat
150 oC, 1 atm
∫ Cp dT (g) dT
Komponen (kmol) ∆Hvl 289,15
(l)
BP (kJ/jam)
IPB 0.026 38241.6 30763,5738 1468,7331 1832,3216
DIPB 2.3984 33058,0787
79286,4958
Total 81118,8174
Panas keluar T = 438,25 K (165,10 oC) dan tekanan 1 atm
BP 438,25
Panas keluar pada alur 30: Qout = ∑ i ∫ (l )
N Cp dT + ( ∆Hvl) + ∫ Cp (g) dT
298,15 BP
m = 9,2680 kg/jam
81510,5875 kJ/jam
=
(188,2144 kJ / kg )
81510,5875 kJ/jam
=
188,2144 kj/kg
= 433,0730 kg/jam
T= 165,10 0C T= 30 0C
IPB (l)
IPB (l) DIPB (l)
DIPB (l)
Air pendingin bekas (70 0C)
P = 1 atm
∫ Cp (l) dT
N Q in
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl
289,15
∫ Cp
BP
(g) dT
(kJ/Jam)
IPB 0.0018 38241,6 30763,5738 2723,7950 129,1121
DIPB 0.1757 34667,3820 6091,0590
6220,1712
Total
BP 303,15
Panas keluar pada alur 32 : Qout = ∑ i ∫ (l )
N Cp dT + ( ∆Hvl) + ∫ Cp (g) dT
298,15 BP
Tabel LB.47 Panas Keluar Cooler (E-111)
BP 303,15
N Q out
Komponen
(kg/jam)
∆Hvl ∫ Cp (l) dT
298,15
∫ Cp(g) dT (kJ/Jam)
BP
Perhitungan:
a. Volume Tangki
147,1443 kg/jam × 10 hari × 24 jam/hari
Volume cairan, Vl = 3
= 67,4213 m3
523,7900 kg/m
Direncanakan membuat 1 tangki dan faktor kelonggaran 20%, maka :
(0,2x67,4213) + 67,4213 m 3
Volume 1 tangki, Vt = = 80,9056 m3
1
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 169,1757 kg/jam = 372,9707 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 360°C = 680 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 150 °C = 302 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 147,1443 kg/jam = 324,3993 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 30°C = 86 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 265,86 °C = 510,548 °F
T1 − T2 378
R= = = 0,8903
t 2 − t 1 424,548
t 2 − t 1 424,548
S= = = 0,7147
T1 − t 1 680 - 86
(2) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 680 + 302
Tc = = = 491 °F
2 2
t 1 + t 2 86 + 510,548
tc = = = 298,274 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan Double Pipe Exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar inner pipe (OD) = 1,66 in = 0,13833 ft
- Diameter dalam anulus (ID2) = 2,067 in = 0,17225 ft
- Diameter dalam inner pipe (ID1) = 1,38 in = 0,115 ft
Dari tabel 6.2 (Kern, 1965), pada jenis ini Flow Area pada inner pipe lebih besar dari
pada anulus, maka laju alir yang paling besar mengalir di inner pipe
Fluida panas : steam , inner pipe
(3) Flow area tube,at’ = 0,182 in2
at = π × D 2 / 4 (Pers. (6.3), Kern, 1965)
1
k c.µ 3
(8) hi = jH × ×
ID k
0,0,0188
hi = 320 × × 1,29409 = 67,6979
0,115
hi ID
hio = ×
ϕt OD
1,38
hio = 67,6979 × = 56,2790
1,66
ID − OD 2
2
(6′) Taksir JH dari Gambar 24, Kern, diperoleh JH = 185 pada Res = 67455,4459
1
k c.µ 3
(8’) ho = J H × ×
De k
0,03
ho = 185 × × 0,6557 = 47,7919
0,0761
V2
F =3 = 0,00297 ft
1 2× g
(∆F + F ) × ρ
∆P = a 1 = 0,0276 psi
a 144
∆F × ρ
(3′) ∆P = a = 0,37825 psi
p 144
Hp = . P1 .Qfm (Timmerhaus,1991)
dimana:
F 147,1443
Qfm= laju alir = = = 0,2811 m3/jam = 0,1673 ft3/menit =
ρ 523,3909
0,00278 ft3/s
k = rasio panas spesifik = 1,4
η = efisiensi kompresor = 80 %
38090,2 (1, 4 −1) / 1, 4
Hp = . 15870,92..0,1673 − 1
15870,9
= 0,08 HP
Jika efisiensi motor adalah 80 %, maka :
0,08
Daya actual, P = = 0,1 HP
0,80
Diameter pipa ekonomis (De) dihitung dengan persamaan :
De =3,9(Q)0,45( ρ )0,13 (Timmerhaus,1991)
= 3,9 (0,0027ft3/s)0,45(32,3508 lbm/ft3) 0,13
= 0,43 in
Dari Appendiks A.5 Geankoplis, 2003, dipilih pipa commercial steel :
Ukuran nominal : 0,5 in
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur = 30 oC = 303,15 K
Laju Alir Massa = 219,7177 kg/jam
Kebutuhan perancangan = 10 hari
Faktor kelonggaran = 20%
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ× v×D
NRe =
μ
(54,5509 lbm/ft3 )(1,1689 ft/s)(0,0518ft)
=
0,0003 lbm/ft.s
= 8629,643 (Turbulen)
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 (Geankoplis, 2003)
0,000046 m
Pada NRe = 8629,643 dan ε/D = = 0,0029
0,0157 m
Dari Gambar 2.10-3 Geankoplis (2003) diperoleh harga f = 0,0083
Friction loss:
A v2 1,16892
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 − 2 = 0,55(1 − 0)
A1 2α 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0116 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 1,16892
1 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0159 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
v2 1,16892
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,0424 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
= 0,0212ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 1,0434 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
maka : 0 +
32,174
(20 ) + 2116,228 + 1,0434 + Ws = 0
32,174 54,5509
Ws = 59,837 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp = (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
59,837
=
0,7
= 85,4815 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
= 0,1345 lbm/s × 85,4815 ft.lbf/lbm
= 11,5017 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,0209 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/4 hp.
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 970,7029691 kg/jam = 2140,0449 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 360 °C = 680 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 150 °C = 302 °F
1
ho k c.µ 3
(8) = JH × ×
ϕs De k
ho 0,02
= 300 × × 0,7207 = 268,7505
ϕs 0,0651
hio ho ID
(9) = ×
ϕs ϕs OD
hio 0,782
= 268,7505 × = 210,1629
ϕs 1
tw = 169,9950 +
210,1629
(422,96 − 169,9950) = 299,611
210,1629 + 200
Δtw = 299,611 – 169,9950 = 129,616
Dari gambar 15.11, kern nilai h0 > 200, maka h0 yang digunakan adalah 200.
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk Ret = 100318,46
f = 0,00016 ft2/in2 (Gambar 26, Kern, 1965)
s=1
φt = 1
2
f ⋅Gt ⋅ L ⋅ n
(2) ΔPt = (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
5,22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ID ⋅ s ⋅ φ t
4 ⋅ n V 2 4⋅6
ΔPv = = 0,001 = 0,026
s 2l 1
g
(4) ΔP = ΔPt + ΔPv = 0,00005 + 0,026 = 0,02605 psi
f. G 2 . D . (N + 1)
(3′) ∆P = s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s
5,22.1010 . D .s. ϕ
e s
- Fluida panas
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 1640,3188 kg/jam = 3616,3028 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 92,314 °C = 198,1652 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 269,47 °C = 517,0514 °F
Δt 2 − Δt 1 - 59,1138
LMTD = = = 131,179 °F
Δt 103,8384
ln 2 ln
Δt 1 162,954
T1 − T2 378
R= = = 1,1853
t 2 − t1 318,8862
t 2 − t1 318,8862
S= = = 0,6618
T1 − t1 680 − 198,1652
t1 + t 2 92,314 + 269,473
tc = = = 357,608 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan heat exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar tube (OD) = 1 in
- Jenis tube = 8 BWG
- Pitch (PT) = 11/4 in square pitch
- Panjang tube (L) = 16 ft
a. Dari Tabel 8, hal. 840, Kern, 1965, heater untuk fluida panas steam dan
fluida dingin gases, diperoleh UD = 5-50, dan faktor pengotor (Rd) = 0,003.
Diambil UD = 18 Btu/jam⋅ft2⋅°F
Luas permukaan untuk perpindahan panas,
Q 413713,2479 Btu/jam
A= = = 203,734 ft 2
U D × Δt 18 Btu
× 112,814 F
o
jam ⋅ ft 2 ⋅o F
A 203,734 ft 2
Jumlah tube, N t = = = 48,6378 buah
L × a " 16 ft × 0,2618 ft 2 /ft
b. Dari Tabel 9, hal 842, Kern, 1965, nilai yang terdekat adalah 48 tube dengan
ID shell 12 in.
