CHEMICAL PROCESS and

MATERIAL BALANCE
Chemical Processing
Chemical Processing #2
SYSTEMS

Systems
 OPEN or CLOSED
 Any arbitrary portion of or a whole process that you
want to consider for analysis
 Reactor, the cell, mitochondria, human body, section of
a pipe
 Importance of system bounderies

Closed System
 Material neither enters nor leaves the system
 Changes can take place inside the system

Open System
 Material can enter through the boundaries
 ALAT

Finput Foutput

sistem

Finput

Foutput

sistem
 PABRIK KIMIA

recycle

Finput

feed
reactor separation purification
preparation
Foutput
Finput

sistem
Foutput Foutput Foutput
 Neraca Massa
(Mass Balance)
Dasar dari neraca material (neraca massa) adalah “hukum
kekekalan massa (law of conservation of mass). Konsep
ini sangat diperlukan oleh seorang chemical engineer untuk
melakukan evaluasi suatu proses dalam pabrik kimia.

•Berapa banyak bahan baku yang dibutuhkan?

•Berapa banyak produk yang terbentuk?
•Berapa banyak emisi gas, limbah cair, dan
limbah padat yang terbentuk?
Apa yang dilakukan seorang chemical engineer dalam
perhitungan neraca massa, secara prinsipiil sama dengan
perhitungan akuntansi yang dilakukan oleh seorang
akuntan.
Dalam akuntansi, seorang akuntan melakukan perhitungan
neraca untuk mengetahui apa yang terjadi dengan uang
perusahaan.
Sementara seorang chemical engineer melakukan
perhitungan neraca massa untuk mengetahui apa yang
terjadi pada setiap bahan yang ada dalam suatu proses.
 Klasifikasi Proses

I. Berdasarkan bagaimana suatu proses bervariasi

terhadap waktu.

a. Steady-state process (proses ajeg) adalah suatu

proses yg tidak berubah dengan berubahnya waktu.
Setiap kali kita melakukan tinjauan, semua variabel
mempunyai harga yg sama seperti ketika pertama kali
kita tinjau.

b. Unsteady-state (Transient) process adalah suatu

proses yg berubah dengan berubahnya waktu. Setiap
kali kita melakukan tinjauan, variabel-variabel tersebut
mempunyai harga yg berbeda dengan ketika pertama
kali kita tinjau.
 Kondisi Steady vs. Kondisi Unsteady

Finput sistem Foutput

INPUT - OUTPUT = ACCUMULATION

Kondisi Unsteady: kondisi dalam sistem berubah dengan berubahnya waktu
(transient)
Kondisi Steady: kondisi dalam sistem tidak berubah dengan berubahnya waktu
(ajeg)
Pada kondisi steady, laju akumulasi = 0 sehingga:

INPUT - OUTPUT = 0
 ember diisi air

input- output= akumulasi

bocor

unsteady

steady
input = output

akumulasi=0
II. Berdasarkan bagaimana suatu proses dirancang untuk
beroperasi.

a. Continuous process adalah suatu proses yang

mempunyai arus umpan (yang membawa bahan masuk
kedalam sistem proses ) dan arus produk (yang
membawa bahan keluar dari sistem proses) untuk
setiap saat.

b. Batch process adalah suatu proses dimana arus

umpan diumpankan ke sistem proses untuk memulai
proses. Material umpan kemudian diproses melalui
berbagai tahapan proses dan produk akhir dibentuk
selama satu atau lebih tahapan proses. Umpan
diumpankan pada waktu tertentu begitu juga produk
yang dihasilkan.
c. Semi-batch process (also called semi-
continuous) suatu proses yang mempunyai
karakteristik proses kontinyu dan proses batch.
Beberapa bahan dalam proses dihandel secara batch
dan bahan yang lain diproses secara kontinyu.
 Proses Batch vs. Proses Kontinyu
batch

t t t pengeluaran
pemasukan proses

t batch

Finput

t= V/Fv
kontinyu V
Foutput
 Chemical Processing #4
Continuous process

Input Output
Accumulation

Steady state process:

The process is constant with time
(variables have the same values all the time)
Un-steady state process:
The process changes with time
(One/more variables value change with time)
 Material balance
Mass conservation law,
“ Total mass is conserved, cannot be created nor
destroyed”

In this case, conversion of mass to energy

(nuclear reaction) is not present or ignored.
 Material balance #2
Total mass balance

Total Mass Input Total Mass Total Mass Output

Accumulation
 Total Mass Balance
Batch process:
Mass Input – Mass output = Mass accumulation

Continuous process
Rate of mass input – Rate of mass output
= Rate of mass accumulation

Steady state  Rate of accumulation = 0

Un-steady state  Rate of accumulation ≠ 0
 Problem 1
Into a container sit on a scale, three different
continuous streams are delivered. The first
stream is 120 lbm/hour, the second 100
lbm/hour and the third 90 lbm/hour. At what
steady mass stream is withdrawn to keep the
scale reading from changing?
 Problem 2
Two stream of similar liquid mixtures enter the center of
a distillation column. The column separate the combined
mixture into several components of different volatilities
(and different densities) which leave the column at the
top (product stream 1), middle (product stream 2) and
bottom (product stream 3). Given the following data,
what is the density of product stream 2?
Stream Mass flow Volumetric Density
(kg/hr) flowrate (kg/m3)
(m3/hr)
Feed 1 260000
Feed 2 283 935
Prod 1 157 721
Prod 2 235
Prod 3 208000
 Problem 3
Feed water is fed to a large steady-state boiler. Most of
the water leaves the boiler as high-pressure steam, with a
smaller amount of hot residual water discharged to
waste. The density and flowrate of the stream are as
follows:
Stream Density (kg/m3) Volumetric flowrate
(m3/min)
Feed water 1000 28
Hot residual water 960 6.5
High-pressure steam 3.7

What is the volumetric flowrate of the steam?

 Component Mass Balance
If the streams contain more than one species,
mass balance of individual species can be
developed

Component i Component i Component i

Input Accumulation Output
 Component Mass Balance #2
Batch process:
Mass A Input – Mass A output = Mass A accumulation

Continuous process
Rate of mass A input – Rate of mass A output
= Rate of mass A accumulation

Steady state  Rate of accumulation = 0

Un-steady state  Rate of accumulation ≠ 0
 Component Mass Balance #3
If there are n components, only n mass balances
are required.
Example:
If there are 3 components (A, B, C), mass
balance needed are:
• 3 component mass balances (A, B and C), or
• 1 total mass balance and 2 component mass
balances (A and B or A and C or B and C)
 Problem
Separation of benzene and toluene
A mixture of benzene and toluene containing
50% (w/w) benzene is separated by a distillation
column into two fraction. If 90% of the benzene
is recovered in the top product with a purity of
95% (w/w), please determine concentration of
toluene in the bottom product.
 Problem
Methanol – water mixture
Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in
separated flasks. The first mixture contains 40
wt% methanol, the second contains 70 wt%
methanol. If 200 g of the first mixture is
combined with 150 g of the second, what are
the mass and composition of the product?