REAKTOR

Fungsi : Mereaksikan Nitroxyelene (C8H9NO2) dan Hidrogen (H2) dengan

katalis padat Raney Nickel (Ni) menjadi Xylidine (C8H11N) dan Air
(H2O)
Jenis reaktor : Reaktor non isotermal non adiabatik
Tipe reaktor : Fixed bed multi-tube
Produk
H2 : 131.58 Kg/jam
H2O : 1132.50 Kg/jam
C8H9NO2 : 3786.94 Kg/jam
C8H11N: 96.45 Kg/jam
Pendingin keluar

Pendingin masuk

Reaktan
H2 : 319.36 Kg/jam
H2O : 5.81 Kg/jam
C8H9NO2 : 4822.30 Kg/jam

Kondisi Operasi : P = 5 atm

T = 225-330 oC
Xa = 98%
(US Patent no. 2526913)

Reaksi :

Katalis

1
 Tabel Stoikiometri

Komponen Masuk Reaksi Keluar

C8H9NO2 (A) FA0 -FA0.XA FA = FA0. (1-XA)
H2 (B) FB0 -3.FA0.XA FB = FB0 -3.FA0.XA
C8H11N (C) FC0 = 0 FA0.XA FC = FA0.XA
H2O (D) FD0 = 0 2FA0.XA FD = 2.FA0.XA
Jumlah FT0 = FA0 + FB0 - FT = FA + FB0

Menghitung Tekanan Parsial masing-masing komponen :

FA F Ao (1− X A )
PA = . Pt = . Pt
FT F A+ FB0

FB F Bo−3 F Ao X A
PB = . Pt = . Pt
FT FA + FB0

FC F Ao X A
PC = . Pt = . Pt
FT F A+ FB0

FD 2 F Ao X A
PD = . Pt = . Pt
FT F A+ FB 0

A. Sifat Fisis Komponen dalam Reaktor

1. Kondisi Operasi
Suhu = 225-3300C,
Tekanan = 5 atm
Konversi = 98%
(US Patent no. 2526913)

2. Kondisi Umpan

Tabel 1. Neraca Massa

Laju alir masuk Laju alir keluar

Komponen BM
kmol/jam kg/jam kg/jam kmol/jam
H2 (B) 2 159.6787 319.36 65.7876 131.58
H2O (D) 18 0.3226 5.81 62.9166 1132.50
C8H11N (C) 121 0.0000 0.00 31.2970 3786.94
C8H9NO2 (A) 151 31.9357 4822.30 0.6387 96.45
Total 191.9370 5147.4604 160.6400 5147.4604

3. Kapasitas Panas

2
 Tabel 2. Data Kapasitas Panas

Komponen A B C D E
H2 (B) 19.671 0.069682 -0.0002001 2.8498E-07 -2.2247E-10
H2O (D) 30.217 -0.011312 0 0 0
C8H11N (C) 36.996 0.018009 0.0014855 -3.3594E-06 3.2309E-09
C8H9NO2 (A) 166.305 -1.0708E+00 6.0437E-03 -1.1420E-05 1.0678E-08
(Yaws, 2006)
Persamaan kapasitas panas (Yaws, 2006):
2 3 4
Cp= A+ BT +C T + D T + E T
dengan:
Cp = Kapasitas Panas (J/mol.K)
A, B, C,D dan E = Konstanta
T = Suhu gas (K)

4. Konduktivitas Termal

Tabel 3. Konstanta Konduktivitas Termal Komponen

Komponen A B C
H2 (B) 1.0979E-02 6.6411E-04 -3.4378E-07
H2O (D) 5.6199E-03 1.5699E-05 1.0106E-07
C8H11N (C) -3.9656E-03 2.2532E-05 8.1627E-08
C8H9NO2 (A) -1.3465E-03 4.6451E-06 7.9123E-08
(Yaws, 2006)
Persamaan Konduktivitas Termal (Yaws, 1999):
2
k th = A+ BT +C T
Dengan:
kth = Konduktivitas termal (W/m/K)
A, B, dan C = Konstanta
T = Suhu gas (K)

5. Viskositas
Tabel 6. Konstanta Viskositas Komponen

3
 Komponen A B C
H2 (B) 1.7611 3.4165E-01 -1.8368E-04
H2O (D) 22.8211 1.7387E-01 3.2465E-04
C8H11N (C) -1.1790 1.9255E-0l 7.5966E-06
C8H9NO2 (A) 3.0949 1.6502E·01 3.7453E-05

Persamaan Viskositas (Yaws, 1999):

μgas = A + BT + CT2 [micropoise]

Untuk mencari viskositas gas campuran, digunakan persamaan

Σyiμi B M i 0.5
𝜇� = 0.5
Σyi B M i
Keterangan
yi = fraksi mol komponen i
μi = viskositas gas komponen i (micropoise dikonversi menajdi kg/m.jam dikali
dengan 3,6x10-4)
BMi = berat molekul komponen i [kg/kmol]

6. Asumsi-asumsi dalam sistem reaktor:

 Reaktor bekerja dalam keadaan steady state
 Reaksi berlangsung searah aksial dalam pipa
 Perpindahan kalor berlangsung dari luar kea rah dalam pipa kearah luar pipa
 Kecepatan umpan masuk reaktor konstan
 Tidak ada gradien suhu dan konsentrasi ke arah radial menggunakan
pendistribusi orifice.

Langkah perhitungan
1. Pembentukan persamaan matematis
2. Persamaan pendukung
3. Penyelesaian persamaan matematis
4. Perhitungan pelengkap

4
B. Penyusunan Persamaan Matematis
1. Neraca Massa Komponen pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis (Δz)

∆
+
|
F

∆
+
z

z
z

Gambar 1. Neraca Massa pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis

A

|
F

Rin−Rout + Rgen=Racc

F A ¿ z −F A ¿ z + Δz −r A ΔV ρ B=0

F A ¿ z −F A ¿ z + Δz −r A( π4 ID Δz N ) ρ =0
2
t B

F A ¿ z−F A ¿ z+ Δz π
−¿ r ( ID N ) ρ =0
2
A t B
Δz 4
lim ¿
Δz→ 0

−d F A π
=r A ID 2 N t ρB
dz 4

d (1−X A ) π 2
−F A 0 =r A ID N t ρ B
dz 4

d XA π
FA 0 =r A ID 2 N t ρ B
dz 4
2
d XA π ID N t ρ B
=r A
dz 4 FA0

5
 Keterangan :
FA0: Laju A masuk reaktor (kmol/jam)
XA : Konversi A
z : panjang reaktor (m)
ID : diameter dalam tube (m)
Nt : jumlah tube
ρB : densitas bulk katalis

Dimisalkan:

A + 3B C + 2D

 Limiting reactant = Nitroxylene (A)

 Laju reaksi
rA ¿ r = k PAn1. PBn2
dimana,

n1= 0,3; n2=0,7 (L.Cerveny, 1986)

k = konstanta kecepatan reaksi (k) sebesar

kmol
= 0.027983744
jam . atm. liter katalis

PA = Tekanan parsial Nitroxylene (atm)