c. Koreksi UD
A = L × Nt × a"
= 16 ft × 48 × 0,2618 ft2/ft
= 201,062 ft 2
Q 413713,2479 Btu/jam Btu
UD = = = 18,2392
A ⋅ Δt 201,062 ft x 112,814 °F
2
jam ⋅ ft 2 ⋅ °F
2293,5151
Gt = = 116290,9 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,01972
(10) Taksir jH dari Gambar 24 Kern (1965), diperoleh jH = 340 pada ReT 148233,2
1
hi k c.µ 3
(12) = jH × ×
ϕt ID k
hio hi ID
= ×
ϕt ϕt OD
hio 0,67
= 119,147 × = 79,8283
ϕt 1
3616,3028
Gs = = 39301,7062 lbm/jam.ft2
0,092
1
ho k c.µ 3
(8’) = JH × ×
ϕs De k
ho 0,0161
= 198 × × 1,01237 = 39,1182
ϕs 0,0825
tw = 357,608 +
39,1182
(491 − 357,608)
45,2542 + 39,1182
tw = 401,4771 0F
U C − U D 30,2146 − 18,2391
Rd = = = 0,0217 (Pers. (6.13), Kern, 1965)
U C × U D 30,2146 × 18,2391
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk Ret = 178653
f = 0,0013 ft2/in2 (Gambar 29, Kern, 1965)
s = 0,98 (Gambar 6, Kern, 1965)
2
f ⋅Gt ⋅L⋅n
(2) ΔPt = (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
5,22 ⋅1010 ⋅ ID ⋅ s ⋅ φ t
f. G 2 . D . (N + 1)
(3′) ∆P = s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 10
5,22.10 . D .s. ϕ
e s
Hp = . P1 .Qfm (Timmerhaus,1991)
dimana:
F 1640,3188
Qfm= laju alir = = = 382,1 m3/jam = 224,86 ft3/menit
ρ 4,308
= 3,7477 ft3/s
k = rasio panas spesifik = 1,4
η = efisiensi kompresor = 80 %
Reaksi:
C3H6(g) + C6H6(g) C9H12(g) ….( 1 )
(Propilen) (Benzen) (Cumen)
A
60
o
60
o B = 0,1 m = 0,42 inchi
D
C' CD = PT sin 60O
0,5
4 ⋅ 0,866 ⋅ Nt ⋅ PT 2
IDs =
π
0,5
4 x0,866 x36 x0,05292
=
π
= 0,33 m = 13,1280 in
Tinggi shell (H) = panjang tube = 7,2 m
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 1787,46 kg/jam = 3940,70 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 274,83°C = 526,69 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 60,26 °C = 140,47 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 5660,61 kg/jam = 12479,58 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 25°C = 77 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 70 °C = 158 °F
Δt 2 − Δt 1 - 305,2
LMTD = = = 173,4 °F
Δt 63,4
ln 2 ln
Δt 1 368,6
t 2 − t1 81
S= = = 0,18
T1 − t1 526,6 - 77
(4) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 526,6 + 140,4
Tc = = = 333,58 °F
2 2
t1 + t 2 77 + 158
tc = = = 117,5 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan Double Pipe Exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar inner pipe (OD) = 2,6 in = 0,2166 ft
- Diameter dalam anulus (ID2) = 3,23 in = 0,2697 ft
- Diameter damal inner pipe (ID1) = 2,05 in = 0,1708 ft
Dari tabel 6.2 (Kern, 1965), pada jenis ini Flow Area pada inner pipe lebih besar dari
pada anulus, maka laju alir yang paling besar mengalir di inner pipe
Fluida Dingin : Air Pendingin , inner pipe
(3) Flow area tube,at’ = 0,022 in2
at = π × D 2 / 4 (Pers. (6.3), Kern, 1965)
5660,6127
Gt = = 172011,99 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,022
ID − OD 2
2
(6′) Taksir JH dari Gambar 24, Kern, diperoleh JH = 185 pada Res = 67455,4459
1
k c.µ 3
(8’) ho = J H × ×
De k
0,03
ho = 185 × × 0,6557 = 47,7919
0,0761
(9’) Clean Overall Coefficient, UC
h io × h o 56,2790 × 47,7919
UC = = = 25,8447 Btu/jam.ft 2 .°F
h io + h o 56,2790 + 47,7919
(Pers. (6.38), Kern, 1965)
(10’) Rd teori = 0,002
V2
F =3 = 0,00297 ft
1 2× g
(∆F + F ) × ρ
∆P = a 1 = 0,0276 psi
a 144
∆F × ρ
(3′) ∆P = a = 0,37825 psi
p 144
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
F 23,43 kg
Volume gas, Vgas = = = 15,8225 m3/jam = 0,1552 ft3
ρ gas 1,4808 kg/m 3
0,1178
u = 0,14 − 1 = 0,0732 ft/detik
0,0925
Diameter tangki :
V
D= (Wallas, 2005)
(π / 4).u
9,6895
D= = 12,9855 ft = 3,9569 m
(π / 4).0,0732
Direncanakan menggunakan bahan konstruksi Low alloy steel SA-353 diperoleh data
• Allowable stress (S) = 155132,1 kPa = 22500 psi
• Joint efficiency = 0,8
• Corrosion allowance = 0,0098 in/tahun (Peters dkk, 2004)
• Umur tangki = 10 tahun
12,985
(14,766 psi). in
2
= + (10).(0,0098 in/thn) = 0,103 in
(22500 psi).(0,8) − 0,6.(14,766 psi)
Tebal shell tangki yang digunakan adalah 1/4 in.
b. Tutup tangki
Diameter tutup = diameter tangki = 12,9855 ft = 3,9569 m
Rasio axis = Lh : D =1:4
Lh = 0,99 m
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
Friction loss:
A v2 0,85322
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 − 2 = 0,5 5(1 − 0)
A1 2α 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0062 ft.lbf/lbm
o v2 0,85322
1 elbow 90 : hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0084ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
v2 0,85322
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,0226 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
D.2.g c (0,1722).2.(32,174)
= 1576ft.lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,85322
1 Sharp edge exit: hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0 )2
A2 2.α .g c 2(1)(32,174 )
= 0,0113ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 0,2063 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm = 0 lbf/ft2
maka : 0 +
32,174
(30 ) + 0 + 5,8538 + Ws = 0
32,174 54,3636
Ws = 30,2063 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp = (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
30,2063
=
0,7
= 43,1518 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
= 1,0808 lbm/s × 43,1518 ft.lbf/lbm
= 46,6398 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,0848 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/4 hp.
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 1008,2834 kg/jam = 2222,8961 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 360°C = 680 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 150 °C = 302 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 1764,9411 kg/jam = 3891,0494 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 60,265°C = 140,477 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 113,58 °C = 236,444 °F
Δt 2 − Δt 1 - 406,242
LMTD = = = 164,108 °F
Δt 443,556
ln 2 ln
Δt 1 37,314
T1 − T2 468
R= = = 7,5779
t 2 − t1 61,758
t 2 − t1 61,758
S= = = 0,1222
T1 − t1 680 − 174,686
(6) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 680 + 212
Tc = = = 446 °F
2 2
t1 + t 2 174,686 + 236,444
tc = = = 205,565 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan heat exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar tube (OD) = 1,25 in
a. Dari Tabel 8, hal. 840, Kern, 1965, exchanger untuk fluida panas light
organics dan fluida dingin light organics, diperoleh UD = 5 - 50, dan faktor
pengotor (Rd) = 0,001.
Diambil UD = 15 Btu/jam⋅ft2⋅°F
Luas permukaan untuk perpindahan panas,
Q 443182,1513 Btu/jam
A= = = 200,041 ft 2
U D × Δt Btu
15 × 147,697 o F
jam ⋅ ft ⋅ F
2 o
A 200,041 ft 2
Jumlah tube, N t = = = 38,2224 buah
L × a " 16 ft × 0,3271 ft 2 /ft
b. Dari Tabel 9, hal 842, Kern, 1965, nilai yang terdekat adalah 40 tube dengan
ID shell 15,25 in.
c. Koreksi UD
A = L × Nt × a"
= 16 ft × 40 × 0,3271 ft2/ft
= 209,344 ft 2
Q 443182,1513 Btu/jam Btu
UD = = = 14,3334
A ⋅ Δt 209,344ft x 147,697 °F
2
jam ⋅ ft 2 ⋅ °F
1983,0543
GT = = 13728,8 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,1444
1
c.µ
(11) i = jH × ×
h k 3
ϕt ID k
hi 0,0217
= 87 × × 1,1561 = 22,7762
ϕt 0,0958
hio hi ID
= ×
ϕt ϕt OD
hio 1,15
= 22,77622 × = 20,9541
ϕt 1,25
4044,4013
Gs = = 38189,8 lbm/jam.ft2
0,1059
1
ho k c.µ 3
(8’) = JH × ×
ϕs De k
ho 0,081
= 46 × × 2,2774 = 82,789
ϕs 0,1025
t w = 205,565 +
82,789
(446 − 205,565)
20,9541 + 82,789
t w = 397,437 0F
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk ReT = 32169,8
f = 0,0017 ft2/in2 (Gambar 26, Kern, 1965)
s= 1
2
f ⋅ Gt ⋅ L ⋅ n
(2) ΔPT = (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
5,22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ID ⋅ s ⋅ φ t
4n V 2
ΔPr = .
s 2g'
(4).(2)
= .0,001
1
= 0,008 psi
∆PT = ∆Pt + ∆Pr
= 0,00183psi + 0,008psi
= 0,0098 psi
∆PT yang diperbolehkan = 10 psi
f. G 2 . D . (N + 1)
(3′) ∆P = s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 10
5,22.10 . D .s. ϕ
e s
K LK 0,9099
αLW = = = 10,0987
K HK 0,0901
(Geankoplis,2003)
log[0,9267 / 0,004)(0,7367 / 0,0464)]
=
log(11,6009)
= 3,3496
R Rm
Dari Fig 11.7 – 3, Geankoplis, hal. 749, untuk = 0,13 dan = 0,11
R +1 Rm + 1
Nm
diperoleh = 0,13; maka:
N
N m 3,3496
N= = = 25,7663
0,13 0,13
Jumlah piring teoritis = 25,7663
Efisiensi piring = 85 % (Geankoplis,2003)
25,7663
Maka jumlah piring yang sebenarnya = = 30,31 piring ≈ 31 piring.
0,85
Jumlah piring total = 31 + 1 = 32 piring
Ne
= 7,3112
Ns
Data :
Suhu dan tekanan pada destilasi MD-301 adalah 360,93K dan 1 atm.
