Hasanuddin Z. Abidin
Geodesy Research Division
Institute of Technology Bandung
Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia
E-mail : hzabidin@gd.itb.ac.id
GLONASS
GPS
GPS adalah sistem satelit navigasi
yang paling banyak digunakan
baik di dunia maupun di Indonesia
Galileo
COMPASS
H.Z. Abidin, 2010
Sistem satelit navigasi dan
Sistem Satelit GPS penentuan posisi yang paling
populer dan paling banyak
digunakan saat ini di seluruh
dunia dalam berbagai bidang
aplikasi dan berbagai komunitas
CONTROL SYSTEM
. Time synchronization
. Orbit prediction
. Data injection
. Satellite health monitoring
• bentuknya mendekati
lingkaran (e <0.02)
• 6 bidang orbit
• 4 satelit per orbit
• inklinasi 55 derajad
• altitude rata-rata :
20.200 km
• periode orbit :
11 jam dan 58 menit
160o
3 2
3
120o 4
2
80 o 4 3
40 o 3 2
1
1 Right
Equator 0o 55o 325.7 25.7 85.7 145.7 205.7 265.7 Ascension
of Ascending
2
320o 3 2 Node (deg)
1 4
280o 1
3
240o 1
4
2
200o 4 F3
1 4
E4
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1994
• BLOCK – I : Initial Concept Validation Satellites
• BLOCK – II : Initial Production Satellites
Satelit
• BLOCK – IIA : Upgraded Production Satellites GPS
• BLOCK – IIR : Replenishment Satellites
• BLOCK – IIR(M) : Modernized Block IIR
• BLOCK – IIF : Follow-On “Suistainment” Satellites
• BLOCK – III : Next generation satellites
Block-IIR 12 satellites
Block-IIR(M) 06 satellites
Block-IIF 11 satellites
Dari wilayah Indonesia umumnya 6 sampai 9 satelit GPS akan bisa ‘dilihat’
dengan sudut elevasi di atas 10 derajad
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2010-2015
Satelit GPS Satelit GPS
Blok-I
Blok - I
Waktu Mulai Berhenti Lama
NAVSTAR SVN PRN Peluncuran Operasional Operasional Operasional
(bulan)
I-1 01 04 22-Feb-78 29-Mar-78 25-Jan-80 21.9
I-2 02 07 03-Mei-78 14-Jul-78 30-Jul-80 25.5
I-3 03 06 06-Okt-78 09-Nov-78 19-Apr-92 161.3
I-4 04 08 11-Des-78 08-Jan-79 27-Okt-86 93.6
I-5 05 05 09-Feb-80 27-Feb-80 28-Nov-83 45
I-6 06 09 26-Apr-80 16-Mei-80 10-Des-90 126.8
I-7 07 - 18-Des-81 Gagal pada saat peluncuran 0
I-8 08 11 14-Jul-83 10-Aug-83 04-Mei-93 116.8
I-9 09 13 13-Jun-84 19-Jul-84 28-Feb-94 115.2
I - 10 10 12 08-Sep-84 03-Okt-84 18-Nov-95 133.5
I - 11 11 03 09-Okt-85 30-Okt-85 27-Feb-94 99.9
SVN= Satellite Vehicle Number, PRN= Pseudo Randomnoise Number
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999
Satelit GPS:
Blok – II/IIA
• Blok-II : SVN 13 s/d 21.
• Blok-IIA : SVN 22 s/d 40.
• Blok II adalah satelit GPS
operasional generasi pertama.
• Dibangun oleh Rockwell International.
• Blok-II : Feb. 1989 - Okt. 1990.
• Blok-IIA : Nov. 1990 – Nov. 1997.
• Rencana hidup dari Block II/IIA
adalah 7.5 tahun.
• Setiap satelit membawa 4 jam atom :
2 Cesium (Cs) dan 2 Rubidium (Rb).
• Mempunyai kemampuan Selective Availabity (SA) dan Anti-Spoof (A-S).
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
Satelit GPS Blok - IIR
Jumlah 28 21 12
Peluncuran pertama 1989 1997 2005 *
Berat satelit (kg) 900 1100 1700 *
Daya/Solar Panel (W) 1100 1700 2900 *
Unit cost $43M $30M $28M *
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004 Ref. : Misra & Enge (2001) * Estimates
GPS Modernization Program
Source: US National Space Based Coordination Office (www.pnt.gov) Ref : Miller (2006) at www.gps.gov
GPS Control System Segment (1)
The GPS control segment has responsibility for maintaining
the GPS satellites and their proper functioning.
Mapping type
Geodetic type
Navigation type 4
(hand-held)
Data Logger,
Antenna and Signal Navigation External
Pre-amplifier Processor Solution Communication
Precision User
Power Supply
Oscillator Communication
Civilian
Navigation
Military
POSITIONING Mapping
Single-Frequency
GPS Geodetic
RECEIVERS Dual-Frequency
getting closer
Mapping-type Geodetic-type (1F)
Ref.: situs-2 internet Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2006
Geodetic-type GPS Receivers
(Dual Frequency, 2F)
Geodetic (2F)
15 – 30 K
Geodetic (1F)
10 – 15 K
Mapping
5 – 10 K
Navigation ?