PB = Tekanan parsial Hidrogen (atm)

Proses Mekanisme reaksi saat komponen A teradsorbsi oleh katalis

A+σ Aσ (Adsorption)

Aσ + A Bσ + C (Surface Reaction)

Bσ B + σ (Desorption)

6
 2. Neraca Panas pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis (Δz)
Gambar 2. Neraca Panas pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis
Rin−Rout + Rcooler + Rgen=Racc
Q−(Q+dQ )+ dQc+ Δ H R r A Δ V ρ B=0
−dQ+ dQc+ Δ H R r A Δ V ρ B=0
−∑ F i Cpi dT +U D dA( T c −T )+ Δ H R r A ΔV ρB =0
π
( )
−∑ F i Cpi dT +U D ( π ID dz N t ) ( T c −T )+ Δ H R r A ID2 dz N t ρ B=0
4
π dT
( )
U D ( π ID N t )( T c −T ) + Δ H R r A ID 2 N t ρB =∑ F i Cpi
4 dz
A

∆
+
|
F

∆
+
z

z
z

z
A

|
F

d XA dT
U D ( π ID N t )( T c −T ) + Δ H R F A 0 =∑ F i Cpi
dz dz

d XA
U D ( π ID N t )( T c −T ) + Δ H R F A 0
dT dz
=
dz ∑ F i Cpi
Keterangan :
T : suhu cairan (K)
Tc : suhu pendingin (K)
Fi : laju masing-masing komponen (kmol/jam)
Cpi : kapasitas panas masing-masing komponen ( J/(kmol.K))
ΔHR : panas reaksi (J/kmol)
UD : koefisien transfer massa overall (J/(m2.jam.K))

3. Neraca Panas Media Pemanas pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis (Δz)

7
 Gambar 3. Neraca Panas Media Pemanas pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis
Panas masuk – Panas keluar + Generasi Panas = Akumulasi

Qc
¿
¿ QC|z+ Δz −QC|z
U D . π .O D.Nt.(T c - T) +U D . π .OD.Nt.(T c -T )=0
Δz
¿
¿

d Qc d Tc
lim Δ z → 0 =U D . π .OD.Nt.(T- T c ) mc .c pc . =U D . π .OD.Nt.(T- T c )
dz dz

d Tc U D . π .OD.Nt.(T- T c )
=
dz mc .c pc
Keterangan:
T = suhu cairan, K
Cpi = kapasitas panas masing-masing komponen, J/kmol.K
∆HR = panas reaksi, J/kmol
UD = koefisien transfer panas overall, J/m2.jam.K
mc = massa pendingin, kg/jam
cpc = kapasitas panas pendingin, J/kg.K
Tc = suhu pendingin, K
Untuk menghitung nilai UD, digunakan persamaan sebagai berikut (Kern, 1965):
UC
U D=
1+ U C . Rd
hio . ho hi . ID
U C= hio =
di mana, hio +ho dan OD
Keterangan:

UC = koefisien transfer panas overall clean, J/m2.jam.K

8
 Rd = dirt factor, J/m2.jam.K
hio = koefisien transfer panas pada bagian luar tube, J/m2.jam.K
hi = koefisien transfer panas fluida, J/m2.jam.K
kr
ID .0,027 . Re . Pr 0,33
= tube0,8 tube

kr = konduktivitas panas campuran gas, J/m.s.K

Retube = bilangan Reynolds pada tube
Prtube = bilangan Prandtl pada tube
OD = diameter luar tube, m
ho = koefisien transfer panas luar fluida, J/m2.jam.K
1
k cp . μ

=
( )
De ( )
0,36 . c . ( Reshell )0,55 . c c
kc
3

kc = konduktivitas panas pendingin, J/m.s.K

De = diameter ekivalen, m
Reshell = bilangan Reynolds pada shell
μc = viskositas pendingin, kg/m.jam

4. Neraca Tekanan pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis (∆z)

9
 Gambar 4. Neraca Tekanan pada Elemen Tinggi Tumpukan Katalis (∆z)

150 ( 1−ε ) μm
dP
=
G 1−ε
dz ρg. gc . Dp ε 3 ( )( Dp )
+1,75 G … … … … … … …(5)

Dimana:
P = Tekanan (N/m2)
gc = 4,17 x 108 lbm.ft/jam2.lbf
G = fluks massa gas dalam pipa, kg/m2. jam
ρg = densitas gas, kg/m3
Dp = diameter partikel katalisator, m
ε = porositas tumpukan katalisator
μ = viskositas gas, (kg/m.jam)

C. Penjabaran Persamaan Pendukung

1. Ukuran Tube
Dipilih berdasarkan Rase,H.F., “Chemical Reactor Design for Process Plant”, (1977), John
Wiley and Son,Inc.,N.Y,vol.I, hal.535 Ukuran pipa (diameter dalam dan luar pipa) yang
digunakan berkisar antara 0.5 - 2 inchi.

Dari Tabel 11 (Kern, 1950) diambil spesifikasi pipa sebagai berikut:

Schedule number = 40
Nominal pipe size, IPS = 1 in
Diameter dalam, ID = 1.049 in
Diameter luar, OD = 1.32 in
Luas aliran per pipa, at = 0.864 in2

10
 Berat per panjang pipa = 1.68 lb baja/ft

2. Susunan Pipa
Susunan triangular dipilih untuk menyusun pipa dalam reaktor supaya turbulensi yang terjadi
pada aliran fluida dalam shell menjadi besar, sehingga akan memperbesar koefisien
perpindahan panas konveksi.

Gambar 5. Susunan pipa triangular

3. Jumlah Pipa
Jumlah tube yang diperlukan dihitung berdasarkan bilangan reynold yang digunakan:
ID t G t
ℜt =
μL
Keterangan:
Gt = Fluks massa aliran dalam pipa (kg/m-s2)
IDt = Diameter dalam pipa (m)
ℜt = Bilangan Reynold
μL = Viskositas campuran (kg/m-s)
Fluks massa dihitung dengan persamaan:
ḿt
Gt =
nt at
Keterangan:
ḿt = Laju alir massa total (kg/s)
nt = Jumlah pipa
at = Luas aliran pada pipa (m2)
Disubsitusikan ke persamaan reynold diperoleh:

11
 ID t ḿt
ℜt =
μ L nt at
IDt ḿt
nt=
μ L ℜt at
1.049∈× 5147.4604 kg / jam
nt=
0.001472×5000 × 0.864 ¿2
nt=849,135 ≈ 850 buah

4. Pitch
Jarak antar pusat pipa (Pitch) untuk susunan pipa triangular dapat dihitung dengan persamaan
Pitch=1,25 Od
1.32∈¿
Pitch=( 1.25 ) ¿
Pitch=1.65∈¿

dengan:
Pitch = Jarak antar pusat pipa (m)
Od = Diameter luar pipa (m)
(Rase, 1977)