386,73
Laju alir volumetrik gas (Q) = 0,00566 × 22,4 × = 0,1797 m3/s
273,15
1/ 2
q ρL
1/ 2
0,0007 861,8247
= = 0,09655
Q' ρ V 0,1221 2,5715
σ
0, 2
1
CF = αlog + β
(q/Q)(ρ L / ρ V ) 1/ 2
0,02
0, 2
1 0,04
= 0,05637 log + 0,06824
0,0655 0,02
= 0,1550
{[ ] }
2
Weff
= (1,25) − (1,25) − 1 + 2(0,00277 )(1,25)
0,5 2
2 2
W
Weff
= 1,238
W
Hydraulic head
Q 0,1797
Va = = = 0,332 m/s
A a 5,4011
T + W 2,6284 + 2,1028
z= = = 2,3656
2 2
q
h L = 0,0061 + 0,725 h w − 0,238 h w Va ρ v + 1,225
0,5
z
0,000663
h L = 0,0061 + 0,725 (0,05) − 0,238 (0,05)(0,0226)(2,247)0,5 + 1,225
2,3656
h L = 0,0420 m
6 (0,04) (1)
hR = = 0,0063 m
861,8247 (0,0045)(9,8)
Total gas pressure drop
hG = hd + hL + hR
hG = 0,00000562 + 0,0420 + 0,0063
hG = 0,048371 m
Tinggi tutup =
1
(2,6284) = 0,6571 m
4
Tinggi total = 19,2 + 2(0,6571) = 20,51422 m
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 1633,6913 kg/jam = 3601,6916 lbm/jam
Diasumsi uap yang mengembun tertinggal 20%, maka
Laju alir fluida panas = 3601,6916/0,8 = 4502,1145 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 113,58 °C = 236,444 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 81,87 °C = 179,366 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 2786,1511 kg/jam = 6142,4438 lbm/jam
Δt 2 − Δt 1 11,34
LMTD = = = 83,9864 °F
Δt 89,78
ln 2 ln
Δt 1 78,44
T1 − T2 69,66
R= = = 0,86
t 2 − t1 81
t 2 − t1 81
S= = = 0,508
T1 − t1 236,44 − 77
(2) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 236,444 + 166,784
Tc = = = 201,614 °F
2 2
t1 + t 2 77 + 158
tc = = = 117,5 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan kondensor dengan spesifikasi:
a. Dari Tabel 8, hal. 840, Kern, 1965, cooler untuk fluida panas gas heavy
organichdan fluida dingin air, diperoleh UD = 5-75, dan faktor pengotor (Rd)
= 0,001.
Diambil UD = 30 Btu/jam⋅ft2⋅°F
Luas permukaan untuk perpindahan panas,
Q 497027, 4361Btu/jam
A= = = 229,3778 ft 2
U D × Δt Btu
30 × 72,2283 o F
jam ⋅ ft ⋅ F
2 o
A 229,3778 ft 2
Jumlah tube, N t = = = 54,7597 buah
L × a " 16 ft × 0,2618 ft 2 /ft
b. Dari Tabel 9, hal 842, Kern, 1965, nilai yang terdekat adalah 56 tube dengan
ID shell 13,25 in.
c. Koreksi UD
A = L × Nt × a"
= 16 ft × 56 × 0,2618 ft2/ft
= 234,5728 ft 2
Q 497027,4361 Btu/jam Btu
UD = = = 29,3356
A ⋅ Δt 234,5728 ft x 72,2283°F
2
jam ⋅ ft 2 ⋅ °F
4682,0918
Gt = = 67829,1 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,069
Gt
V =
3600 ρ
67829,1
V= = 0,3014 fps
3600 x62,5
6142,4438
Gs = = 66755,62 lbm/jam.ft2
0,092
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk ReT= 6058,57
f = 0,0011 ft2/in2 (Gambar 26, Kern, 1965)
s = 98
φt = 1
2
f ⋅ Gt ⋅ L ⋅ n
(2) ΔPT = (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
5,22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ID ⋅ s ⋅ φ T
2
V
(3) Dari Gambar 27, Kern, 1965 diperoleh = 0,001
2g'
f. G 2 . D . (N + 1)
(3′) ∆P = s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 10
5,22.10 . D .s. ϕ
e s
Perhitungan:
a. Volume Tangki
1633,69kg/jam x 1 jam
Volume larutan, Vl = = 1,67 m3
972,9778 kg/m3
Volume tangki, Vt = (1,2) x 1,67 m3 = 2,0148 m3
Vl 1,6790
Fraksi volum = = = 0,8333
Vt 2,0148
Dari gambar 18.15 pada buku Walas dkk, Chemical Process Equipment
diperoleh untuk fraksi volum 0,8333 maka H/D = 0,777
Asumsi L/D = 1,777
Digunakan dua buah tutup ellipsoidal maka volume tutup adalah:
Vh = Vo(V/Vo) = 2 [0,1309D3(2)(H/D)2(1,5-H/D)] (Walas dkk, 2005)
= 2 [0,1309D3(2)(0,777)2(1,5-0,777)]
= 0,2285D3
Kapasitas shell:
θ = 2 arccos (1-2H/D) = 2 arccos (1-2(0,777) = 2 arccos (1-1,554)
= 4,3159 rad
2,0954
D= 3 = 1,1305 m = 44,5079 in.
1,3921
2,0954 − 0,2285(1,1305)
3
L= = 2,1093 m.
0,6548(1,1305)
2
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ× v×D
NRe =
μ
Friction loss:
A v2 4,30262
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 − 2 = 0,5 5(1 − 0)
A1 2α 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,1582 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 4,30262
2 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,4315 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
v2 4,30262
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,5753 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
D.2.g c (0,0686).2.(32,174)
= 28,0710 ft.lbf/lbm
2
A v2 4,30262
1 Sharp edge exit: hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0 )2
A2 2.α .g c 2(1)(32,174 )
= 0,2876 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 29,5238 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 2 atm
∆P = 1 atm = 2116,228 lbf/ft2
tinggi pemompaan ∆Z = 20 ft
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp =- (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
88,3540
=
0,7
= 126,2201 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
= 0,8699 lbm/s × 129,2201 ft.lbf/lbm
= 109,8064 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,1996 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/4 hp.
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 1789,5296 kg/jam = 4880,31 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 360 °C = 680 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 150 °C = 302 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 1978,0313 kg/jam = 4630,8353 lbm/jam
Untuk mencegah fluida menguap semua, diasumsikan hanya 80% fluida yang
menguap, sehingga :
Laju alir fluida dingin = 0,8 x 4630,8353 = 3488,668 lbm/jam
Penguapan isotermal :
Entalpi uap pada 318,65 oF = 202,1 Btu/lbm
qv = 4535,1529 x (202,1 – 140,24) = 280544,5579 Btu/jam
(680 − 318,65) − (302 − 252,885)
(2) (∆t)p = = 156,4552 oF
680 − 318,65
ln
302 − 252,885
(∆t)v = 680 – 318,65 = 361,35 oF
qp 46995,5218
= = 300,3767
(∆t ) p 156,4552
qv 280544,55779
= = 776,379
(∆t )v 361,35
Q
∆t = = 707,799 oF
q
∑ (∆tv)
v
4880,31
Gs = = 56311,27 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,083333
5668,94
Gs = = 59369,3 lbm/jam.ft2
0,0959
ho 0,0567
= 15 × × 1,76346 = 18,1798
ϕs 0,0825
(10) jH = 168
UC =
∑ UA = 303,3767 + 776,3790 = 9,5294Btu/jam.ft .°F 2
Ac 112,9923
(Pers. (6.38), Kern, 1965)
(13) Desain Overall Coefficient
A = Nt ( L).(a" )
A = 56(16).(0.2618) = 234,573 ft 2
Q 762126,751
UD = = = 4,5903 (Pers. (6.13), Kern, 1965)
A × ∆t 234,573 × 707,799
Dari Table 8 Kern, 1965 Ud yang diizinkan = 5
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk Ret = 72453,3
f = 0,00015 ft2/in2 (Gambar 26, Kern, 1965)
s=1
φt = 1
2
1 f ⋅Gt ⋅L⋅n
(2) ΔPt = (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
2 5,22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ID ⋅ s ⋅ φ
t
2
1 (0,00015) × (57154,7) × (16) × (2)
ΔPt = = 0,0027 psi
2 (5,22 ⋅ 1010 ) × (0,0558) × (1) × (1)
Lp
(3’) N + 1 = 12 x
B
10,1684
N + 1 = 12 x = 24,4140 (Pers. (7.43), Kern, 1965)
5
Ds = 13,73/12 = 1,1458 ft
2
1 f. G s . D s . (N + 1)
(4′) ∆P = (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 2
5,22.1010 . D .s. ϕ
e s
2
1 0,0022 × (59369,3) × (1,1458) × (24,4041)
∆P = = 0,0514 psi
s 2 10
5,22.10 × (0,0825) × (0,98) × (1)
Penguapan
(1’) Res = 89160,9
f = 0,0015
(2’) Panjang daerah penguapan :
Lv = 16 – 10,1684 = 5,8316 ft
N + 1 = 12 x Lv
B
5,8316
N + 1 = 12 x = 13,9959 (Pers. (7.43), Kern, 1965)
5
Ds = 13,25/12 = 1,1458 ft
2
1 f. G s . D s . (N + 1)
(4′) ∆P = (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 2
5,22.1010 . D .s. ϕ
e s
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ× v×D
NRe =
μ
Friction loss:
A v2 1,0562
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 − 2 = 0,5 5(1 − 0)
A1 2α 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0095 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 1,0562
3 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 3(0,75) = 0,039 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
v2 1,0562
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,0346 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
D.2.g c (0,0686).2.(32,174)
A2 2.α .g c 2(1)(32,174 )
= 0,0173 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 1,2371 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm = 0 lbf/ft2
tinggi pemompaan ∆Z = 35 ft
maka : 0 +
32,174
(35 ) + 0 + 1,2371 + Ws = 0
32,174 53,8034
Ws = 36,2371 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp = (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
36,2371
=
0,7
= 51,7673 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
= 0,2108 lbm/s × 51,7673 ft.lbf/lbm
= 10,9161 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,0198 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/4 hp.
K LK 0,9896
αLD = = = 32,9866
K HK 0,03
K LK 0,9907
αLW = = = 99,07
K HK 0,01
(Geankoplis,2003)
log[0,9886 / 0,0105)(0,9894 / 0,0106)]
=
log(57,1662)
= 2,2445
R Rm
Dari Fig 11.7 – 3, Geankoplis, hal. 749, untuk = 0,13 dan = 0,11
R +1 Rm + 1
Nm
diperoleh = 0,13; maka:
N
Ne
= 1,4632
Ns
Ne = 1,4632 Ns
N = Ne + Ns
22 = 1,4632 Ns + Ns
Ns = 8,9312 ≈ 9
Ne = 22 – 9 = 13
Jadi, umpan masuk pada piring ke – 13 dari atas.
Data :
Suhu dan tekanan pada destilasi MD-301 adalah 360,93K dan 1 atm.
