151

5.4. Diafragma
Perencanaan diafragma menggunakan simple beam, yaitu
diafragma dianggap berdiri sendiri sehingga hanya menerima beban berat
sendiri. Adapun fungsinya sebagai pengunci dan pengaku antar girder
agar tidak terjadi guling. Sebenarnya untuk menahan gaya guling telah
ditahan oleh berat sendiri girder dan diperkuat dengan perencanaan
struktur plat lantai komposit dengan girder serta pemasangan tulangan
anchor di headwall sebagai pengunci diafragma ujung (end) φ 22 x 500.
Sehingga dengan adanya diafragma akan membuat fly over menjadi lebih
aman.
Pavement
5 cm
Plat Beton Deck Slab Precast 8 cm 20 cm
Balok Balok 7 cm
Girder Girder
Diafragma

125 cm

20 cm

145 cm
165cm

Gambar 5.16 Letak Dimensi Balok Diafragma

Spesifikasi :
• Tebal diafragma (b) = 20 cm
• Tinggi diafragma (h) = 125 cm
• Panjang diafragma (b) = 145 cm
• Mutu beton (fc) = 25 Mpa
• Mutu baja tul utama (fy) = 400 Mpa
• Mutu baja tul sengkang (fy) = 240 Mpa
• Berat jenis beton bertulang ( γ c ) = 2500 Kg/m3

• Tebal selimut beton (p) = 5 cm

• D tulangan utama = 19 mm
• Ǿ tulangan sengkang = 8 mm
 152

a. Pembebanan
Diafragma merupakan struktur yang bekerja menahan berat sendiri
(tidak menerima beban luar dan tidak sebagai struktur utama).
Wd = Akibat berat sendiri
= b . h . berat jenis beton
= 0,2 . 1,25 . 2,5
= 0,625 T/m
Wu = 1,3 . Wd
= 1,3 . 0,625
= 0,8125 T/m
1
MA = MB= . Wu . L2
12
1
= . 0,8125 . 1,452
12
= 0,142 Tm =14200 Kg cm
b. Penulangan

d h

b l

Gambar 5.17 Rencana Dimensi Balok Diafragma

Tebal efektif d = h – p – ½ D tul utama – φ tul sengkang
= 1250 – 50 – ½ . 19 – 8 = 1182,5 mm
Mu = 14200 kg cm = 1,42KN/m2
Mu 1,42
=
bd 2 0,2 *1,1825 2
= 5,078 KN/m2
Dari tabel 5.1.c (buku Grafik dan Tabel Perhitungan Beton Bertulang)
ρ = 0,000015
ρmin = 0,0019 (tabel 7)
ρmax = 0,0203 (tabel 8)
ρmin < ρ < ρmax
 153

As = ρmin . bd . 106 = 0,0019 . 0,2 . 1,1825 . 106 = 601,35 mm2

digunakan tulangan 3 D 19 mm (As =851 mm2)
Check :
As.Terpasang 851
ρ= = = 0,0027
b.d 200 *1182,5
ρmin < ρ < ρmax …………. Ok
Untuk tulangan bagi diambil 10% dari tulangan utama
As = 10% x 851 = 85,1 mm2
Digunakan tulangan 2 ∅ 8 mm ( As = 101 mm2)
Kontrol terhadap geser :
Vu = ½ . wu . l
= ½. 0,99 . 1,45
= 0,7178 T = 717,8 kg
Vc = 0,17 f 'c *b * d

= 0,17 250 * 20 *118,2 = 6354,28 Kg

φ * Vc 0,6 * 6354,28
= = 1906,28 Kg
2 2
φ * Vc
Vu < maka digunakan tulangan sengkang praktis
2
φ 6 – 150 mm (As = 188 mm2)