(Military) 150 - 300
Price Navigation
(USD) (Civilian)
Various Applications
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
GPS
satellite
GPS Coverage
20.200 km
GPS coverage
is relatively wide
GPS
satellites
Orbit
Earth
GPS Main Beam Limit
GPS Main
Beam Signal
GPS Signal
Shadowed
by the Earth
GPS Main
Beam Signal
Ref.: Wells et al. (1986) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Relative Accuracy : GPS vs Other Systems
40
Ref. : (Seeber, 2003)
30
Relative Accuracy (cm)
INS
TRANSIT
Doppler
20
Terrestrial
10
GPS
SLR
VLBI
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Distance (km)
SLR = Satellite Laser Ranging, VLBI = Very Long Baseline Interferometry, INS = Inertial Navigation System
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004
Uneg-Uneg tentang GPS (1)
• GPS tidak bisa digunakan di tempat-tempat dimana sinyal dari satelit
tidak dapat mencapai receiver GPS, seperti di dalam ruangan, di dalam
terowongan, di bawah air, di dalam hutan yang lebat, dan tempat-tempat
sejenisnya.
• Pemakai tidak punya kontrol dan wewenang dalam pengoperasian
sistem GPS.
• Datum posisi yang diberikan oleh GPS, dalam hal ini WGS-84, ditentukan
oleh pemilik dan pengelola sistem. Pemakai yang menggunakan datum
yang lain harus memikirkan sendiri cara pentransformasian koordinat
dari WGS-84 ke datumnya masing-masing.
• Meskipun pengumpulan datanya relatif mudah, pengolahan data GPS
relatif bukanlah hal yang mudah, terutama kalau ketelitian yang tinggi
yang dituju.
IONOSPHERE
altitude 50-2000 km
Mutipath affects
Troposphere delays both both the code
the code and phase and phase
MULTIPATH
TROPOSPHERE
up to 9-16 km
Signalthat
Signal that
Signal
Signal thatthat
pass
can pass
can pass
pass
GPSReceiver
GPS Receiver Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Aviation
(12%)
Recreation (16%)
Timing
(12%)
Source : NAPA 1995 Industry Survey Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1996
Commercial Applications
Dominate the GPS Market
Car Navigation
2% 35%
2% Consumer
5% Tracking/Machine
Control
Original Equipment
Manufacturing
16% Survey/Mapping
22% Aviation
5% Marine
13%
Data for Year 2000 Military
Source: DOC, 1998
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2003
Pertumbuhan Pasar GPS Dunia
14
12
1995
10
2000
US$ Billion
8 2005
0
Aviation Maritime Surveying Land Recreation Timing
& Scientific Transport.
2003
Eropa (18%)
Lainnya (1%) Asia (2%) 2003
Jepang (44%) USA (30%)
Eropa (23%)
Lainnya (1%) Asia (2%)
Ref : Bogosian (2003)
4 Main Segments
(Road, LBS, Aviation,
Agriculture)
14 Billion Euros in
2010 - 2027
Service for
Space Users
Increased
2nd & 3rd Civil Signals Radiated Power
Pseudolite
Augmentations, Services
Improved User Improved Timing
Equipment
Sistem waktu GPS ini bereferensi ke sistem waktu UTC (Universal Time
Coordinated) yang dikelola oleh USNO (United States Naval Observatory),
dan keduanya mempunyai hubungan yang terdefinisi secara teliti sampai
tingkat 1 msec.
http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/File:GLONASS_SpaceSegmentModernization.JPG
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2015
Rumus Transformasi Antara
Datum GPS dan Datum GLONASS
dX = - 1.08 0.21 m
dY = - 0.27 0.21 m
dZ = - 0.90 0.33 m
ds = - 0.12 0.06 ppm
RX = 0
RY = 0
RZ = - 0.16” + 0.01”
Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 1999
• Galileo is the European global navigation GALILEO
satellite system, under civilian control
• It will be inter-operable with GPS and GLONASS
•The first satellite (GIOVE-A) was launched on 28 Dec 2005
GALILEO Constellation :
• 30 satellites
• 3 orbital planes of MEO
(Medium Earth Orbit)
• Orbital altitude : 23616 km
Inclination 56 degrees • Orbit inclination : 56 degrees
• Orbit period : 14 hr 4 min
• Repeat ground track : 10 days
• One satellite in each plane will be a
spare, on stand-by should any
operational satellite fail.
1,2 m
2,7 m
1,1 m
• No apogee-engine
• Attitude & Orbit Control System (AOCS) is able to shift the satellite
GALILEO
position withinSatellite,
the orbit Mayplane
2002 (spare S/C)
Ref : ESA (2002)
Full Deployment
Operations
Local Elements
User Receiver / Applications
Technology Developments
PDR: Preliminary Design Review SQR: System Qualification Review
Launches
CDR: Critical Design Review IOVR: In-Orbit Validation Review
Ref : ESA (2002)
GEO Satellite
2012
USER TERMINALS
BeiDou user terminals
Terminals compatible with
other navigation satellite
systems
Ref : Qinzhi (2012) Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2014
Selected Books on GPS
INTRODUCTION TO GPS:
The Global Positioning System,
by Ahmed El-Rabbany
UNDERSTANDING GPS:
Principles and Applications,
by E.D. Kaplan, C. Hegarty
GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM: Theory &
Applications
by B.W. Parkinson
and J. Spilker
GPS SATELLITE
SURVEYING
by Alfred Leick