432,4
Laju alir volumetrik gas (Q) = 0,00084 × 22,4 × = 0,0298 m3/s
273,15
σ
0, 2
1
CF = αlog + β
(q/Q)(ρ L / ρ V ) 1/ 2
0,02
0, 2
1 0,04
= 0,05637 log + 0,06824
0,0676 0,02
= 0,1541
0,5
ρ − ρV
VF = C F L
ρV
0,5
859,02399 − 3,3778
= 0,1541
3,3778
= 2,4530 m/s
{[ ] }
2
Weff
= (1,25) − (1,25) − 1 + 2(0,00277 )(1,25)
0,5 2
2 2
W
2
Weff
= 1,238
W
2/3 2/3
q Weff
h 1 = 0,666
W W
2/3
0,000126
h1 = 0,666 (1,238257 )1 / 3
2,1028
h 1 = 0,00109
Perhitungan diulangi dengan memakai nilai h1 = 0,00109 m hingga nilai h1
konstan pada nilai 0,00109 m.
z
0,000126
h L = 0,0061 + 0,725 (0,05) − 0,238 (0,05)(0,0055)(3,3778)0,5 + 1,225
2,3655
h L = 0,04229 m
6 (0,04) (1)
hR = = 0,0063 m
859,02399 (0,0045)(9,8)
Backup in downspout
h3 = hG + h2
Tinggi tutup =
1
(2,6284) = 0,6571 m
4
Tinggi total = 13,2 + 2(0,6571) = 14,5142 m
Tekanan operasi = 1 atm = 101,325 kPa
Faktor kelonggaran = 5 %
P design = (1+0,05) x 101,325 kPa = 106,392 kPa = 15,431 psi
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 363,0050 kg/jam = 800,2932 lbm/jam
Diasumsi uap yang mengembun tertinggal 20%, maka
Laju alir fluida panas = 0,8 x 800,2932 = 640,2364 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 159,288 °C = 318,7184 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 156,779 °C = 314,2022 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 681,3386 kg/jam = 1502,1023 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 25 °C = 77 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 70°C = 158 °F
T1 − T2 16,524
R= = = 0,204
t 2 − t1 81
t 2 − t1 81
S= = = 0,3351
T1 − t1 318,65 − 77
(3) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 318,65 + 302,126
Tc = = = 310,388 °F
2 2
t1 + t 2 77 + 158
tc = = = 117,5 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan kondensor dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar tube (OD) = 0,75 in
- Jenis tube = 18 BWG
- Pitch (PT) = 1 in square pitch
- Panjang tube (L) = 16 ft
d. Dari Tabel 8, hal. 840, Kern, 1965, cooler untuk fluida panas gas heavy
organichdan fluida dingin air, diperoleh UD = 5-75, dan faktor pengotor (Rd)
= 0,001.
Diambil UD = 8 Btu/jam⋅ft2⋅°F
Luas permukaan untuk perpindahan panas,
Q 121545,4588 Btu/jam
A= = = 80,3159 ft 2
U D × Δt 8 Btu
× 189,1676 o F
jam ⋅ ft ⋅ F
2 o
e. Dari Tabel 9, hal 842, Kern, 1965, nilai yang terdekat adalah 26 tube dengan
ID shell 8 in.
f. Koreksi UD
A = L × N t × a"
= 16 ft × 26 × 0,1963 ft2/ft
= 81,6608 ft 2
Q 121545,4588 Btu/jam Btu
UD = = = 7,8682
A ⋅ Δt 81,66086 ft x 189,1676 °F
2
jam ⋅ ft 2 ⋅ °F
Fluida panas : gas, heavy organich, tube
(3) Flow area tube,at’ = 0,334 in2 (Tabel 10, Kern, 1965)
N t × a 't
at = (Pers. (7.48), Kern, 1965)
144 × n
26 × 0,334
at = = 0,0301 ft 2
144 × 2
(4) Kecepatan massa:
w
Gt = (Pers. (7.2), Kern, 1965)
at
1040,3117
Gt = = 34501,4 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,0301
Gt
V =
3600 ρ
34501,4
V= = 0,4803 fps
3600 x19,95
ID
(7) hio = hi ×
OD
0,652
hio = 10 × = 8,6933 (Pers.(6.5), Kern, 1965)
0,75
1502,1023
Gs = = 21630,27 lbm/jam.ft2
0,0694
200
= 117,5 + × (310,388 − 117,5)
8,6933 + 200
= 303,3531
tf = (Tv + tw)/2
= 209,9265
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk ReT = 3882,79
f = 0,0023 ft2/in2 (Gambar 26, Kern, 1965)
s = 0,98
2
V
(3) Dari Gambar 27, Kern, 1965 diperoleh = 0,001
2g'
4n V 2
ΔPr = .
s 2g'
(4).(2)
= .0,001
1
= 0,00816 psi
∆PT = ∆Pt + ∆Pr
= 0,0315 psi + 0,00816 psi
= 0,04 psi
∆PT yang diperbolehkan = 10 psi
φs =1
s=1
L
(2′) N + 1 = 12 x
B
16
N + 1 = 12 x = 38,4 (Pers. (7.43), Kern, 1965)
5
Ds = 8/12 = 0,6666 ft
f. G 2 . D . (N + 1)
(3′) ∆P = s s (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 10
5,22.10 . D .s. ϕ
e s
Perhitungan:
a. Volume Tangki
363,0050 kg/jam x 1 jam
Volume larutan, Vl = = 0,4210 m3
862,0781 kg/m3
Volume tangki, Vt = (1,2) x 0,4210 m3 = 0,5052 m3
Vl 0,4210
Fraksi volum = = = 0,8333
Vt 0,5052
Kapasitas shell:
θ = 2 arccos (1-2H/D) = 2 arccos (1-2(0,777) = 2 arccos (1-1,554)
= 4,3159 rad
π 1
Vs = Vo(V/Vo) = D 2 L (θ - sin θ ) (Walas dkk, 2005)
4 2π
π 1
= D 2 L (4,3159 - sin 4,3159 )
4 2π
= 0,6548 D2L
Volume tangki = Vh + Vs = 0,2285D3 + 0,6548 D2L
Dimana L/D = 1,777, maka volume tangki adalah:
Vt = 0,2285D3 + 1,1636D3 = 1,3921 D3
0,5255 m3 = 1,3921D3
0,5255
D= 3 = 0,7466 m = 29,3937 in.
1,3921
0,5255 − 0,2285(0,7466 )
3
L= = 1,1793 m.
0,6548(0,7466 )
2
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ× v×D
NRe =
μ
Friction loss:
A v2 3,65532
1 Sharp edge entrance: hc = 0,55 1 − 2 = 0,5 5(1 − 0)
A1 2α 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,1142 ft.lbf/lbm
v2 3,65532
4 elbow 90o: hf = n.Kf. = 4(0,75) = 0,6229 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
v2 3,65532
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,4152 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
D.2.g c (0,0410).2.(32,174)
= 12,5342 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,2076 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 13,8942 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm = 0 lbf/ft2
tinggi pemompaan ∆Z = 15 ft
maka : 0 +
32,174
(15 ) + 0 + 13,8942 + Ws = 0
32,174 53,8192
Ws = 28,8942 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp = (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
28,8942
=
0,7
= 41,2775 ft.lbf/lbm.
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
= 0,2223 lbm/s × 41,2775 ft.lbf/lbm
= 9,1760 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,0166 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/4 hp.
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 315,6565 kg/jam = 695,9071lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 156,779 °C = 314,2022 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 30 °C = 86 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 433,0730 kg/jam = 954,7676 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 25°C = 77 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 70 °C = 158 °F
Δt 2 − Δt 1 - 147,2022
LMTD = = = 51,5788 °F
Δt 9
ln 2 ln
Δt 1 156,202
T1 − T2 228,2022
R= = = 2,8173
t 2 − t1 81
(2) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 314,2022 + 86
Tc = = = 200,1011 °F
2 2
t1 + t 2 77 + 158
tc = = = 117,5 °F
2 2
Dalam perancangan ini digunakan Double Pipe Exchanger dengan spesifikasi:
- Diameter luar inner pipe (OD) = 1,66 in = 0,13833 ft
- Diameter dalam anulus (ID2) = 2,067 in = 0,17225 ft
- Diameter damal inner pipe (ID1) = 1,38 in = 0,115 ft
Dari tabel 6.2 (Kern, 1965), pada jenis ini Flow Area pada inner pipe lebih besar dari
pada anulus, maka laju alir yang paling besar mengalir di inner pipe
Fluida Dingin : Air Pendingin , inner pipe
(3) Flow area tube,at’ = 0,0103 in2
at = π × D 2 / 4 (Pers. (6.3), Kern, 1965)
1
k c.µ 3
(14) hi = jH × ×
ID k
0,0,0188
hi = 320 × × 1,29409 = 54,2268
0,115
hi ID
hio = ×
ϕt OD
1,38
hio = 67,6979 × = 45,0801
1,66
Fluida Panas : Liquid, anulus
(3’) Flow area anulus
ID2 − OD 2
2
ID2 − OD 2
2
(6′) Taksir JH dari Gambar 24, Kern, diperoleh JH = 12 pada Res = 4341,1977
1
k c.µ 3
(8’) ho = J H × ×
De k
0,078
ho = 12 × × 1,83 = 106,3045
0,0761
(9’) Clean Overall Coefficient, UC
h io × h o 45,0801 × 106,30
UC = = = 31,655 Btu/jam.ft 2 .°F
h io + h o 45,0801 + 106,30
(Pers. (6.38), Kern, 1965)
(10’) Rd teori = 0,002
1 1
= + Rd
Ud Uc
1 1
= + 0,002
Ud 31,655
Ud = 29,77 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
V2
F =3 = 0,0136 ft
1 2× g
(∆F + F ) × ρ
∆P = a 1 = 0,02474 psi
a 144
∆F × ρ
(3′) ∆P = a = 4,1069 psi
p 144
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ× v×D
NRe =
μ
v2 3,17852
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,3140 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
= 0,1570 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 12,1400 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm = 0 lbf/ft2
tinggi pemompaan ∆Z = 10 ft
maka : 0 +
32,174
(10 ) + 0 + 12,1400 + Ws = 0
32,174 53,8193
Ws = 22,1400 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp = (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
22,1400
=
0,7
= 31,6286 ft.lbf/lbm.
