Disusun Oleh:
Roderick Samuel Prentice (406181068)
Pembimbing:
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What question did the study ask?
(P) Patients
Sebanyak 100 pasien akan menjalani tindakan colonoscopy. Kriteria eksklusi pada
penelitian ini adalah pasien yang memiliki rentang umur di luar 18-75 tahun, nilai
ASA lebih dari 3, hamil, riwayat mendapat anestesi dalam 7 hari terakhir, gangguan
psikiatri atau emosi, riwayat ketergantungan opioid dan/ sedative lainnya, riwayat
alergi, dan penolakan informed consent.
(I) Intervention
Pasien dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok C dan kelompok K oleh
computer secara acak. Kelompok C akan diberikan sedasi berupa midazolam (0.02
mg/kg), fentanyl ( 1 µ/kg), NaCl 0.9%, dan propofol hingga Ramsay score 3-4
tercapai. Kelompok P akan diberikan sedasi berupa midazolam (0.02 mg/kg),
fentanyl (1 µ/kg), ketamine (0.3 mg/kg), dan propofol hingga Ramsay score 3-4
tercapai. Pasien yang akan dilakukan colonoscopy dipasangkan 22-gauge
intravenous catheter di lengannya dan diberikan cairan NaCL 0.9%. Pasien juga
dipasangkan monitor standar seperti tekanan darah, elektrokardiogram dan
oksimetri. Pasien diberikan oksigen sebanyak 3 L/menit dengan sungkup wajah.
(C) Comparison
Kelompok C akan diberikan sedasi berupa midazolam (0.02 mg/kg), fentanyl ( 1
µ/kg), NaCl 0.9%, dan propofol hingga Ramsay score 3-4 tercapai. Kelompok P
akan diberikan sedasi berupa midazolam (0.02 mg/kg), fentanyl (1 µ/kg), ketamine
(0.3 mg/kg), dan propofol hingga Ramsay score 3-4 tercapai.
(O) Outcome(s)
Pada kelompok K yang ditambahkan Ketamine mendapatkan hasil yang lebih baik
yaitu onset yang lebih cepat, penggunaan propofol yang lebih sedikit, hemodinamik
yang lebih stabil, kualitas dan kedalaman sedasi yang lebih baik, dan efek samping
yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan kelompok C.
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Validasi Internal
Comment:
Pasien pada penelitan ini dibagi menjadi ke dalam 2 kelompok: Kelompok C dan
Kelompok K dibagi oleh computer secara acak. Kelompok C akan diberikan
sedasi berupa midazolam (0.02 mg/kg), fentanyl ( 1 µ/kg), NaCl 0.9%, dan
propofol hingga Ramsay score 3-4 tercapai. Kelompok P akan diberikan sedasi
berupa midazolam (0.02 mg/kg), fentanyl (1 µ/kg), ketamine (0.3 mg/kg), dan
propofol hingga Ramsay score 3-4 tercapai.
Comment:
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2a. A – Aside from the allocated treatment, were groups treated equally?
What is best? Where do I find the information?
Apart from the intervention the Look in the Methods section for the
patients in the different groups follow-up schedule, and permitted
should be treated the same, eg., additional treatments, etc and in Results
additional treatments or tests. for actual use.
Comment:
Kedua kelompok diperlakukan secara sama dimana pasien yang akan dilakukan
colonoscopy dipasangkan 22-gauge intravenous catheter di lengannya dan
diberikan cairan NaCL 0.9%. Pasien juga dipasangkan monitor standar seperti
tekanan darah, elektrokardiogram dan oksimetri. Pasien diberikan oksigen
sebanyak 3 L/menit dengan sungkup wajah.
2b. A – Were all patients who entered the trial accounted for? – and were
they analyzed in the groups to which they were randomized?
What is best? Where do I find the information?
Losses to follow-up should be The Results section should say how many
minimal – preferably less than 20%. patients were 4andomised (eg., Baseline
However, if few patients have the Characteristics table) and how many
outcome of interest, then even small patients were actually included in the
losses to follow-up can bias the analysis. You will need to read the results
results. Patients should also be section to clarify the number and reason
analysed in the groups to which they for losses to follow-up.
were randomised – ‘intention-to-
treat analysis’.