5. Diameter Dalam Shell

Hubungan antara jumlah pipa (Npipa) dan diameter dalam shell (Ids) dapat dirumuskan sebagai
berikut
Berdasarkan buku Applied Process Design Vol. 3 (Ludwig) halaman 36, diameter shell
(IDs) untuk triangular pitch ditentukan menggunakan persamaan 10-2 :

Nt=
[
( IDs−K 1 ) 2 π
4 ]
+ K 2 − Pitch ( IDs−K 1 ) [ K 3 ( tube pass ) + K 4 ]
Nilai K1, K2, K3, dan
1,223. Pitch 2
K4 merupakan konstanta berdasarkan ukuran dan susunan pipa. Untuk
susunan triangular pitch memiliki nilai K sebagai berikut :
K1 = 1,080
K2 = -0,9
K3 = 0,690

12
 K4 = -0,8
Dengan memasukkan data-data yang sudah ada, didapat nilai diameter shell (IDs) :
𝐼𝐷� = 47.86413 𝑖�

6. Clearance
Jarak antar pipa atau clearance (C’) dapat dihitung dengan persamaan
C' =Pitch−Od
'
C =1.65−1.32
C' =0.33∈¿
dengan:
C’ = Clearance (in)
Pitch = Jarak antar pusat pipa (in)
Od = Diameter luar pipa (in)
D. Penyelesaian persamaan matematik
Variabel tetap:
z0 =0 (tinggi tumpukan katalis, m)
X0 =0 (konversi C2H5OH pada z0)
T0 = 723 (suhu gas masuk reaktor, K)
Tp0 = 618 (suhu pemanas masuk reaktor, K)
P0 =5 (tekanan gas umpan reaktor, atm)
Fpmass = 3000 (laju alir massa media pemanas, kg/jam)
Id = 0.0266 (diameter dalam pipa, m)
Od = 0.0335 (diameter luar pipa, m)
Npipa = 850 (jumlah pipa)
Ids = 1.2157 (diameter dalam shell, m)
ε = 0.3 (porositas katalis)

Persamaan yang akan diselesaikan:

1) Neraca Massa
−d F A π
=r A ID 2 N t ρB
dz 4
2
d XA π ID N t ρ B
=r A
dz 4 FA0
2) Neraca Panas

13
 d XA
U D ( π ID N t )( T c −T ) + Δ H R F A 0
dT dz
=
dz ∑ F i Cpi
3) Neraca Panas Media Pendingin
d Tc U D . π .ID.Nt.(T- T c )
=
dz m c .c pc
4) Neraca Tekanan
dP
=
G
( )( 150 ( 1−ε
1−ε
dz ρg. gc . Dp ε 3 Dp
) μm
+1,75 G )

Persamaan matematis diselesaikan secara simultan dengan scilab dimana pengerjaan sebagai
berikut :
clear;clc;
clear;clc;
// Initial Condition
dz = 0.1;
phi= 3.14
z = (0:dz:4.7); // Panjang reaktor, meter
n = length(z);

Y(1,1) = 0; // Konversi
Y(1,2) = 225 + 273; // Temperatur Reaktor, Kelvin
Y(1,3) = 205 + 273; // Temperatur Pendingin, Kelvin
Y(1,4) = 5; // Pressure Drop, atm

function D=F(z, xA, T, Tc, P)

// Data Neraca Massa Masuk (kg/h)
mA0 = 4822.30 ; //massa Nitroxylene
mB0 = 319.36; //massa Hidrogen
mC0 = 0; //massa Xylidine
mD0 = 5.81; //massa air

mT0 = mA0 + mB0 + mC0 + mD0;

// Data Berat Molekul (kg/kmol)

BMA = 121; // Nitroxylene
BMB = 2; // Hidrogen
BMC = 151; // Xylidine
BMD = 18; // Air

// Data Neraca Mol Masuk (kmol/h)

FA0 = mA0/BMA;
FB0 = mB0/BMB;

14
FC0 = mC0/BMC;
FD0 = mD0/BMD;
FT0 = FA0 + FB0 + FC0 + FD0

// Data Neraca mol keluar (kmol/h)

FA = FA0*(1-xA); // Nitroxylene
FB = FB0-(3*FA0*xA);
FC = FA0*xA;
FD = 2*FA0*xA;
FT = FA + FB + FC + FD; // Mol total keluar

// Data fraksi Mol Keluar

yA = FA/FT;
yB = FB/FT;
yC = FC/FT;
yD = FD/FT;

// BM Campuran (kg/kmol)
BMT = yA*BMA + yB*BMB + yC*BMC + yD*BMD;

// Data Neraca Massa Keluar (kg/h)

mA = FA*BMA; // Nitrxylene
mB = FB*BMB; // Hidrogen
mC = FC*BMC; // Xylidine
mD = FD*BMD; // Ai
mT = mA + mB + mC + mD; // Massa total setelah reaksi

// Data Fraksi Massa keluar

ymA = mA/mT;
ymB = mB/mT;
ymC = mC/mT;
ymD = mD/mT;

// Mol pendingin yang dibutuhkan

FP = 3000; // kgram/h
Ud = 70; // W/m^2/K

//Memilih tube (IPS = 1 in, Table 11. Kern)

ODt = 1.32*0.0254; // m
IDt = 0.842*0.0254; // m
at = 0.864*0.0254^2; // m^2, luas tube
//at0 = 0.3925; ft^2/ft
//L = 13; ft/batang
nt = 850; // Jumlah tube,

IDs = 3.61 *0.0254; // m

Pt = 1.65*0.0254; // m

// Data Ukuran Katalis

15
eps = 0.3; // Porositas
Dp = 0.003; // m, diameter katalis
rhoK = 890; // kgkat./m^3

// Data kapasitas panas (Cp = A + B*T + C*T^2 + D^T^3, joule/mol/K)

CpA = abs(166.305 - 1.0708*T + 6.0437e-3*T^2 - 1.142e-7*T^3 +
1.0678e-8*T^4); // Nitroxylene
CpB = abs(19.671 + 0.069682*T - 2.001e-4*T^2 + 2.8498e-7*T^3 -
2.225e-10*T^4); // Hidrogen
CpC = abs(36.996 + 1.8009e-2*T + 1.4855e-3*T^2 - 3.3594e-6*T^3 +
3.2309e-9*T^4); // Xylidine
CpD = abs(30.217 - 1.1312e-2*T + 0*T^2 + 0*T^3 + 0*T^4); // Air

// Data Neraca Panas Reaksi Utama

sigA = 166.305 + 19.671 + 36.996+ 30.217;
sigB = - 1.0708 + 0.069682 + 1.8009e-2 - 1.1312e-2;
sigC = 6.0437e-3 - 2.001e-4 + 1.4855e-3 ;
sigD = - 1.142e-7 + 2.8498e-7 - 3.3594e-6 ;
sigE = 1.0678e-8 - 2.225e-10 + 3.2309e-9 ;
sigCpdT = sigA*(T-298.15) + sigB/2*(T^2-298.15^2) + sigC/3*(T^3-
298.15^3) + sigD/4*(T^4-298.15^4) + sigE/5*(T^5-298.14^5); // J/mol

dHr0 = -481400; // J/mol

dHr1 = dHr0 + sigCpdT; // J/mol

// Sigma Fi*Cpi (J/h/K)