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur = 30 oC = 303,15 K
Laju Alir Massa = 315,6565 kg/jam
Kebutuhan perancangan = 10 hari
Faktor kelonggaran = 20 %
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 9,268 kg/jam = 20,4325 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 360 °C = 680 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 150 °C = 302 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 391,6885 kg/jam = 863,5298 lbm/jam
Untuk mencegah fluida menguap semua, diasumsikan hanya 80% fluida yang
menguap, sehingga :
Laju alir fluida dingin = 0,8*863,5298 = 690,8239 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 159,28 °C = 318,71 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 165,102 °C = 329,183 °F
qv 54280,9255
= = 154,7179
(∆t )v 350,838
Q
∆t = = 12,3998 oF
q
∑ (∆tv)
v
1
h k c.µ 3
(8’) o = J H × ×
ϕs De k
ho 0,05517
= 25 × × 1,6613 = 37,2481
ϕs 0,0791
Penguapan :
(9) Pada 329,162 oF
µ = 0,023 cP = 0,0556 lbm/ft2⋅jam
0,0791 × 16163,1
Re s = = 22989,1
0,0556
(10) jH = 90
UC =
∑ UA = 157,3214 + 154,7179 = 15,839Btu/jam.ft .°F2
Ac 19,7007
(Pers. (6.38), Kern, 1965)
Q 3869,2331
UD = = = 3,8211 (Pers. (6.13), Kern, 1965)
A × ∆t 81,6608 × 12,3998
Dari Table 8 Kern, 1965 Ud yang diizinkan = 5
Pressure drop
Fluida panas : sisi tube
(1) Untuk Ret = 1218,7572
f = 0,00015 ft2/in2 (Gambar 26, Kern, 1965)
s=1
φt = 1
2
1 f ⋅Gt ⋅L⋅n
(2) ΔPt = (Pers. (7.53), Kern, 1965)
2 5,22 ⋅ 1010 ⋅ ID ⋅ s ⋅ φ
t
2
1 (0,0004) × (1343,7481) × (16) × (2)
ΔPt = = 0,00001 psi
2 (5,22 ⋅1010 ) × (0,0401) × (1) × (1)
Lp
(3’) N + 1 = 12 x
B
7,23234
N + 1 = 12 x = 17,3575 (Pers. (7.43), Kern, 1965)
5
Ds = 8/12 = 0,666 ft
2
1 f. G s . D s . (N + 1)
(4′) ∆P = (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 2
5,22.1010 . D .s. ϕ
e s
2
1 0,0028 × (1663,1) × (0,6667) × (17,3575)
∆P = = 0,0021 psi
s 2
5,22.1010 × (0,0791) × (0,98) × (1)
Penguapan
(1’) Res = 22989,1
f = 0,0018
(2’) Panjang daerah penguapan :
Lv = 16 – 7,2323 = 8,7677 ft
(3’) Jumlah Crosses,
N + 1 = 12 x Lv
B
8,7677
N + 1 = 12 x = 21,0425 (Pers. (7.43), Kern, 1965)
5
2
1 f. Gs . Ds . (N + 1)
(4′) ∆P = (Pers. (7.44), Kern, 1965)
s 2
5,22.1010 . D .s. ϕ
e s
2
1 0,0018 × (16163,1) × (0,6666) × (21,0425)
∆P = = 0,0016 psi
s 2
5,22.1010 × (0,0791) × (0,98) × (1)
- Fluida panas
Laju alir fluida panas = 28,6835 kg/jam = 63,2366 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (T1) = 165,102 °C = 329,183 °F
Temperatur akhir (T2) = 30 °C = 86 °F
- Fluida dingin
Laju alir fluida dingin = 32,0239 kg/jam = 1003,7452 lbm/jam
Temperatur awal (t1) = 25 °C = 77 °F
Temperatur akhir (t2) = 70 °C = 158 °F
Δt 2 − Δt 1 - 162,162
LMTD = = = 55,0562 °F
Δt 9
ln 2 ln
Δt 1 171,162
(4) Tc dan tc
T1 + T2 329,162 + 86
Tc = = = 207,581 °F
2 2
t1 + t 2 77 + 158
tc = = = 117,5 °F
2 2
62,6981
Gt = = 17749,7 lbm/jam.ft 2
0,0037
1
k c.µ 3 µ
(16) hi = jH × × (Pers.(6.15a), Kern, 1965)
ID2 k µw
0,07
hi = 2,2 × × 1,9180.(1) = 22,6325
0,0686
(17) Koreksi hi pada permukaan OD
ID
hio = hi 2
OD
hio 0.824
= 22,6325 × = 17,7611
ϕt 1,05
1003,7452
Gs = = 229612,8 lbm/jam.ft2
0,0043
(10)
Q
A=
Ud (∆t )
81219,9485
A=
16,0717.(55,0562)
= 91,7933
4(0,0166) ⋅ (17749,7) 2 ⋅ 25
ΔFf = 40 = 0,4808
2(4,18).(10 6 ).55 2 (0,0686)
0,4808.(55)
(2) ΔPt = = 0,1836 psi
144
4.(0,0113).229612,8 2 (40)
∆F = = 1,0689 ft
s
2(4,18).(10 8 ).(62,5 2 ).(0,0275)
G
V=
3600 p
(3’)
229612,8
V= = 1,0205
3600.(62,5)
V2
F1 = 3
2g 2
1,0205 2
F1 = = 0,0485
2.(32,2)
(∆F + F1 ).( s )
∆p s =
144
(1,0689 + 0,0485).(62,5)
∆p s = = 0,485 psi
144
∆Ps yang diperbolehkan = 10 psi
Desain pipa:
Bilangan Reynold:
ρ× v×D
NRe =
μ
v2 0,81882
1 check valve: hf = n.Kf. = 1(2) = 0,208 ft.lbf/lbm
2.g c 2(32,174)
D.2.g c (0,0224).2.(32,174)
= 2,7890 ft.lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,81882
1 Sharp edge exit: hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0 )2
A2 2.α .g c 2(1)(32,174 )
= 0,0104 ft.lbf/lbm
Total friction loss: ∑ F = 2,8338 ft.lbf/lbm
Dari persamaan Bernoulli:
1
2α
( 2 2
) P − P1
v 2 − v1 + g ( z 2 − z1 ) + 2
ρ
+ ∑ F + Ws = 0 (Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana: v1 = v2
P2 = 1 atm
∆P = 0 atm = 0 lbf/ft2
tinggi pemompaan ∆Z = 40 ft
maka : 0 +
32,174
(40 ) + 0 + 2,8338 + Ws = 0
32,174 53,6282
Ws = 42,8338 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Ws
Wp = (Geankoplis, 2003)
η
Daya pompa: P = m × Wp
= 0,01756 lbm/s × 61,1911 ft.lbf/lbm
= 1,0748 ft.lbf/lbm
= 0,0019 hp
Maka dipilih pompa dengan daya motor 1/4 hp.
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur = 30 oC = 303,15 K
Laju Alir Massa = 28,6835 kg/jam
Kebutuhan perancangan = 10 hari
Faktor kelonggaran = 20 %
Tabel LC.21 Data pada Alur 32
Laju ρ
Komponen Alir Fraksi Densitas Campuran
kg/jam Kg/m3 (kg/m3)
IPB 0,2182 0,0076 862 6,5573
DIPB 28,4653 0,9923 859 852,4654
Total 28,6835 1 859,0228
(Sumber: Perry, 1999)
Hp = . P1 .Qfm (Timmerhaus,1991)
dimana:
F 22,522
Qfm= laju alir = = = 12,5349 m3/jam = 7,4612 ft3/menit =
ρ 1,797
0,1243 ft3/s
k = rasio panas spesifik = 1,4
η = efisiensi kompresor = 80 %
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30 °C
Densitas air (ρ) = 995,467 kg/m3 (Perry, 1997)
Laju alir massa (F) = 2268,91222 kg/jam
2268,9122 kg/jam × 1 jam/3600 s
Laju alir volume (Q) = 3
= 0,00063 m3/s
995,467 kg/m
Dari tabel 5.1 Physical Chemical Treatment of Water and Wastewater
Ukuran bar :
Lebar bar = 5 mm; Tebal bar = 20 mm;
Bar clear spacing = 20 mm; Slope = 30°
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30 °C
Tekanan = 1 atm
F 2268,9122 kg/jam
Laju air volumetrik, Q = = = 2,79 m 3 /jam
ρ 995,467 kg/m 3
= 0,0006 m3/s
Desain Perancangan :
Bak dibuat dua persegi panjang untuk desain efektif. (Kawamura, 1991).
Perhitungan ukuran tiap bak :
Kecepatan pengendapan 0,1 mm pasir adalah (Kawamura, 1991) :
Q 1,3414 ft 3 /min
Kecepatan aliran v = = = 0,2682 ft/min
At 5 ft x 1 ft
h
Desain panjang ideal bak : L = K v (Kawamura, 1991)
υ0
Uji desain :
Va
Waktu retensi (t) : t =
Q
(3,25 x 1 x 5) ft 3
= = 12,11 menit
1,3414 ft 3 / min
Desain diterima ,dimana t diizinkan 6 – 15 menit (Kawamura, 1991).
Q
Surface loading : = laju alir volumetrik
A luas permukaan masukan air
1,3414 ft3/min (7,481 gal/ft3)
= 1 ft x 3,25 ft
= 3,0878 gpm/ft2
Desain diterima, dimana surface loading diizinkan diantara 3 – 10 gpm/ft2 (Kawamura,
1991).