3 D 19 mm

∅ 6 - 150

5 cm
20 cm

Gambar 5.18 Penulangan Balok Diafragma

 165

B. Beban akibat Diafragma

Luas penampang diafragma Tepi (A) =b.h
=0,2 . 1,25
= 0,25
Luas penampang diafragma Tengah (A) = b . h
=0,15 . 1,25
= 0,1875
Berat jenis beton bertulang( γ c) = 2500 kg/m3
Berat diafragma Tepi (P) =0,2.1,25.1,45.2500
= 906,25 kg
= 9,0625 KN
Berat diafragma
Tengah (P) = 0,15.1,25.1,45.2500
= 679,68 kg
= 6,79 KN
9,06
Berat difragma ultimit Tepi (Pu) =
10
= 0,906 KN/m
6,79
Berat difragma ultimit Tengah (Pu) =
10
= 0,679 KN/m
Jumlah berat diafragma = 2 tepi + 6 tengah
= 2.(0,906) + 6.(0,679)
= 5,52 KN/m
Tinjauan pembebanan terhadap setengan bentang, dengan
tinjauan dimulai dari titik A dengan interval jarak setiap 3 m.
 166

qu = 5,52 KN/m

1 2 3 4 5
A B
3m
15 m

30 m

Gambar 5.23 Perletakan Beban Diafragma Terhadap Balok Girder

a. Reaksi Tumpuan
RA = RB =½qL
= ½ . 5,52. 30
= 82,80 KN
b. Gaya Lintang (D)
Untuk perhitungan gaya lintang menggunakan rumus :
Dx = RA - Pudx
Dimana : Dx = Gaya lintang di titik x (KN)
RA = Reaksi tumpuan (KN)
Pudx = Berat sendiri balok grder pada
jarak titik yang ditinjau (KN)

Dibawah ini contoh perhitungan gaya lintang(Dx) di titik 1:

D1 = Ra – q.x
= 82,80 – (5,52 . 3)
= 66,24 KN

Tabel 5.8.Perhitungan Gaya Lintang Akibat Beban Diafragma

(Dx)
Ttik
Rumus/persamaan tinjau x Dx
(m) (KN)
A 0 82,80
Dx = Ra -Pudx
1 3 66,24
 167

2 6 49,68
3 9 33,12
4 12 16,56
5 15 0
c. Momen (M)
Perhitungan momen pada balok girder menggunakan rumus :
Mx = RA.x –Pu.x
Dimana : Mx = Momen di x (KN)
RA = Reaksi tumpuan (KN)
Pu = Berat terpusat ultimate dafragma
(KN)
x = Jarak titik yan ditinjau (m)
dibawah ini contoh perhtungan momen (Mx) dititik 1 :
M1 = RA.x –1/2.q.x2
= 82,80. 3 –1/2. 5,52. 32
= 223,56 KN m

Tabel 5.9.Perhitungan Momen Akibat Beban Diafragma (Mx)

Rumus/persamaan Ttik x Mx
tinjau
(m) (KN)
A 0 0
1 3 223,56
Mx = Ra. x - 1/2. q. x2 2 6 397,43
3 9 521,63
4 12 596,15
5 15 620,99

C. Beban akibat Deck Land Concrete Precast dan Plat Lantai

- Berat deck LC = 0,07 . 1,01 . 2400 =169,68 Kg/m
- Berat air hujan = 0,05 . 1,65 . 1000 = 82,5 Kg/m
- Berat aspal = 0,05 . 1,65 . 2200 = 181,5Kg/m
- Berat plat lantai = 0,2 . 1,65 . 2400 = 792 Kg/m
q= 1225,68 Kg/m
= 12,26 KN/
 SECTION 5: CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5.14.2.3.10c—Length of Top Flange Cantilever
The cantilever length of the top flange measured
from the centerline of the web should preferably not
exceed 0.45 the interior span of the top flange measured
between the centerline of the webs.
5.14.2.3.10d—Overall Cross-Section
Dimensions
Overall dimensions of the box girder cross-section
should preferably not be less than that required to limit
live load plus impact deflection calculated using the
gross section moment of inertia and the secant modulus
of elasticity to 1/1000 of the span. The live loading shall
consist of all traffic lanes fully loaded and adjusted for
the number of loaded lanes as specified in
Article 3.6.1.1.2. The live loading shall be considered to
be uniformly distributed to all longitudinal flexural
members.
©
Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO 2012 by
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS All rights
5-221
C5.14.2.3.10d
With four lanes of live load and using applicable
reduction factors, the live load deflection of the model
of the Corpus Christi Bridge was approximately L/3200
in the main span. The deflection limit of L/1000 was
arbitrarily chosen to provide guidance concerning the
maximum live load deflections anticipated for segmental
concrete bridges with normal dimensions of the box
girder cross-section.
Girder depth and web spacing determined in
accordance with the following dimensional ranges will
generally provide satisfactory deflection behavior:
• Constant depth girder
1/5 > do/L > 1/30
optimum 1/18 to 1/20
where:
do = girder depth (ft)
L = span length between supports (ft)
In case of incrementally launched girders, the
girder depth should preferably be between the
following limits:
For L = 100 ft, 1/15 < do/L < 1/12
For L = 200 ft, 1/13.5 < do/L < 1/11.5
For L = 300 ft, 1/12 < do/L < 1/11
• Variable depth girder with straight haunches at pier
1/16 > do/L > 1/20 optimum 1/18
at center of span 1/22 < do/L > 1/28 optimum
1/24
A diaphragm will be required at the point
where the bottom flange changes direction.
• Variable depth girder with circular or parabolic
haunches at pier 1/16 > do/L > 1/20
optimum 1/18
at center of span 1/30 > do/L > 1/50
Depth width ratio
--`,```,`,``,`,```,,`,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the American Licensee=Dept
Association of State
of Transportation/5950087001 Highway and Transportation Officials.
reserved. Duplication is 16:59:20
Not for Resale, 09/07/2012 a MDTviolation of applicable law.
 5-222 AASHTO LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