FiCpi = FA*CpA + FB*CpB + FC*CpC + FD*CpD;

// Cp pendingin ( J/kgram/K)
CpP =(143437+(372.894*Tc+0.111497*Tc^2))/1000/166 ; // Dowtherm A

// Data Densitas (rho = A*B^(-(1-T/Tc)^n), kg/L) Carl Yaws Handbook

rhoA = P*yA*BMA/(0.082*T); // Nitroxylene
rhoB = P*yB*BMB/(0.082*T); // Hidrogen
rhoC = P*yC*BMC/(0.082*T); // Xylidine
rhoD = P*yD*BMD/(0.082*T); // Air
rhoT = ymA*rhoA + ymB*rhoB + ymC*rhoC + ymD*rhoD; // Densitas
campuran

// Data Viskositas (log(miu) = A + B/T + C*T + D*T^2), kg/m/s

miuA = (3.0949 + 1.6502e-01*T + 3.7453e-5*T^2)*10^-7; // Nitroxylene
miuB = (1.7611 + 3.4165e-01*T - 1.8368e-4*T^2)*10^-7; // Hidrogen
miuC = (-1.1790 + 1.9255*T + 7.5966e-5*T^2)*10^-7; // Xylidine
miuD = (22.8211 + 1.7387e-1*T + 3.2465e-6*T^2)*10^-7; // Air
atas =
yA*miuA*(BMA^0.5)+yB*miuB*(BMB^0.5)+yC*miuC*(BMC^0.5)+yD*miu
D*(BMD^0.5)
bawah =
miuA*(BMA^0.5)+miuB*(BMB^0.5)+miuC*(BMC^0.5)+miuD*(BMD^0.5);

16
 miuT = (atas/bawah)*10^-7; //Viskositas gas campuran
(kg/m.s)

k=0.027983744; //kmol/jam

PA = P*yA; // Konsentrasi Nitroxylene, kmol/L

PB = P*yB; // Konsentrasi Hidrogen, kmol/L
rA = k*PA^0.3*PB^0.7; // kmol/gkat./h

// Fluks massa per tube (kg/s/m^2)

G = mT/(nt*at); //kg/m2.jam
//Bilangan Reynold
Nre = G*Dp/((miuT)*(1-eps));
// Faktor friksi
f = 150/Nre+1.75;
disp(dHr1)
// Persamaan Differensial
dxAdz = rA*phi/4*(IDt^2)*nt*rhoK/FA0;
dTdz = (-Ud*phi*IDt*nt*(Tc-T)+phi/4*(IDt^2)*rhoK*dHr1*(-rA))/FiCpi;
dTcdz = (Ud*phi*ODt*nt*(T-Tc))/(FP*CpP);
dPdz = (-f*G*(1-eps))/((rhoT*Dp*eps^3)*101325*3600);
D = [dxAdz,dTdz,dTcdz,dPdz];
endfunction

// Metode RK-4
function k=K(z, xA, T, Tc, P)
k1 = F(z,xA,T,Tc,P);
k2 =
F(z+dz/2,xA+k1(1)*dz/2,T+k1(2)*dz/2,Tc+k1(3)*dz/2,P+k1(4)*dz/2);
k3 =
F(z+dz/2,xA+k2(1)*dz/2,T+k2(2)*dz/2,Tc+k2(3)*dz/2,P+k2(4)*dz/2);
k4 = F(z+dz,xA+k3(1)*dz,T+k3(2)*dz,Tc+k3(3)*dz,P+k3(4)*dz);
k = k1 + 2*(k2 + k3) + k4;
endfunction

for i=1:n-1
Y(i+1,1:4) = Y(i,1:4) + K(z(i),Y(i,1),Y(i,2),Y(i,3),Y(i,4))*dz/6;
end

disp(' z xA T Tc P')
printf('%10.2f %15.5f %15.5f %15.5f %15.5f \n',z',Y)

figure
plot(z,Y(:,1)); xlabel('Panjang reaktor (m)'); ylabel('Konversi');

figure
plot(z,[Y(:,2),Y(:,3)]); xlabel('Panjang reaktor (m)'); ylabel('Temperatur
(K)'); legend('Reaktor','Pendingin');
figure

17
plot(z,Y(:,4)); xlabel('Panjang reaktor (m)'); ylabel('Tekanan (atm)');
figure
plot(Y(:,1),Y(:,2)); xlabel('Konversi'); ylabel('Temperatur (K)');

Gambar 6. Profil Konversi Sepanjang Reaktor

Gambar 7. Profil Suhu Sepanjang Reaktor

18
Gambar 8. Profil Tekanan Sepanjang Reaktor

Gambar 8. Profil konversi vs T (K)

Tabel 7. Penyelesaian Model Matematik

19
 Z xa T Tc P

0.00 0.00000 498.00000 478.00000 5.00000

0.01 0.00502 498.01139 478.19872 4.99837
0.02 0.01003 498.02273 478.39553 4.99673
0.03 0.01502 498.03401 478.59044 4.99505
0.04 0.01999 498.04524 478.78348 4.99336
0.05 0.02494 498.05641 478.97466 4.99164
0.06 0.02988 498.06753 479.16401 4.98990
0.07 0.03480 498.07860 479.35154 4.98814
0.08 0.03970 498.08962 479.53727 4.98635
0.09 0.04459 498.10059 479.72122 4.98453
0.10 0.04945 498.11150 479.90342 4.98270
0.11 0.05430 498.12237 480.08386 4.98083
0.12 0.05914 498.13318 480.26259 4.97895
0.13 0.06395 498.14394 480.43961 4.97704
0.14 0.06875 498.15465 480.61494 4.97510
0.15 0.07353 498.16532 480.78860 4.97314
0.16 0.07829 498.17593 480.96060 4.97116
0.17 0.08304 498.18650 481.13097 4.96915
0.18 0.08777 498.19701 481.29971 4.96711
0.19 0.09248 498.20748 481.46685 4.96505
0.20 0.09717 498.21790 481.63241 4.96297
0.21 0.10185 498.22827 481.79639 4.96086
0.22 0.10651 498.23859 481.95882 4.95872
0.23 0.11115 498.24887 482.11971 4.95656
0.24 0.11578 498.25910 482.27908 4.95437
0.25 0.12039 498.26929 482.43694 4.95216
0.26 0.12498 498.27942 482.59331 4.94993
0.27 0.12955 498.28952 482.74820 4.94766
0.28 0.13411 498.29956 482.90163 4.94537
0.29 0.13865 498.30956 483.05361 4.94306
0.30 0.14317 498.31952 483.20416 4.94072
0.31 0.14768 498.32943 483.35329 4.93836