Headloss (∆h); bak menggunakan gate valve, full open (16 in) :
Kelonggaran (K) = 12%
v2
∆h = K
2g
Perhitungan:
Ukuran Tangki
0,1134 kg/jam × 24 jam/hari × 30 hari
Volume larutan, Vl =
0,3 × 1134 kg/m 3
= 0,1997 m3
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 0,1997 m3 = 0,2397 m3
Direncanakan perbandingan diameter dengan tinggi silinder tangki, D : H = 1 : 1
1/ 3
3
= Vt
3,14
Maka: D = H 1/ 3
3
(
= 0,2397 m 3 )
3,14
= 0,6733 m = 26,5117 in
volume cairan x tinggi silinder
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki =
volume silinder
(0,1997)(0,6733)
= = 0,5995 m
(0,2397)
Daya Pengaduk
Jenis pengaduk : flat 6 blade turbin impeller
Jumlah baffle : 4 buah
Untuk turbin standar (McCabe, 1999), diperoleh:
Da/Dt = 1/3 ; Da = 1/3 x 0,7194 m = 0,2398 m
E/Da = 1 ; E = 0,2398 m
L/Da = ¼ ; L = ¼ x 0,2398 m = 0,0599 m
W/Da = 1/5 ; W = 1/5 x 0,2398 m = 0,0479 m
J/Dt = 1/12 ; J = 1/12 x 0,7194 m = 0,0599 m
ρ N (D a )2
N Re = (Geankoplis, 1997)
μ
(1363)(1)(0,2398)2
N Re = = 78323,9173
6,72 ⋅ 10 − 4
NRe > 10.000, maka perhitungan dengan daya pengaduk menggunakan rumus:
P = Np N 3 Da ρ
5
(Geankoplis, 2003)
Np = 5 untuk NRe = 91564,33 (Geankoplis, 2003)
P = 5(1) (0,2398) 1363
3 5
= 0,00541 kW = 0,00725 hp
Efisiensi motor = 70 %
Daya motor = 0,0103 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/4 hp
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30 °C
t10tahun =
(129,278kPa(0,5911 / 2) + 10(0,0098)
2(87218,17)(0,8) − 1,2(129,278)
= 0,1159 in
Tebal shell standar yang digunakan = 1/4 in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
P = Np N 3 Da ρ
5
(Geankoplis, 2003)
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30 °C
Tekanan = 1 atm
H2SO4 yang digunakan mempunyai konsentrasi 5 % (% berat)
Laju massa H2SO4 = 0,1474 kg/jam
Densitas H2SO4 = 1061,7 kg/m3 (Perry, 1999)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 30 hari
Faktor keamanan = 20 %
Perhitungan :
0,1474 kg/jam × 30 hari × 24 jam
Volume larutan, Vl = = 2,0004 m3
0,05 × 1061,7 kg/m 3
t10tahun =
(136,6921kPa(1,4514 / 2m ) + 10(0,0098)
2(87218,17)(0,8) − 1,2(136,6921)
= 0,1540 in
Tebal shell standar yang digunakan = 1/4 in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
P = Np N 3 Da ρ
5
(Geankoplis, 2003)
Np = 5 untuk NRe = 12637,986 (Geankoplis, 2003)
P = 5(1) (0,4541) 1061,7 = 0,1407 kW = 0,1887 hp
3 5
Efisiensi motor = 70 %
Daya motor = 0,2696 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar ¼ hp
Perhitungan :
(0,6090 kg/jam)(30 hari)(24 jam/hari)
Volume larutan, (V1) = = 7,2223 m3
(0,04)(1518 kg/m 3 )
Volume tangki = 1,2 x 7223 m3 = 8,6668 m3
π Di 2 Hs
Volume silinder tangki (Vs) = (Brownell,1959)
4
Direncanakan : Tinggi tangki : diameter tangki Hs : D = 1 : 1
Volume tangki (Vt)
Vt = ¼ π D2 Hs
1
Vt = π D3
4
1
8,6668 = π D 3
4
Maka, diameter tangki D = 2,2267 m
H
tinggi tangki Ht = Hs = s × D = 2,2267 m
D
Tebal shell tangki
7,2223 m 3
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki, h = × 2,2267 m = 1,8555 m
8,6668 m 3
Tekanan hidrostatik :
P = ρ × g × h = 1518 kg/m3 × 9,8 m/det2 × 1,8555 = 27,6044 kPa
P = Np N 3 Da ρ
5
(Geankoplis, 2003)
Np = 5 untuk NRe = 593276,87 (Geankoplis, 2003)
P = 5(0,5) (0,7422) 1518 = 0,2137 kW = 0,2866 hp
3 5
Efisiensi motor = 70 %
Daya motor = 0,4094 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/2 hp
Kondisi operasi:
Temperatur = 30 °C
Tekanan = 1 atm
Ca(ClO)2 yang digunakan = 2 ppm
Ca(ClO)2 yang digunakan berupa larutan 70 % (% berat)
Laju massa Ca(ClO)2 = 0,0024 kg/jam
Densitas Ca(ClO)2 70 % = 1272 kg/m3 = 79,4088 lbm/ft3 (Perry, 1997)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 360 hari
Faktor keamanan = 20 %
Perhitungan :
0,0024 kg/jam × 24jam/hari × 360 hari
Volume larutan, Vl = = 0,0233 m3
0,7 × 1272 kg/m 3
Tebal tangki :
PD
t= +nC
2SE − 1,2P
(125,7362kPa) (0,3326/2 m)
t10tahun = + 10 (0,0098 in)
2(87218,71 kPa)(0,8) − 1,2(125,7362 kPa)
= 0,1098 in
Tebal shell standar yang digunakan = ¼ in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
P = Np N 3 Da ρ
5
(Geankoplis, 2003)
Np = 5 untuk NRe = 44008,15 (Geankoplis, 2003)
P = 5(3) (0,1108) 1272 = 0,0028 kW = 0,0038 hp
3 5
Efisiensi motor = 70 %
Daya motor = 0,0055 hp
Digunakan daya motor standar 1/4 hp
Data:
Laju massa air (F1) = 2767,3999 kg/jam
Laju massa Al2(SO4)3 (F2) = 0,1383 kg/jam
Laju massa Na2CO3 (F3) = 0,0747 kg/jam
Laju massa total, m = 2767,6130 kg/jam
Densitas Al2(SO4)3 = 2710 kg/m3 (Perry, 1999)
Densitas Na2CO3 = 2533 kg/m3 (Perry, 1999)
Densitas air = 995,467 kg/m3 (Perry, 1999)
Reaksi koagulasi:
Perhitungan:
Dari Metcalf & Eddy, 1984, diperoleh :
Untuk clarifier tipe upflow (radial):
Kedalaman air = 3-5 m
Settling time = 1-3 jam
Dipilih : kedalaman air (H) = 5 m, waktu pengendapan = 2 jam
Diameter dan Tinggi clarifier
Densitas larutan,
ρ=
(2767,6130 )
2767,3999 0,1383 0,0747
+ +
995,467 2710 2533
ρ = 995,5148 kg/m3
V = 1/4 π D2H
1/3
4V 1/2 4 × 6,6721
D= ( ) = = 1,1934 m = 46,9867 in
πH 3,14 × 5
Tinggi clarifier (l) = 1,5 D = 1,7901 m
Tebal Dinding Tangki
Tekanan hidrostatik, Phid = ρx g x l
= 995,5148 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/det2 x 1,7901 m
= 17,4652 kPa
Tekanan oprasi, Po = 1 atm = 101,325 kPa
Poperasi = 17,4652 + 101,325 = 118,7902 kPa
Faktor kelonggaran = 5 %
Maka, Pdesign = (1,05) (118,7902 kPa)
= 124,7297 kPa
Joint efficiency = 0,8 (Brownell,1959)
Allowable stress = 12650 psia = 87218,7 kPa (Brownell,1959)
1Faktor korosi = 0,0089 in/thn
Umur alat diperkirakan 10 tahun.