This paper: Yes
Comment:
Terdapat 100 pasien yang dipilih untuk penelitian ini. Pasien terbagi ke dalam 2
kelompok, yaitu kelompok C dan kelompok K. Kelompok pasien dibagi secara
acak oleh computer. Namun hanya 97 pasien yang ikut dalam penelitian ini
karena 1 pasien menolak menandatangani informed consent dan 2 pasien
dibatalkan karena poor bowel preparation.
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3. M - Were measures objective or were the patients and clinicians kept
“blind” to which treatment was being received?
What is best? Where do I find the information?
It is ideal if the study is ‘double- First, look in the Methods section to see
blinded’ – that is, both patients and if there is some mention of masking of
investigators are unaware of treatments, eg., placebos with the same
treatment allocation. If the appearance or sham therapy. Second, the
outcome is objective (eg., death) Methods section should describe how the
then blinding is less critical. If the outcome was assessed and whether the
outcome is subjective (eg., assessor/s were aware of the patients'
symptoms or function) then treatment.
blinding of the outcome assessor is
critical.
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What were the results?
Kedua kelompok memiliki baseline yang serupa (dapat dilihat pada tabel 1)
Tidak terdapat perbedaan statistik yang signifikan pada waktu prosedur, waktu
pemulihan dan pemulangan pasien, dan jumlah total obat yang digunakan.
Dapat dilihat di tabel 1,2, dan 3.
Pada Kelompok K didapatkan bahwa penggunaan ketamine dosis rendah
memberikan hasil yang lebih pada colonoscopy. Didapatkan kualitas dan
kedalaman sedasi yang lebih baik, hemodinamik yang lebih stabil, penggunaan
propofol yang lebih rendah, dan efek samping yang lebih rendah dibandingkan
pada kelompok C.
Relative Risk (RR) = risk of the The relative risk tells us how many
outcome in the treatment group / risk times more likely it is that an event
of the outcome in the control group. will occur in the treatment group
relative to the control group. An RR
of 1 means that there is no difference
between the two groups thus, the
treatment had no effect. An RR < 1
means that the treatment decreases
the risk of the outcome. An RR > 1
means that the treatment increased
the risk of the outcome.
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Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) = The absolute risk reduction tells us
risk of the outcome in the control the absolute difference in the rates of
group - risk of the outcome in the events between the two groups and
treatment group. This is also known as gives an indication of the baseline
the absolute risk difference. risk and treatment effect. An ARR of
0means that there is no difference
between the two groups thus, the
treatment had no effect.
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2. How precise was the estimate of the treatment effect?
The true risk of the outcome in the population is not known and the best we
can do is estimate the true risk based on the sample of patients in the trial.
This estimate is called the point estimate. We can gauge how close this
estimate is to the true value by looking at the confidence intervals (CI) for
each estimate. If the confidence interval is fairly narrow then we can be
confident that our point estimate is a precise reflection of the population value.
The confidence interval also provides us with information about the statistical
significance of the result. If the value corresponding to no effect falls outside
the 95% confidence interval then the result is statistically significant at the
0.05 level. If the confidence interval includes the value corresponding to no
effect then the results are not statistically significant.
Hasil penelitian ini dapat dipercaya, karena metode pengukuran pre dan paska
intervensi menggunakan metode-metode yang jelas dan tervalidasi secara
klinis. Penelitian mendapatkan hasil p value < 0,05 sehingga dapat dipercaya
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Check List Umum Struktur dan Isi Makalah
Ya (Y)
No Kriteria Tidak Ada (N)
Tidak Relevan (TR)
Judul Makalah
3 Cukup menarik Y
Abstrak
Pendahuluan
Metode Penelitian
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17 Disebutkan populasi sumber (populasi Y
terjangkau)
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36 Dijelaskan subyek yang drop out dengan Y
alasannya
Diskusi
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54 Dibahas hubungan hasil dengan praktek klinis Y
Daftar Pustaka
Lain-lain
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