A single cell box should preferably be used

when do/b ≥ 1/6

A two cell box should preferably be used when

do/b < 1/6

where:

b = width of the top flange

If in a single cell box the limit of depth to width

ratio given above is exceeded, a more rigorous analysis
is required and longitudinal edge beams at the tip of the
cantilever may be required to distribute loads acting on
the cantilevers. An analysis for shear lag should be made
in such cases. Transverse load distribution is not
substantially increased by the use of three or more cells.

5.14.2.3.10e—Overlays C5.14.2.3.10e

Overlays shall be considered for all bridge decks Overlays are encouraged instead of the inclusion of
exposed to freeze thaw cycles and application of deicing additional monolithic concrete because an overlay will
--`,```,`,``,`,```,,`,,`````,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

chemicals. The governing authority should consider add protection at the critical segment joint.
providing additional protection against penetration of Delamination of overlays is generally due to poor
chlorides. For all types of segmental bridges (precast installation practices or material selection and can be
and cast-in-place), it is recommended that this additional resolved. It is not recommended that the additional cover
protection be provided by the addition of a minimum of be obtained by merely increasing concrete covers. The
1.5 in. of concrete cover, added as an overlay or added cover will not add protection across the segment
alternatively a waterproof membrane with bituminous joint which is the area of most concern due to the ability
overlay. The governing authority may require specific of the water to migrate to the tendon and reinforcement.
materials and placement techniques stipulated by local Careful attention to detail is required when using
practices. overlays to assure the proper railing heights are
obtained. All railings next to deck areas to be overlayed
should be detailed from the top of the overlay.
The need to remove and replace the overlay can be
based on measurement of chloride penetration into the
overlay. Use of high performance concrete is an
effective means of minimizing chloride penetration into
concrete.
Bridges located in other corrosive environments,
such as coastal bridges over salt water, should be
evaluated for the need for additional protection.

5.14.2.3.11—Seismic Design C5.14.2.3.11

Segmental superstructure design with moment The distinction between bonded tendons and
resisting column to superstructure connections shall unbonded tendons with respect to seismic behavior
consider the inelastic hinging forces from columns in reflects the general condition that bonded tendons are
accordance with Article 3.10.9.4.3. Bridge effectively bonded at all sections along the span,
superstructures in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 with moment whereas unbonded tendons are effectively bonded at
resisting column to superstructure connections shall be only their anchorages and intermediate bonded sections,
reinforced with ductile details to resist longitudinal and such as deviators. Hence, the overall section strength
transverse flexural demands produced by column plastic achieved with bonded tendons is typically larger than
hinging. that achieved with unbonded tendons. However, both
Segment joints shall provide capacity to transfer bonded and unbonded tendons have been shown to
seismic demands. provide significant displacement ductility.

Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO © 2012 by the American Association of State Highway
Licensee=Dept and Transportation Officials.
of Transportation/5950087001
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS All rights reserved. Duplication Not
is aforviolation of applicable
Resale, 09/07/2012 law.
16:59:20 MDT