20
0.32 0.15217 498.33930 483.50102 4.93597
0.33 0.15664 498.34912 483.64735 4.93355
0.34 0.16109 498.35890 483.79232 4.93111
0.35 0.16553 498.36863 483.93592 4.92865
0.36 0.16995 498.37833 484.07818 4.92616
0.37 0.17436 498.38798 484.21910 4.92364
0.38 0.17874 498.39758 484.35870 4.92110
0.39 0.18311 498.40715 484.49700 4.91853
0.40 0.18747 498.41667 484.63400 4.91594
0.41 0.19180 498.42615 484.76972 4.91333
0.42 0.19612 498.43559 484.90417 4.91069
0.43 0.20042 498.44498 485.03737 4.90802
0.44 0.20471 498.45434 485.16932 4.90533
0.45 0.20898 498.46366 485.30005 4.90262
0.46 0.21323 498.47293 485.42956 4.89989
0.47 0.21747 498.48216 485.55786 4.89713
0.48 0.22169 498.49136 485.68497 4.89434
0.49 0.22589 498.50051 485.81090 4.89154
0.50 0.23007 498.50963 485.93566 4.88871
0.51 0.23424 498.51870 486.05926 4.88585
0.52 0.23840 498.52774 486.18172 4.88298
0.53 0.24253 498.53674 486.30304 4.88008
0.54 0.24665 498.54570 486.42323 4.87716
0.55 0.25075 498.55462 486.54232 4.87422
0.56 0.25484 498.56350 486.66030 4.87125
0.57 0.25891 498.57234 486.77720 4.86827
0.58 0.26296 498.58115 486.89301 4.86526
0.59 0.26700 498.58992 487.00776 4.86223
0.60 0.27102 498.59865 487.12145 4.85919
0.61 0.27502 498.60735 487.23409 4.85612
0.62 0.27901 498.61600 487.34569 4.85303
0.63 0.28298 498.62463 487.45627 4.84992
0.64 0.28694 498.63321 487.56583 4.84680
0.65 0.29088 498.64176 487.67438 4.84365
21
0.66 0.29480 498.65028 487.78194 4.84049
0.67 0.29871 498.65875 487.88851 4.83731
0.68 0.30260 498.66720 487.99411 4.83411
0.69 0.30647 498.67560 488.09873 4.83089
0.70 0.31033 498.68398 488.20240 4.82765
0.71 0.31417 498.69231 488.30512 4.82440
0.72 0.31800 498.70062 488.40691 4.82113
0.73 0.32181 498.70888 488.50776 4.81785
0.74 0.32561 498.71712 488.60769 4.81455
0.75 0.32939 498.72532 488.70671 4.81123
0.76 0.33315 498.73349 488.80483 4.80790
0.77 0.33690 498.74162 488.90205 4.80456
0.78 0.34063 498.74972 488.99839 4.80120
0.79 0.34434 498.75778 489.09385 4.79783
0.80 0.34804 498.76582 489.18845 4.79444
0.81 0.35173 498.77382 489.28218 4.79104
0.82 0.35540 498.78179 489.37507 4.78763
0.83 0.35905 498.78972 489.46711 4.78420
0.84 0.36269 498.79763 489.55832 4.78077
0.85 0.36631 498.80550 489.64870 4.77732
0.86 0.36992 498.81334 489.73827 4.77386
0.87 0.37351 498.82115 489.82702 4.77039
0.88 0.37709 498.82892 489.91498 4.76691
0.89 0.38065 498.83667 490.00214 4.76342
0.90 0.38419 498.84438 490.08851 4.75992
0.91 0.38773 498.85206 490.17410 4.75641
0.92 0.39124 498.85972 490.25892 4.75289
0.93 0.39474 498.86734 490.34298 4.74937
0.94 0.39823 498.87493 490.42628 4.74583
0.95 0.40170 498.88249 490.50884 4.74229
0.96 0.40515 498.89002 490.59065 4.73874
0.97 0.40859 498.89753 490.67173 4.73519
0.98 0.41202 498.90500 490.75207 4.73163
0.99 0.41543 498.91244 490.83170 4.72806
22
1.00 0.41882 498.91985 490.91062 4.72448
1.01 0.42221 498.92724 490.98883 4.72090
1.02 0.42557 498.93459 491.06634 4.71732
1.03 0.42892 498.94192 491.14316 4.71373
1.04 0.43226 498.94922 491.21929 4.71013
1.05 0.43558 498.95648 491.29474 4.70654
1.06 0.43889 498.96373 491.36952 4.70293
1.07 0.44218 498.97094 491.44363 4.69933
1.08 0.44546 498.97812 491.51708 4.69572
1.09 0.44873 498.98528 491.58988 4.69211
1.10 0.45198 498.99241 491.66203 4.68849
1.11 0.45522 498.99951 491.73354 4.68488
1.12 0.45844 499.00658 491.80441 4.68126
1.13 0.46164 499.01363 491.87466 4.67764
1.14 0.46484 499.02065 491.94428 4.67402
1.15 0.46802 499.02764 492.01328 4.67040
1.16 0.47118 499.03461 492.08168 4.66678
1.17 0.47433 499.04155 492.14947 4.66315
1.18 0.47747 499.04846 492.21666 4.65953
1.19 0.48060 499.05535 492.28326 4.65591
1.20 0.48371 499.06221 492.34927 4.65229
1.21 0.48680 499.06904 492.41469 4.64866
1.22 0.48988 499.07585 492.47954 4.64504
1.23 0.49295 499.08264 492.54382 4.64142
1.24 0.49601 499.08939 492.60754 4.63780
1.25 0.49905 499.09612 492.67069 4.63419
1.26 0.50208 499.10283 492.73329 4.63057
1.27 0.50509 499.10951 492.79534 4.62696
1.28 0.50809 499.11617 492.85684 4.62335
1.29 0.51108 499.12280 492.91781 4.61974
1.30 0.51405 499.12941 492.97824 4.61614
1.31 0.51701 499.13599 493.03814 4.61253
1.32 0.51996 499.14255 493.09752 4.60893
1.33 0.52289 499.14908 493.15638 4.60534
23
1.34 0.52582 499.15559 493.21472 4.60174
1.35 0.52872 499.16208 493.27256 4.59815
1.36 0.53162 499.16854 493.32989 4.59457
1.37 0.53450 499.17498 493.38673 4.59099
1.38 0.53737 499.18139 493.44306 4.58741
1.39 0.54023 499.18779 493.49891 4.58384
1.40 0.54307 499.19415 493.55427 4.58027
1.41 0.54590 499.20050 493.60916 4.57670
1.42 0.54872 499.20682 493.66356 4.57314
1.43 0.55152 499.21312 493.71750 4.56959
1.44 0.55432 499.21939 493.77096 4.56604
1.45 0.55710 499.22565 493.82397 4.56250
1.46 0.55986 499.23188 493.87651 4.55896
1.47 0.56262 499.23808 493.92861 4.55542
1.48 0.56536 499.24427 493.98025 4.55190
1.49 0.56809 499.25043 494.03144 4.54837
1.50 0.57081 499.25658 494.08220 4.54486
1.51 0.57351 499.26269 494.13252 4.54134
1.52 0.57621 499.26879 494.18240 4.53784
1.53 0.57889 499.27487 494.23186 4.53434
1.54 0.58155 499.28092 494.28089 4.53085
1.55 0.58421 499.28696 494.32950 4.52736
1.56 0.58686 499.29297 494.37769 4.52388
1.57 0.58949 499.29896 494.42547 4.52040
1.58 0.59211 499.30493 494.47284 4.51694
1.59 0.59472 499.31088 494.51981 4.51347
1.60 0.59731 499.31680 494.56637 4.51002
1.61 0.59990 499.32271 494.61254 4.50657
1.62 0.60247 499.32860 494.65831 4.50313
1.63 0.60503 499.33446 494.70369 4.49969
1.64 0.60758 499.34031 494.74869 4.49627
1.65 0.61012 499.34613 494.79330 4.49285
1.66 0.61265 499.35194 494.83753 4.48943
1.67 0.61516 499.35772 494.88139 4.48602
24
1.68 0.61767 499.36349 494.92488 4.48262
1.69 0.62016 499.36923 494.96799 4.47923
1.70 0.62264 499.37496 495.01074 4.47584
1.71 0.62511 499.38066 495.05313 4.47246
1.72 0.62756 499.38635 495.09516 4.46909
1.73 0.63001 499.39202 495.13684 4.46573
1.74 0.63245 499.39766 495.17816 4.46237
1.75 0.63487 499.40329 495.21914 4.45902
1.76 0.63728 499.40890 495.25977 4.45568
1.77 0.63969 499.41449 495.30005 4.45234
