ERGONOMI DAN DESAIN

LABORATORIUM KLINIK

RAHAJOE IMAM SANTOSA

 ERGONOMI

•Ilmu dan praktek mengenai perancangan kerja dan

tempat kerja yang disesuaikan dengan kapabilitas dan
keterbatasan tubuh dan psikologis manusia

•Studi tentang aspek-aspek manusia dalam lingkungan

kerjanya ditinjau secara anatomi, fisiologi, psikologis,
engineering, manajemen dan disain/perancangan

•Ergonomics makes sure that technological systems are

made to fit human needs and abilities

“FIT THE MAN TO THE JOB, FIT THE JOB TO THE MAN”

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 2
 ERGONOMI

•Suatu bidang studi yang mencari atau menangani desain

peralatan dan tugas-tugas yang cocok dengan kapabilitas
manusia dan limitnya
•Ergonomi harus bisa memahami seluruh keadaan manusia,
baik dari segi anatomi, fisiologi, psikologi, engineering,
manajemen, dan desain/perancangan untuk membuat desain
tugas yang berguna
•Faktor kenyamanan kerja, aturan atau kebijaksanaan dalam
bekerja, ramah penggunaan di segala tempat dan bidang
•Bahwa seorang pekerja yang mengoperasikan banyak
peralatan, namun dapat dijangkau dengan mudah

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 3
 ERGONOMI

BEBAN KERJA
•Tubuh manusia dirancang untuk melakukan
pekerjaan, massa otot beratnya hampir ½
berat badan, memungkinkan dpt
menggerakan tubuh
•Setiap beban kerja yg diterima oleh pekerja
harus sesuai baik terhadap kemampuan fisik,
kognitif maupun keterbatasan manusia

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 4
 ERGONOMI

FAKTOR-2 YG MEMPENGARUHI BEBAN KERJA

Faktor internal (somatis dan psikis) dan faktor eksternal
•Tugas-2 yg bersifat fisik : beban yang diangkat/diangkut,
sikap kerja, alat dan sarana kerja, kondisi/medan kerja,dll.
•Tugas yg bersifat psikis : tingkat kesulitan, tanggung jawab
dll.
•Organisasi kerja : lamanya waktu kerja, kerja bergilir, sistem
pengupahan, sistem kerja, istirahat, sistem pelimpahan
tugas/wewenang
•Juga harus diingat adanya lingkungan kerja (beban
tambahan) : fisik, kimia, biologi, fisiologi dan psikologi

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 5
 ERGONOMI

•Workstation Design—(desks, chairs, space, layout)

•Work Postures (sitting, standing, reaching, lifting)
•Work Organization (Pace, Breaks, Variety)
•Tools, Equipment, and Furniture Design---(body size, height,
gender, promoting neutral postures, reduced vibration, exposure to
acceptable lighting, noise, temperature)
•Manual Materials Handling—(lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing,
carrying and holding materials)
•Work Environment—(ventilation, noise, temperature & humidity,
lighting and vision)

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 6
 ERGONOMI

•Jadikan segala sesuatu mudah untuk dijangkau, memberi

jarak ruang dan akses
•Bekerja dengan tinggi yang sesuai/cocok dengan postur
•Mengurangi pengeluaran tenaga yang berlebihan,
meminimalkan kepenatan/keletihan
•Mengurangi pengulangan yang berlebihan, meminimalkan
contact stress
•Memberikan mobilisasi dan merubah postur/posisi
•Menciptakan lingkungan yang menyenangkan
• pencahayaan yang tepat, temperatur yang tepat,
menahan getaran

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 7
 ERGONOMI

Cahaya:
◦ Menghindarkan pekerja dari cahaya terang langsung
atau pantulannya
◦ Memperoleh keseimbangan antara kecerahan
(brightness) layar tampilan dan kecerahan yang ada di
depan pekerja
◦ Menghindari cahaya langsung atau pantulan yang
langsung mengenai layar tampilan
◦ Memberikan keyakinan bahwa ada pencahayaan yang
cukup untuk pekerjaan yang tidak menggunakan layar
tampilan

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 8
 ERGONOMI

Cahaya langsung, yang berasal dari:

◦ Matahari yang menerobos masuk lewat jendela, atau
◦ Sumber cahaya buatan, mis: bolam lampu
Cahaya tidak langsung, yang dipantulkan oleh:
◦ Tembok atau partisi
◦ Langit-langit rumah atau plafon
◦ Lantai rumah
◦ Bahan yang ada disekitar layar tampilan, mis: pemegang
dokumen
◦ Bagian atas dari meja yang digunakan
◦ Pakaian yang digunakan oleh operator

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 9
 LAPTOPS: THE NEW HAZARD?

•Laptops should only be used for short periods

of time if not ergonomically retrofitted
•Retrofitting means adding a full size
keyboard, external mouse and raising the
laptop to eye level to promote neutral body
postures
•Consider transporting your laptop in a roller
cart, or ergonomically designed bag

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 10
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 11
 ERGONOMI

TIPS FOR USING PIPETTE:

•Sit supported against the backrest of your chair.
•Sit or stand close to your work at bench cut outs.
•Elevate your chair rather than reaching up to
pipette.
•Hold the pipetter with a relaxed grip.
•Use minimal pressure while pipetting.
•Take a 1 to 2 minute break after every 20 minutes
of pipetting.

