Perhitungan Waktu lama Backup UPS/Inverter

Perhitungan waktu backup battery (Lama Battery mensuplay tegangan Listrik ke beban) pada UPS saat tegangan Input padam
atau ada masalah.

Pada saat UPS mengalami gangguan pada tegangan inputnya, maka UPS harus memperbaiki gangguan tersebut supaya beban
yang di suply oleh UPS aman. Pada saat input mengalami gangguan seperti turunnya tegangan input yang sangat ekstrim (di
bawah range input dari UPS itu sendiri) atau tegangan input mati, maka Input dari UPS dianggap tidak ada. Maka UPS akan
mengambil sumber listrik dari Battery. Nah untuk mengetahui berapa lama (menit) Battery dapat menyuplai arus listrik ke
beban yaitu dengan cara teoritis sebagai berikut :

Sebelumnya kita harus mengetahui :

1. Berapa besar daya beban yang terpasang pada UPS,
2. Berapa banyak dna kapasitas Battery yang terpasang pada UPS,
3. Effesiensi Inverter UPS kita (Offline 50 s/d 75%, Online 85 s/d 95%)
4. Perlu diingat, perhitungan ini tidak tepat 100% karena setiap UPS mempunyai effisiensi yang berbeda-beda.
5. Mengetahui data Discharge Battery yang di gunakan

Pertama kita cari Arus battery yang terpakai untuk mensuplai beban:
Arus Battery = (Daya beban / Tegangan nominal battery)/Effisiensi Inverter …(Ampere DC)
(Ibat = (Pbeban/Vnom)/Einv……Ampere DC)

Dimana:
Ibat : Arus Battery (Ampere DC)
Pbeban : Daya beban (VA) rubah ke VA dahulu bila satuan yang tertera pada beban adalah Watt.
Vnom : tegangan Nominal yang di pakai UPS / Inverter
Einv : Effisiensi Inferter (kita pakai 75% untuk Offline dan 85% untuk Online)

Contoh :
Kita menggunakan UPS Offline dengan spesifikasi yang tertera di nameplate UPS sebagai berikut:
Kapasitas 600VA dengan Battery 1 unit POWER PM 12-7.2
Untuk mensuplay beban 1 unit PC (CPU=400Watt + monitor CRT=60Watt),
setelah penulis melakukan pengukuran dengan Tang Ampere, ternyata beban hanya menarik daya sebesar 25%
(0,68AmpAC)dari kapasitas UPS. Yaitu hanya sekitar 25% X 600VA = 150VA.

Selanjutnya kita cari arus Battery saat Backup, (kita bisa mengukur dengan tang ampere bila ingin perhitungan kita tepat)
tetapi kalau hanya ingin memperkirakan berapa lama Battery bisa menyuplai beban kita dapat menghitungnya dengan teoritis :

Ibatt = (Pbeban/Vnom)/Einv…A
Ibatt = (150/12)/75%....A
Ibatt = (12,5)/0.75….A
Ibatt = 16,66 = 16,7Ampere

Selanjutnya kita cari di tabel Discharge Battery sesuai dengan merk Batterynya. Contoh disini yaitu POWER PM 12-7,2,
diampere 16,7A Battery tersebut bisa myuplai berapa lama.

Lama back up battery sesuai tabel Discharege Battery Power PM 12-7,2 di 16,7Ampere yaitu diatas 5 menit dan di bawah 10
menit, tabel menunjukkan besarnya discharge Ampere Battery.
How to size a battery back-up systems!

AC power measurements are related as follows:

VA = Volts X Amps only if PF = 1, If PF is smaller than 1 then Volts X Amps = Watts, Watts ÷ PF = VA

Volts = 230 typical, lAmps = Load Current, Power Factor = between 0 and 1

Power factor is a number between 0 and 1 which represents the fraction of the load current which provides
useful energy (Watts) to the load. Only in an electrical heater or incandescent light bulb is the power factor
equal to 1; for all other equipment, some of the load current flows into and then back out of the load
without delivering Watts. This current, composed of distortion or reactive currents, is the result of the
nature of the electronic load. The important point to understand is this distortion or reactive current, which
is forced to exist due to the load, causes the load VA rating to be larger than the load watt rating. The Watt
rating system can be thought of as a special case of the VA measurement system, namely, the case where
the power factor is equal to 1.