1.78 0.64208 499.42006 495.34000 4.44901
1.79 0.64446 499.42562 495.37961 4.44569
1.80 0.64683 499.43115 495.41889 4.44237
1.81 0.64918 499.43666 495.45784 4.43907
1.82 0.65153 499.44216 495.49647 4.43577
1.83 0.65387 499.44764 495.53477 4.43248
1.84 0.65619 499.45310 495.57275 4.42919
1.85 0.65851 499.45854 495.61041 4.42591
1.86 0.66081 499.46397 495.64776 4.42264
1.87 0.66311 499.46937 495.68480 4.41938
1.88 0.66539 499.47476 495.72152 4.41613
1.89 0.66766 499.48013 495.75795 4.41288
1.90 0.66992 499.48549 495.79407 4.40964
1.91 0.67218 499.49082 495.82988 4.40641
1.92 0.67442 499.49614 495.86541 4.40318
1.93 0.67665 499.50144 495.90063 4.39996
1.94 0.67887 499.50673 495.93557 4.39675
1.95 0.68108 499.51199 495.97021 4.39355
1.96 0.68328 499.51724 496.00457 4.39035
1.97 0.68547 499.52247 496.03865 4.38716
1.98 0.68765 499.52769 496.07244 4.38398
1.99 0.68982 499.53289 496.10596 4.38080
2.00 0.69197 499.53807 496.13920 4.37764
2.01 0.69412 499.54324 496.17216 4.37448
25
2.02 0.69626 499.54838 496.20486 4.37132
2.03 0.69839 499.55352 496.23729 4.36818
2.04 0.70051 499.55863 496.26945 4.36504
2.05 0.70262 499.56373 496.30134 4.36191
2.06 0.70472 499.56882 496.33298 4.35878
2.07 0.70681 499.57389 496.36436 4.35567
2.08 0.70889 499.57894 496.39548 4.35256
2.09 0.71096 499.58397 496.42635 4.34946
2.10 0.71302 499.58899 496.45696 4.34636
2.11 0.71507 499.59400 496.48733 4.34327
2.12 0.71711 499.59899 496.51745 4.34019
2.13 0.71914 499.60396 496.54732 4.33711
2.14 0.72117 499.60892 496.57695 4.33405
2.15 0.72318 499.61386 496.60635 4.33099
2.16 0.72518 499.61879 496.63550 4.32793
2.17 0.72718 499.62370 496.66442 4.32489
2.18 0.72916 499.62860 496.69310 4.32185
2.19 0.73114 499.63348 496.72155 4.31881
2.20 0.73310 499.63835 496.74978 4.31579
2.21 0.73506 499.64320 496.77777 4.31277
2.22 0.73701 499.64804 496.80554 4.30975
2.23 0.73894 499.65286 496.83309 4.30675
2.24 0.74087 499.65767 496.86042 4.30375
2.25 0.74279 499.66246 496.88752 4.30075
2.26 0.74470 499.66724 496.91441 4.29777
2.27 0.74661 499.67201 496.94109 4.29479
2.28 0.74850 499.67676 496.96755 4.29181
2.29 0.75038 499.68149 496.99380 4.28885
2.30 0.75226 499.68621 497.01984 4.28589
2.31 0.75412 499.69092 497.04568 4.28293
2.32 0.75598 499.69562 497.07131 4.27999
2.33 0.75783 499.70030 497.09673 4.27704
2.34 0.75967 499.70496 497.12195 4.27411
2.35 0.76150 499.70962 497.14698 4.27118
26
2.36 0.76332 499.71425 497.17180 4.26826
2.37 0.76513 499.71888 497.19643 4.26534
2.38 0.76694 499.72349 497.22087 4.26243
2.39 0.76873 499.72809 497.24511 4.25953
2.40 0.77052 499.73267 497.26916 4.25663
2.41 0.77230 499.73725 497.29302 4.25374
2.42 0.77407 499.74180 497.31670 4.25085
2.43 0.77583 499.74635 497.34018 4.24798
2.44 0.77758 499.75088 497.36349 4.24510
2.45 0.77933 499.75540 497.38661 4.24223
2.46 0.78107 499.75991 497.40955 4.23937
2.47 0.78279 499.76440 497.43231 4.23652
2.48 0.78451 499.76888 497.45490 4.23367
2.49 0.78623 499.77335 497.47731 4.23082
2.50 0.78793 499.77780 497.49954 4.22798
2.51 0.78962 499.78224 497.52160 4.22515
2.52 0.79131 499.78667 497.54349 4.22232
2.53 0.79299 499.79109 497.56521 4.21950
2.54 0.79466 499.79549 497.58677 4.21669
2.55 0.79632 499.79989 497.60815 4.21388
2.56 0.79798 499.80427 497.62937 4.21107
2.57 0.79962 499.80863 497.65043 4.20827
2.58 0.80126 499.81299 497.67133 4.20548
2.59 0.80289 499.81733 497.69206 4.20269
2.60 0.80451 499.82166 497.71264 4.19991
2.61 0.80613 499.82598 497.73305 4.19713
2.62 0.80773 499.83029 497.75332 4.19436
2.63 0.80933 499.83459 497.77342 4.19159
2.64 0.81092 499.83887 497.79338 4.18883
2.65 0.81251 499.84314 497.81318 4.18607
2.66 0.81408 499.84740 497.83283 4.18332
2.67 0.81565 499.85165 497.85233 4.18057
2.68 0.81721 499.85589 497.87168 4.17783
2.69 0.81876 499.86011 497.89089 4.17510
27
2.70 0.82031 499.86433 497.90995 4.17237
2.71 0.82184 499.86853 497.92886 4.16964
2.72 0.82337 499.87272 497.94764 4.16692
2.73 0.82489 499.87690 497.96627 4.16420
2.74 0.82641 499.88107 497.98476 4.16149
2.75 0.82791 499.88523 498.00312 4.15878
2.76 0.82941 499.88937 498.02133 4.15608
2.77 0.83091 499.89351 498.03941 4.15339
2.78 0.83239 499.89764 498.05735 4.15069
2.79 0.83387 499.90175 498.07516 4.14801
2.80 0.83534 499.90585 498.09284 4.14532
2.81 0.83680 499.90994 498.11038 4.14264
2.82 0.83825 499.91402 498.12780 4.13997
2.83 0.83970 499.91810 498.14508 4.13730
2.84 0.84114 499.92216 498.16224 4.13464
2.85 0.84257 499.92620 498.17927 4.13198
2.86 0.84400 499.93024 498.19617 4.12932
2.87 0.84542 499.93427 498.21295 4.12667
2.88 0.84683 499.93829 498.22961 4.12402
2.89 0.84823 499.94230 498.24614 4.12138
2.90 0.84963 499.94629 498.26255 4.11874
2.91 0.85102 499.95028 498.27885 4.11611
2.92 0.85240 499.95426 498.29502 4.11348
2.93 0.85378 499.95822 498.31107 4.11085
2.94 0.85515 499.96218 498.32701 4.10823
2.95 0.85651 499.96612 498.34283 4.10562
2.96 0.85786 499.97006 498.35853 4.10300
2.97 0.85921 499.97399 498.37412 4.10039
2.98 0.86055 499.97790 498.38960 4.09779
2.99 0.86189 499.98181 498.40497 4.09519
3.00 0.86322 499.98570 498.42022 4.09259
3.01 0.86454 499.98959 498.43537 4.09000
3.02 0.86585 499.99347 498.45040 4.08741
3.03 0.86716 499.99733 498.46533 4.08483
28
3.04 0.86846 500.00119 498.48015 4.08224
3.05 0.86975 500.00504 498.49486 4.07967
3.06 0.87104 500.00887 498.50947 4.07709
3.07 0.87231 500.01270 498.52398 4.07452
3.08 0.87359 500.01652 498.53838 4.07196
3.09 0.87485 500.02033 498.55267 4.06940
3.10 0.87611 500.02413 498.56687 4.06684
3.11 0.87737 500.02792 498.58097 4.06428
3.12 0.87861 500.03170 498.59496 4.06173
3.13 0.87985 500.03547 498.60886 4.05918
3.14 0.88109 500.03923 498.62266 4.05664
3.15 0.88231 500.04298 498.63636 4.05410
3.16 0.88353 500.04673 498.64996 4.05156
3.17 0.88475 500.05046 498.66347 4.04903
3.18 0.88595 500.05418 498.67689 4.04650
3.19 0.88715 500.05790 498.69021 4.04397
3.20 0.88835 500.06161 498.70344 4.04145
3.21 0.88954 500.06530 498.71657 4.03893
3.22 0.89072 500.06899 498.72962 4.03641
3.23 0.89189 500.07267 498.74257 4.03390
3.24 0.89306 500.07634 498.75543 4.03139