Tebal shell tangki:
PD
t=
2SE − 1,2P
(124,7297 kPa)( 1,1934/2m)
t10tahun = + 10(0,0098)
2(87218,7kPa)(0,8) − 1,2(124,7297 kPa)
= 0,140 in
Tebal shell standart yang dipilih = ¼ in
Daya Clarifier
P = 0,006 D2 (Ulrich, 1984)
π.Di 2 Hs
Volume silinder tangki (Vs) =
4
Direncanakan perbandingan tinggi tangki dengan diameter tangki D : H = 3 : 4
3Vt
D =
π (1 / 3)
= 0,9144 m
= 0,9144 m
Tinggi tutup =
1
(0,6096 m ) = 0,3048 m (Brownell,1959)
2
Sehingga, tinggi anion exchanger = 0,9144 + 2(0,3048) = 1,5240 m
Kondisi operasi :
Suhu air masuk menara (TL2) = 66,7626 °C = 152,1726 °F
Suhu air keluar menara (TL1) = 25 °C = 59 °F
Suhu udara (TG1) = 30 °C = 77°F
Densitas air (25 °C) = 997,045 kg/m3 (Perry, 1999)
Laju massa air pendingin (m) = 9049,6261 kg/jam
= 19950,8056 lb/jam
= 744,3978 btu/s
Kondisi operasi :
Suhu Dowterm A masuk menara (TL2) = 305 °C = 581 °F
Suhu Dowterm A keluar menara (TL1) = 30 °C = 86 °F
Suhu udara (TG1) = 30 °C = 77°F
Densitas Dowterm A (25 °C) = 1056 kg/m3 (Anonim,2010)
Laju massa Dowterm A (m) = 86,4383 kg/jam
= 190,5618 lb/jam
H2 tetrafluoroethane, T = 581 °F = 845.5 btu/lbm
H1 tetrafluoroethane, T = 86 °F = 42,3 btu/lbm
QC QC
m= =
H 2 − H 4 (845,5 − 42,3) btu / lbm
QC = 153059,2997 btu / jam
= 42,5165 btu/s
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30 oC
Laju massa air = 2767,3999 kg/jam
Densitas air = 995,467 kg/m3 = 62,1586 lbm/ft3
(Geankoplis, 1997)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 3 jam
Perhitungan :
2767,3999 kg/jam × 3 jam
Volume air, Va = 3
= 8,3400 m3
995,467 kg/m
Faktor keamanan = 20 %
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 8,3400 m3 = 10,0080 m3
Direncanakan perbandingan diameter dengan tinggi silinder, D : H = 2 : 3
1
V= πD 2 H
4
1 3
10,0080 m 3 = πD 2 D
4 2
3
10,0080 m 3 = πD 3
8
D = 2,9433 m = 115,8781 in
H = 4,4149 m
volume cairan x tinggi silinder
Tinggi cairan dalam tangki =
volume silinder
(8,3400)(4,4149)
= = 3,6791 m
(10,0080 )
Tebal Dinding Tangki
Tekanan hidrostatik, Phid = ρx g x l
= 995,467 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/det2 x 3,6791 m
= 35892,1043 Pa = 35,8921 kPa
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur = 30 oC
Laju massa air = 868,2457 kg/jam
Densitas air = 995,68 kg/m3 = 62,1586 lbm/ft3 (Geankoplis, 1997)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 3 jam
Perhitungan :
Faktor keamanan = 20 %
(2,6165m 3 )(2,9999m)
= = 2,4999 m
(3,1399)
Tebal Dinding Tangki
Tekanan hidrostatik, Phid = ρx g x l
= 995,467 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/det2 x 2,4999 m
= 24388,72 Pa = 24,3887 kPa
Perhitungan :
1102,2214 kg/jam × 24 jam
Volume air, Va = 3
= 3,4254 m3
965,321 kg/m
Volume tangki, Vt = 1,2 × 3,4254 m3 = 4,1105 m3
Direncanakan perbandingan diameter dengan tinggi tangki, D : H = 2 : 3
1
V= πD 2 H
4
1 3
4,1105 m 3 = πD 2 D
4 2
3
4,1105 m 3 = πD 3
8
Maka: D = 1,4188 m = 55,8592 in
H = 2,1282 m = 83,7888 in
Tebal tangki
Tekanan hidrostatik, Phid = ρxgxl
= 965,321 kg/m3 x 9,8 m/det2 x 2,1282 m
= 16777,8903 Pa = 16,7778 kPa
Data :
H = jumlah panas yang diperlukan untuk menaikkan temperatur 111, 7224 oC
menjadi 360oC
= 3195,83 – 2693,2 = 502,63 kJ/kg = 1108,1081 btu/lb
Total kebutuhan uap (W) = 6034,4666 kg/jam = 13303,7058 lbm/jam
Daya Ketel Uap
34,5 × P × 970,3
W =
H
dimana: P = daya ketel uap (hp)
W = kebutuhan uap (lbm/jam)
H = kalor steam (Btu/lbm)
1108,1081×13303,7058
P= = 440,3821 hp
34,5 × 970,3
Jumlah Tube
Luas permukaan perpindahan panas, A = P × 10 ft2/hp
= 440,3821 hp × 10 ft2/hp
= 4403,8201 ft2
Direncanakan menggunakan tube dengan spesifikasi:
- Panjang tube, L = 30 ft
- Diameter tube, 4 in = 0,3333 ft
- Luas permukaan pipa, a′ = 1,178 ft2 (Kern, 1965)
Jumlah tube
A 4403,8201
Nt = = = 124,6129 ≈ 125 buah
L×a '
30 ×1,178
Kondisi operasi :
Temperatur : 30 °C
Tekanan : 1 atm
Laju volume solar = 93,6387 L/jam = 0,0936 m3/jam
Densitas solar = 0,89 kg/L = 890 kg/m3
(Perry, 1997)
Kebutuhan perancangan = 7 hari
Perhitungan :
a. Volume Tangki
Volume solar (Va) = 0,0936 m3/jam x 7 hari x 24 jam/hari
= 15,7313 m3
Direncanakan membuat 1 tangki dan faktor kelonggaran 20%, maka :
Volume 1 tangki, Vl = 1,2 x 15,7313 m3 = 18,8775 m3
Tekanan hidrostatik :
Phidrolik =ρ×g×h
= 890 kg/m3 × 9,8 m/det2 × 4,8106
= 41958,857 Pa = 41,9589 kPa
Tekanan operasi :
Poperasi = 1 atm = 101,325 kPa
Faktor keamanan : 20 %
Pdesign = (1,2) (41,9589 kPa + 101,325 kPa)
= 171,9406 kPa
Tebal shell standar yang digunakan = 1/4 in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,00087, pada
NRe = 27738,5425 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0088 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
= 0,017 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,482
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0255 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,482
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,068 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc (0,1722)2(32,174)
= 0,6956 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 1,482
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,034 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,8403 ft lbf/lbm
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,8403 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,8403 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 44,0576 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(2,1431 lbm/s)(44,0576ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,1343 hp
550 550
Friction loss :
A2 v2 1,482
1 sharp edge entrance hc
= 0,5 1 −
= 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,017 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,482
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0255 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,482
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,068 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0088)
(30)(. 1,48)
2
D 2 gc (0,1722)2(32,174)
= 0,2087 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,482
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,034 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,3789 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 40 ft
0+
32,174
(40) + 0 + 0,3789 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 40,3789 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 57,6841 ft lbf/lbm
Bilangan Reynold :
Friction loss :
A2 v2 0,0052
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0000002 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,0052
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0000003 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,0052
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0000008 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(1,12)
(30)(. 0,005)
2
D 2 gc (0,0179)2(32,174)
= 0,0023 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,0052
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,00000039 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,0024 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 50 ft
0+
32,174
(50) + 0 + 0,0024 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 50,0024 ft.lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,00011 lbm/s)(71,4319ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,000011 hp
550 550
Desain pompa :
untuk aliran turbulen NRe < 2100
Di,opt = 3 Q 0,36 μ 0,18 (Peters dkk, 2004)
= 3 ((0,55 (10-6) ft3/s)0,36 (0,00037 lbm/ft.s)0,18
= 0,0040 ft = 0,0484 in
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Friction loss :
A2 v2 0,00282
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0000001 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,00282
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0000001 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,00282
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0000002 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(1,14)
(30)(. 0,0028)
2
D 2 gc (0,0179)2(32,174)
= 0,00074 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,00282
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0000001 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,00074 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
0+
32,174
(50) + 0 + 0,00074 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 50,00074 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 62,501 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,000058 lbm/s)(62,501ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,52(10-5) hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,00087, pada
NRe = 27738,5425 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0088 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,482
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,017 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,482
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,051 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,482
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,068 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 40 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0088)
(40)(. 1,48) 2
D 2 gc (0,1722)2(32,174)
= 0,2782 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,482
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,034 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,4485 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,4484 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 43,4978 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(2,1431lbm/s )(43,4978ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,1332 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,00087, pada
NRe = 27738,5425 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0088 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,482
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,017 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,482
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,051 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,482
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,068 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 50 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0088)
(50)(. 1,48) 2
D 2 gc (0,1722)2(32,174)
= 0,034 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,518 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 40 ft
0+
32,174
(40) + 0 + 0,518 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 40,518 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 57,8829 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(2,1431lbm/s )(57,8829ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,1775 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0014, pada
NRe = 21090,9631 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0071 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A2 v2 1,822
1 sharp edge entrance hc
= 0,5 1 −
= 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0257 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,822
4 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 4(0,75) = 0,051 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 40 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0071)
(40)(. 1,82) 2
D 2 gc (0,1065)2(32,174)
= 0,5491 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 1,822
1 sharp edge exit hex
= n 1 −
= 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0515 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,8838 ft lbf/lbm
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,8838 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,8838 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 44,1197 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(1,0078lbm/s )(44,1197ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0532 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0018, pada
NRe = 17278,9954 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0075 (Geankoplis, 2003).