How to calculate battery runtimes

With over 25 years experience in the backup power industry the directors at PHD Powerhouse have pretty
much seen it all. However the one thing that consumers consistently fail to understand is battery sizing for
backup power systems. Very often consumers will opt for a lower cost quote on a backup system without
looking at the finer detail. In an attempt to win orders, unscrupulous vendors will often skimp on the
batteries, making ludicrous claims on run times. By offering smaller battery capacities huge savings can
be realised but the runtime claims are often unachievable. Here's how PHD Powerhouse recommends you
calculate battery requirements to ensure that you get what you are asking for. There are a number of
factors which infl uence battery selection:

1. Load
2. Required runtime
3. DC Bus
4. UPS Effi ciency (inverter)
5. Battery type
6. Charger size

1. Load

It stands to reason that the bigger the load that one wants to support the greater the capacity of the
batteries should be. In our example we will use a load of 1000W

2. Required runtime

As in point 1 above the longer the required runtime the greater the battery capacity will have to be. In our
example we will use a required runtime of 1 hour

3. Charger Type

UPS's cannot accommodate an infi nite battery capacity. The battery capacity is therefore limited to the
size of the charger. Usually, the battery capacity should be no more than 12 x the maximum charge current
ie. A 5A charger can only accommodate 60AH of batteries (5 x 12 =60) however if discharges are expected
to be less frequent than once in every 10 Days one may in extreme cases go to 20 x the maximum charge
current. We will assume that our UPS has a 10A Charger.

4. DC Bus

The DC Bus is the Voltage required by the Inverter to operate and dictates the number of batteries in series
required to drive the inverter. This information is available from the UPS supplier and should be clearly
indicated in their spec sheets. DC Busses range from 12V (1 x Battery) to 480V (40 X batteries). We will
assume a DC bus of 36V (3 x Batteries)

5. UPS Efficiency (Inverter)

Inverters use some of the energy supplied by the batteries to run the internal electronics and so not all of
the battery capacity is available to run the load. Also some of the energy is lost due to cabling and
connections particularly if there are long run's of DC cables. For our example we'll assume a 70% inverter
efficiency.

6. Battery Type

There are many types of batteries available on the market today and since PHD is not a battery specialist
we will not make recommendations here. However as a rule we use fully sealed, maintenance free, deep
cycle lead acid batteries which are common to the industry. It is important to remember that batteries
discharge exponentially faster at higher loads than at lower loads, so if a battery provides 1 hour runtime
at 5A it will provide signifi cantly less than 30min at 10A - usually in the order of 10 to 15% less. For total
accuracy it is important to refer to the discharge curves of the particular battery manufacturer however
PHD uses a few rules of thumb to increase runtime accuracies.

1. For runtimes below 2 hours a factor of 1.5 is applied to the final required battery current.

2. For runtimes above 2 hours a factor of 1.3 is applied to the final required battery current.

Calculation.

From the above information we have the following:

Load = 1000W
DC Bus = 36V (3 x 12V Batteries)
Required runtime = 60min's
Inverter efficiency = 70%
Charger = 10A

First we need to calculate the Current required to run the load and the inverter:
I = Load ÷ (70%) ÷ (DC Bus)
I = 1000 ÷ 0.7 ÷ 36
I = 39.68A

From the above we can see that to supply our load and inverter for 1 hour the battery will have to supply
39.68A for 1 hour = 39.68AH However using our rule of thumb for the exponential nature of battery
discharge curves we need to increase the required current by a factor of 1.5

I = 39.68 x 1.5

I = 59.52

A 59.52AH Battery will therefore be required to provide 1 hour's runtime to the load of 1000W. However
manufacturers do not manufacture batteries of 59.52 AH so the next biggest standard size should be
selected. In this case a 65AH battery. Finally since the DC Bus requires a 36V input 3 x 12V, 65AH Batteries
connected in series will be required to complete the system. The above calculations may seem a little
daunting
and many consumers may feel it unnecessary to learn something that they may need once in a life time. So
here's a basic rule to ensure that when comparing quotes one compares apples with apples. Remember
“the devil is in the detail” so always ask for a breakdown when getting a quote for a backup system.
Ensure that the UPS, batteries, cabinets and installation are each quoted on a separate line with a full
description including the number and capacity of batteries. That way one is easily able to understand the
discrepancies between competing quotes.