3.25 0.89422 500.08000 498.76821 4.02888
3.26 0.89538 500.08366 498.78090 4.02637
3.27 0.89653 500.08730 498.79349 4.02387
3.28 0.89767 500.09094 498.80601 4.02138
3.29 0.89881 500.09456 498.81843 4.01888
3.30 0.89994 500.09818 498.83077 4.01639
3.31 0.90107 500.10179 498.84303 4.01390
3.32 0.90218 500.10539 498.85520 4.01142
3.33 0.90330 500.10898 498.86729 4.00893
3.34 0.90440 500.11256 498.87930 4.00646
3.35 0.90550 500.11613 498.89123 4.00398
3.36 0.90660 500.11970 498.90307 4.00150
3.37 0.90768 500.12326 498.91484 3.99903
29
3.38 0.90876 500.12680 498.92652 3.99657
3.39 0.90984 500.13034 498.93813 3.99410
3.40 0.91091 500.13387 498.94966 3.99164
3.41 0.91197 500.13740 498.96111 3.98918
3.42 0.91303 500.14091 498.97248 3.98672
3.43 0.91408 500.14442 498.98378 3.98427
3.44 0.91512 500.14791 498.99500 3.98182
3.45 0.91616 500.15140 499.00615 3.97937
3.46 0.91720 500.15488 499.01722 3.97692
3.47 0.91822 500.15835 499.02822 3.97448
3.48 0.91924 500.16182 499.03915 3.97204
3.49 0.92026 500.16527 499.05000 3.96960
3.50 0.92127 500.16872 499.06079 3.96717
3.51 0.92227 500.17216 499.07150 3.96473
3.52 0.92327 500.17559 499.08214 3.96230
3.53 0.92426 500.17901 499.09271 3.95987
3.54 0.92524 500.18242 499.10322 3.95745
3.55 0.92622 500.18583 499.11365 3.95502
3.56 0.92720 500.18923 499.12402 3.95260
3.57 0.92816 500.19262 499.13432 3.95018
3.58 0.92913 500.19600 499.14455 3.94777
3.59 0.93008 500.19937 499.15471 3.94535
3.60 0.93103 500.20273 499.16481 3.94294
3.61 0.93198 500.20609 499.17485 3.94053
3.62 0.93292 500.20944 499.18482 3.93813
3.63 0.93385 500.21278 499.19472 3.93572
3.64 0.93478 500.21611 499.20457 3.93332
3.65 0.93570 500.21943 499.21435 3.93092
3.66 0.93661 500.22275 499.22406 3.92852
3.67 0.93752 500.22606 499.23372 3.92612
3.68 0.93843 500.22936 499.24331 3.92373
3.69 0.93932 500.23265 499.25284 3.92133
3.70 0.94022 500.23593 499.26232 3.91894
3.71 0.94110 500.23921 499.27173 3.91656
30
3.72 0.94198 500.24247 499.28108 3.91417
3.73 0.94286 500.24573 499.29038 3.91179
3.74 0.94373 500.24898 499.29961 3.90940
3.75 0.94459 500.25222 499.30879 3.90702
3.76 0.94545 500.25546 499.31791 3.90464
3.77 0.94630 500.25868 499.32697 3.90227
3.78 0.94715 500.26190 499.33598 3.89989
3.79 0.94799 500.26511 499.34493 3.89752
3.80 0.94883 500.26831 499.35383 3.89515
3.81 0.94966 500.27151 499.36267 3.89278
3.82 0.95048 500.27469 499.37145 3.89041
3.83 0.95130 500.27787 499.38018 3.88804
3.84 0.95211 500.28104 499.38886 3.88568
3.85 0.95292 500.28420 499.39748 3.88332
3.86 0.95372 500.28735 499.40606 3.88096
3.87 0.95452 500.29050 499.41458 3.87860
3.88 0.95531 500.29363 499.42304 3.87624
3.89 0.95609 500.29676 499.43146 3.87388
3.90 0.95687 500.29988 499.43982 3.87153
3.91 0.95765 500.30299 499.44814 3.86917
3.92 0.95841 500.30609 499.45640 3.86682
3.93 0.95918 500.30919 499.46461 3.86447
3.94 0.95993 500.31228 499.47278 3.86212
3.95 0.96068 500.31535 499.48089 3.85978
3.96 0.96143 500.31842 499.48896 3.85743
3.97 0.96217 500.32148 499.49697 3.85509
3.98 0.96290 500.32454 499.50494 3.85274
3.99 0.96363 500.32758 499.51287 3.85040
4.00 0.96435 500.33062 499.52074 3.84806
4.01 0.96507 500.33364 499.52857 3.84572
4.02 0.96578 500.33666 499.53635 3.84338
4.03 0.96649 500.33967 499.54409 3.84105
4.04 0.96719 500.34267 499.55178 3.83871
4.05 0.96788 500.34567 499.55942 3.83638
31
4.06 0.96857 500.34865 499.56702 3.83404
4.07 0.96926 500.35163 499.57458 3.83171
4.08 0.96993 500.35459 499.58209 3.82938
4.09 0.97060 500.35755 499.58955 3.82705
4.10 0.97127 500.36050 499.59698 3.82472
4.11 0.97193 500.36344 499.60436 3.82240
4.12 0.97259 500.36637 499.61169 3.82007
4.13 0.97323 500.36929 499.61899 3.81775
4.14 0.97388 500.37220 499.62624 3.81542
4.15 0.97451 500.37511 499.63345 3.81310
4.16 0.97515 500.37800 499.64062 3.81078
4.17 0.97577 500.38089 499.64774 3.80846
4.18 0.97639 500.38376 499.65483 3.80614
4.19 0.97701 500.38663 499.66188 3.80382
4.20 0.97761 500.38949 499.66888 3.80150
4.21 0.97822 500.39233 499.67584 3.79918
4.22 0.97881 500.39517 499.68277 3.79686
4.23 0.97940 500.39800 499.68965 3.79455
4.24 0.97999 500.40082 499.69650 3.79223
4.25 0.98056 500.40363 499.70331 3.78992
4.26 0.98114 500.40642 499.71008 3.78760
4.27 0.98170 500.40921 499.71681 3.78529
4.28 0.98226 500.41199 499.72350 3.78298
4.29 0.98282 500.41476 499.73015 3.78067
4.30 0.98336 500.41752 499.73677 3.77835
4.31 0.98391 500.42027 499.74335 3.77604
4.32 0.98444 500.42301 499.74989 3.77373
4.33 0.98497 500.42573 499.75639 3.77142
4.34 0.98549 500.42845 499.76286 3.76912
4.35 0.98601 500.43115 499.76930 3.76681
4.36 0.98652 500.43385 499.77569 3.76450
4.37 0.98702 500.43653 499.78205 3.76219
4.38 0.98752 500.43921 499.78838 3.75989
4.39 0.98801 500.44187 499.79467 3.75758
32
 4.40 0.98849 500.44452 499.80092 3.75527
4.41 0.98897 500.44716 499.80714 3.75297
4.42 0.98944 500.44978 499.81333 3.75066
4.43 0.98990 500.45240 499.81948 3.74836
4.44 0.99036 500.45500 499.82559 3.74605
4.45 0.99081 500.45759 499.83168 3.74375
4.46 0.99125 500.46017 499.83772 3.74144
4.47 0.99169 500.46274 499.84374 3.73914
4.48 0.99212 500.46529 499.84972 3.73684
4.49 0.99254 500.46783 499.85567 3.73453
4.50 0.99295 500.47036 499.86159 3.73223
4.51 0.99335 500.47287 499.86747 3.72992
4.52 0.99375 500.47537 499.87332 3.72762
4.53 0.99414 500.47786 499.87914 3.72532
4.54 0.99452 500.48033 499.88492 3.72301
4.55 0.99489 500.48279 499.89068 3.72071
4.56 0.99526 500.48523 499.89640 3.71841
4.57 0.99561 500.48766 499.90209 3.71610
4.58 0.99596 500.49008 499.90774 3.71380
4.59 0.99630 500.49247 499.91337 3.71150
4.60 0.99663 500.49486 499.91897 3.70919
4.61 0.99695 500.49722 499.92453 3.70689
4.62 0.99725 500.49957 499.93007 3.70458
4.63 0.99755 500.50190 499.93557 3.70228
4.64 0.99784 500.50421 499.94104 3.69997
4.65 0.99812 500.50651 499.94648 3.69767
4.66 0.99838 500.50878 499.95189 3.69536
4.67 0.99863 500.51104 499.95727 3.69305
4.68 0.99887 500.51327 499.96262 3.69075
4.69 0.99909 500.51548 499.96794 3.68844
4.70 0.99930 500.51767 499.97323 3.68613