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 12
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 13
 ERGONOMI

POOR ERGONOMIC
•Decreased efficiency
•Decreased productivity
•Errors
•Turnover
•Absenteeism
•Job avoidance

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 14
 THE BENEFIT

• Higher productivity
• Higher quality
• Reduced operator injury
• Increased morale
• Greater job satisfaction
• Lower medical & insurance costs
• Reduced lost time
• Lower absenteeism
• Less employee turnover

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 15
 ERGONOMICS

Employee Concerns Employer Concerns

◦ Comfort ◦ Worker’s comp costs
◦ Fatigue ◦ Productivity
◦ Injuries ◦ Errors
◦ Job satisfaction ◦ Products
◦ Decreased boredom ◦ Profit
◦ Decreased stress
◦ Reasonable workloads

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 16
CAUSES INJURIES
Repetition

Force Posture

Risk
Factors

Personal Environment

17
 ERGONOMI

FATIGUE
•Lama Kerja : 8jam/ hari; 40 jam/mg
•Lembur tidak melebihi 3 jam/hari;
•Istirahat minimal ½ jam setelah 4 jam kerja
•Beban kerja sedang-berat: istirahat pendek 10-15
menit tiap 2 jam
•Shift pendek :2-2-2 atau 2-2-3

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 18
 ERGONOMI

FATIGUE
•Pengukuran faktor fisik perlu didukung oleh keluhan
fatigue
•Kualitas & kuantitas output
•Subjective feeling
•Electro encephalografi
•Flicker fusion frequency of eye
•Psikomotor test
•Mental test

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 19
 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSD)

•Necks
•Backs
•Arm and hand
•Knee and foot

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 20
 MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (MSD)

Signs and Symptoms of MSDs:

• Muscle fatigue, aches which subside during rest
• Tight band of pain across shoulders, or back
• Pain or stiffness when changing positions, or rising
from bed in the morning
• Difficulty in finger, thumb or hand movement
• Difficulty gripping things
• Loss of sensitivity to touch, or to temperature
extremes
• Numbness, tingling, burning, weakness, pain

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 21
 LABORATORY DESIGN

•Path followed by the sample

• reception and registration of patients
• sampling rooms
• dispatch between different laboratories
• analysis of samples

•Report delivery, filing

•Service rooms

ERGO-DESIGN 22
22
 Common room,
stairs to offices

Gynaecological
samples

Blood clotting
Wash
room Blood
samples
Hematology

Biochemistry

Disinfection

Bacteriology

ERGO-DESIGN 23
ERGO-DESIGN 24
 LABORATORY DESIGN

PREMISES
•high ceiling with good ventilation
•walls and ceiling
• use washable, glossy paint
• easy to clean and disinfect
•floor
• easy to clean and disinfect

ERGO-DESIGN 25
 LABORATORY DESIGN

Benchtops
•non-porous covering, easy to clean,
resistant to chemicals and disinfectants
•no wood, no steel

ERGO-DESIGN 26
26
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 27
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 28
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 29
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 30
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 31
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 32
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 33
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 34
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 35
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 36
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 37
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 38
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 39
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 40
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 41
 LABORATORY DESIGN

CLEANING •daily
• bench tops
• floors
•weekly
• ceiling and walls
•other
• refrigerators
• freezers
• storage areas
•record date and cleaning staff

ERGO-DESIGN 42
42
GENERAL SAFETY EQUIPMENT

shower
eye washer fire safety PPE

waste disposal
ERGO-DESIGN 43
BIOSAFETY LEVELS

•BSL1 - agents not known to cause disease (no or low

individual and community risk).
•BSL2 - agents that cause human or animal diseases
with moderate individual or low community risk (e.g.
blood borne diseases).
•BSL3 - indigenous/exotic agents associated with
human disease and with potential for aerosol
transmission - high individual risk (respiratory) low
community risk)
•BSL4 - dangerous/exotic agents of life threatening
nature – serious diseases readily transmitted.

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 44
 Relation of risk groups to biosafety levels, practices and equipment

Risk Biosafety Laboratory type Lab. practice Safety equipment

group level (BSL)

Basic teaching Good microbiol. None, open bench work

Basic BSL- 1 and research techniques (GMT)
1
2 Basic BSL- 2 Diagnostic GMT + protective Open bench plus bio –
services and clothing biohazard safety cabinet (BSC) for
research sign potential aerosols

3 Special As BSL-2 plus Biosafety cabinet and/or

Containment diagnostic special clothing other primary devices for
BSL- 3 services and controlled access all activities
research directional airflow

4 Maximum Dangerous As BSL-3 plus Class-3 BSC or positive

Containment pathogen units airlock entry, pressure suites in
BSL- 4 shower exit and conjunction with class-2
special waist BSCs, double ended
disposal autoclave trough the wall
and filtered air
45
LABORATORY ACCIDENT

ERGO-DESIGN 46
SAFETY SIGNS

ERGO-DESIGN 47
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 48
 LISTEN TO YOUR BODY..!

•Pay attention to the signals your body

provides you.
•If a certain part of your body hurts
examine your body position and try to
figure out what might be causing the
problem.
•If problems persist speak to your doctor.

RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 49
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 50
RIS-04/19 ERGO-DESIGN 51