= 0,0308 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,99132
4 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 4(0,75) = 0,1848 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,99132
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1544 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 80 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0075)
(80)(. 1,9913) 2
D 2 gc (0,0797 )2(32,174)
= 1,8545 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,99132
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0616 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 40 ft
0+
32,174
(40) + 0 + 2,255 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 42,255 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 60,3643 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,6175lbm/s )(60,3643ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0524 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0018, pada
NRe = 14487,39 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,008 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,66962
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0216 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,66962
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,065 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,66962
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0866 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 3(0,008)
(30)(. 1,6696) 2
D 2 gc (0,0797 )2(32,174)
= 0,5214 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,66962
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0433 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,7381 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 50 ft
0+
32,174
(00) + 0 + 0,7381 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 50,7381 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,5177bm/s)(72,483ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0701 hp
550 550
Friction loss :
A v2 0,0047 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,00000017 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,0047 2
2 elbow 90° hf =n.Kf. =2(34,22) =0,52(10-6)ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,0047 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,00000069 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(1,14)
(30)(. 0,0047 )
2
D 2 gc (0,0179)2(32,174)
= 0,0795 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,0047 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,00000035 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,07952 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,07952 + Ws = 0
32,174
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,000078 lbm/s)(42,9707ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,71(10-5) hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0014, pada
NRe = 21090,9631 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0071 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,822
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0257 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,822
4 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 4(0,75) = 0,1591 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,822
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1029 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 40 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0071)
(40)(. 1,82)2
D 2 gc (0,1065)2(32,174)
= 0,5414 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,822
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0515 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,8837 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,8837 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,8838 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 44,1197 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(1,0078lbm/s )(44,1197ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0532 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Friction loss :
A2 v2 0,01362
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0000014 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,01362
2 elbow 90° hf =n.Kf. =2(34,22) = 0,0000043 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,01362
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0000058 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,297)
(30)(. 0,0136) 2
D 2 gc (0,0179)2(32,174)
= 0,0057 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 0,01362
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0000029 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,0057 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,0057 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 42,8653 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,00032 lbm/s)(42,8653ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,000029 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Friction loss :
A v2 0,0000742
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,0000742
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,17(10-9) ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(102,074)
(30)(. 0,000074) 2
D 2 gc (0,0179)2(32,174)
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,0000582 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,0000582 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 42,8572 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,15 (10 -5
)
) lbm/s (42,8572 ft.lbf/lbm)
= 0,118(10-6) hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0018, pada
NRe = 14487,39 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,008 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A2 v2 1,66962
1 sharp edge entrance hc
= 0,5 1 −
= 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0216 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,66962
6 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 6(0,75) = 0,1949 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc (0,0797 )2(32,174)
= 5,2147 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 1,66962
1 sharp edge exit hex
= n 1 −
= 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0433 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 5,9945 ft lbf/lbm
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 50 ft
0+
32,174
(00) + 0 + 5,9945 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 55,9944 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 79,9921 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,5177bm/s)(79,9921 ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0777 hp
550 550
Desain pompa :
untuk aliran turbulen NRe > 2100
Di,opt = 0,363 Q 0,45 ρ 0,13 (Peters dkk, 2004)
= 0,363 (0,00031 m3/s)0,45 (995,467 kg/m3)0,13
= 0,0234 m = 0,9212 in
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0014, pada
NRe = 21090,9631 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0071 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
= 0,0257 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,822
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0772 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,822
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1044 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 30 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,0071)
(30)(. 1,82)2
D 2 gc (0,1065)2(32,174)
= 0,4184 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 1,822
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0515 ft lbf/lbm
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 30 ft
0+
32,174
(30) + 0 + 0,6692 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 30,6692 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 43,8132 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(1,0078lbm/s )(43,8132ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0531 hp
550 550
Kondisi operasi :
Tekanan = 1 atm
Temperatur = 25 oC
Laju alir massa (F) = 9049,6260 kg/jam = 5,5418 lbm/s
Densitas (ρ) = 997,045 kg/m3 = 62,2451 lbm/ft3
Viskositas (µ) = 0,95 cP = 0,00064 lbm/ft.s
F 9049,6260 kg/kJ
Laju alir volumetrik, Q = = = 9,0764 m3/jam
ρ 997,045kg / m 3
= 0,00252 m3/det = 0,0890 ft3/s
Desain pompa :
untuk aliran turbulen NRe > 2100
Di,opt = 0,363 Q 0,45 ρ 0,13 (Peters dkk, 2004)
3 0,45 3 0,13
= 0,363 (0,00252 m /s) (997,045 kg/m )
= 0,0603 m = 2,374 in
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,00062, pada
NRe = 57873,6244 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,0058 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 2,4562
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0468 ft lbf/lbm
v2 2,4562
7 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 7(0,75) = 0,4921 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 2,4562
6 gate valve hf = n Kf = 6(2) = 1,1249 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc (0,2416)2(32,174)
= 3,1497 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 2,456
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0937 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 4,9073 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 90 ft
0+
32,174
(90) + 0 + 4,9073 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 94,9073 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(7,0124 lbm/s)(135,5819 ft.lbf/lbm) = 1,3396 hp
550 550
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0014, pada
NRe = 59757,7288 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,006 (Geankoplis, 2003)
Friction loss :
A v2 1,877 2
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0273 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,877 2
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0821 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,877 2
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1095 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 50 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,006)
(50)(. 1,877 )
2
D 2 gc (0,1065)2(32,174)
= 0,6168 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,877 2
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0547 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,8906 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 50 ft
0+
32,174
(50) + 0 + 0,8906 + Ws = 0
32,174
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(1,0078lbm/s )(72,7009ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0883 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0042, pada
NRe = 3028,3775 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,007 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,03892
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0084 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,03892
1 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 1(0,75) = 0,0251 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,03892
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0335 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 50 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,007)
(50)(. 1,389)2
D 2 gc (0,0352)2(32,174)
= 0,6662 ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,03892
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0167 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 0,75 ft lbf/lbm
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 40 ft
0+
32,174
(40) + 0 + 0,75 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 40,75 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 58,2144 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,0565lbm/s )(58,2144ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0043 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel dengan NRe 1257,9611 diperoleh harga f = 0,013
(Geankoplis, 2003)
Friction loss :
A v2 0,60452
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0028 ft lbf/lbm
v2 0,60452
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0085 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 0,60452
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,0113 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
Pipa lurus 70 ft Ff = 4f
∆L v 2
= 4(0,013)
(70)(. 0,6045) 2
D 2 gc (0,0251)2(32,174)
= 0,8035 ft lbf/lbm
2
A1 v 2 0,60452
1 sharp edge exit hex
= n 1 −
= 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
gc
) P −P
v 2 − v1 + (z 2 − z1 ) + 2 1 + ∑ F + Ws = 0
g
ρ
(Geankoplis, 2003)
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 40 ft
0+
32,174
(40) + 0 + 0,8319 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 40,8319 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 58,3313 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,0167 lbm/s)(58,3313ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0017 hp
550 550
Bilangan Reynold :
ρ× v×D
NRe = (Peters dkk, 2004)
µ
Untuk pipa Commercial Steel diperoleh harga ε = 0,000046 ; ε/D = 0,0024, pada
NRe = 4518,5938 diperoleh harga faktor fanning f = 0,01 (Geankoplis, 2003).
Friction loss :
A v2 1,82492
1 sharp edge entrance hc = 0,5 1 − 2 = 0,5 (1 − 0)
A1 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0258 ft lbf/lbm
v2 1,82492
2 elbow 90° hf = n.Kf. = 2(0,75) = 0,0776 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
v2 1,82492
1 gate valve hf = n Kf = 1(2) = 0,1035 ft lbf/lbm
2 gc 2(1)(32,174)
D 2 gc (0,0618)2(32,174)
= 1,3392ft lbf/lbm
2
A v2 1,82492
1 sharp edge exit hex = n 1 − 1 = 1 (1 − 0)
A2 2 α gc 2(1)(32,174)
= 0,0517 ft lbf/lbm
Total friction loss ∑ F = 1,5979 ft lbf/lbm
dimana : v1 = v2 ; ∆v2 = 0 ; P1 = P2 ; ∆P = 0
tinggi pemompaan ∆z = 40 ft
0+
32,174
(40) + 0 + 1,5979 + Ws = 0
32,174
Ws = 41,5979 ft.lbf/lbm
Efisiensi pompa, η= 70 %
Wp = -Ws / η = 59,4256 ft lbf/lbm
Daya pompa : P =
Wp Q
=
(0,3609 lbm/s)(59,4256 ft.lbf/lbm) = 0,0055 hp
550 550
r=
[n ⋅ ΣX i ⋅ Yi − ΣX i ⋅ ΣYi ] (Montgomery, 1992)
(n ⋅ ΣX i 2 − (ΣX i )2 )× (n ⋅ ΣYi 2 − (ΣYi )2 )
Tabel LE.2 Harga Indeks Marshall dan Swift
No. Tahun (Xi) Indeks (Yi) Xi.Yi Xi² Yi²
1 1989 895 1780155 3956121 801025
2 1990 915 1820850 3960100 837225
3 1991 931 1853621 3964081 866761
4 1992 943 1878456 3968064 889249
5 1993 967 1927231 3972049 935089
6 1994 993 1980042 3976036 986049
7 1995 1028 2050860 3980025 1056784
8 1996 1039 2073844 3984016 1079521
9 1997 1057 2110829 3988009 1117249
10 1998 1062 2121876 3992004 1127844
11 1999 1068 2134932 3996001 1140624
12 2000 1089 2178000 4000000 1185921
13 2001 1094 2189094 4004001 1196836
Dengan memasukkan harga-harga pada Tabel LE-2. maka diperoleh harga koefisien
korelasi:
≈ 0.98 ≈ 1
Harga koefisien yang mendekati +1 menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan
linier antar variabel X dan Y. sehingga persamaan regresi yang mendekati adalah
persamaan regresi linier.
105
Jan,2002
P-82
103
10-1 1 10 102 103
3
Capacity, m
Gambar LE.1 Harga Peralatan untuk Tangki Penyimpanan (Storage) dan Tangki
Pelarutan (Peters dkk, 2004)
- Biaya transportasi = 5%
- Biaya asuransi = 1%
Total = 43 %
Untuk harga alat non impor sampai di lokasi pabrik ditambahkan biaya sebagai berikut:
Total = 21 %
*)
Keterangan : I: untuk peralatan impor. NI: untuk peralatan non impor.
LE.2.2 Kas
LE.2.2.1 Gaji Pegawai
Tabel LE.6 Perincian Gaji Pegawai
Jabatan Jumlah Gaji/bulan(Rp) Jumlah gaji/bulan (Rp)
Komisaris 1 30.000.000 30.000.000
Direktur 1 25.000.000 25.000.000
Sekretaris 1 3.000.000 3.000.000
Manager 2 15.000.000 30.000.000
Kepala Bagian 7 8.000.000 56.000.000
Kepala Seksi 19 5.000.000 95.000.000
Karyawan 81 3.000.000 243.000.000
Dokter 1 8.000.000 8.000.000
Perawat 2 1.750.000 3.500.000
Petugas Keamanan 12 3.000.000 36.000.000
Petugas Kebersihan 5 1.300.000 6.500.000
Supir 10 1.500.000 15.000.000
142 551.000.000
Tabel LE.9 Aturan depresiasi sesuai UU Republik Indonesia No. 17 Tahun 2000
Depresiasi dihitung dengan metode garis lurus dengan harga akhir nol.
P−L
D=
n
dimana: D = depresiasi per tahun
P = harga awal peralatan
L = harga akhir peralatan
n = umur peralatan (tahun)
Semua modal investasi tetap langsung (MITL) kecuali tanah mengalami penyusutan
yang disebut depresiasi. sedangkan modal investasi tetap tidak langsung (MITTL) juga
LE.3.2.1 Biaya Variabel Bahan Baku Proses dan Utilitas per tahun
Biaya persediaan bahan baku proses dan utilitas selama 90 hari adalah
Rp 34.215.572.284,-
Total biaya persediaan bahan baku proses dan utilitas selama 1 tahun adalah:
330
= Rp 34.215.572.284,- × = Rp 125.457.098.375,-
90
Rp 97.765.493.451,-
PM = × 100%
Rp 277.271.676.000,-
PM = 35,26 %
Rp 45.654.003.090,-
BEP = × 100 %
Rp 277.271.676.000,- − Rp 133.360.895.573,-
BEP = 31,72%
Kapasitas produksi pada titik BEP = 31,72 % × 2500 ton/tahun
= 739,1 ton/tahun
Nilai penjualan pada titik BEP = 31,72 % × Rp 277.271.676.000,-
= Rp 87.961.179.247,-
Rp 68,460.845.415,-
ROI = × 100 %
Rp 189.082.738.131,-
ROI = 36,21 %
Rp 68.460.845.415,-
RON = × 100 %
Rp 113.449.642.878,-
RON = 60,34 %
1.535.210.163
IRR = 60 + x (61 – 60) = 60,44%
1.535.210.163 – (-1.885.906.496)