Ringkasan Perancangan reaktor fixed bed multitube non-adiabatis dan non-isotermal

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33
Umpan A masuk reaktor (FA0)= 31.9357 kmol/jam
Umpan B masuk reaktor (FB0)= 159.6787kmol/jam
Umpan C masuk reaktor (FC0)= 0 kmol/jam
Umpan D masuk reaktor (FD0) = 0.3226 kmol/jam
Umpan total masuk reaktor = 191.9370kmol/jam
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suhu umpan masuk reaktor = 225°C
Tekanan umpan masuk reaktor = 5 atm
Suhu pendingin masuk reaktor = 205°C
Konversi akhir = 0.98
Massa jenis katalis = 890 kg/m3
Diameter katalis = 0.003 m
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diameter dalam pipa = 1.049 in
Diameter luar pipa = 1.32 in
Jumlah pipa (NT) = 850
Internal diameter shell = 47.86413 in
Massa pendingin = 3000 kg/jam

Komponen A keluar reaktor (FA) = 0.6387 kmol/jam

Komponen B keluar reaktor (FB) = 65.7876kmol/jam
Komponen C keluar reaktor (FC) = 31.2970 kmol/jam
Komponen D keluar reaktor (FD) = 62.9166 kmol/jam
Flow total keluar reaktor = 160.6400 kmol/jam
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suhu fluida keluar reaktor = 500.40082 K
Tekanan keluar reaktor = 3.79223 atm
Suhu pendingin keluar reaktor = 499.69650 K
Tinggi reaktor = 4.24 meter

Mechanical Design Reaktor

1. PIPA (TUBES)
Bahan: Stainless Steel SA–213 Grade TP304 (Brownell & young table 13.1 hal. 342)

34
 Susunan tube: Triangular Pitch
Spesifikasi ukuran tube:

a. Diameter luar (OD) = 1.32 in

b. Diameter dalam (ID) = 1.049 in
c. Luas penampang = 0.864 in2
d. Luas permukaan luar per panjang = 0.344 ft2/ft
e. Luas permukaan dalam per panjang = 0.274 ft2/ft
f. Berat pipa per satuan panjang = 1.68 lb/ft
g. Pitch (Pt) = 1.65 in
h. Clearance (C’) = 0.33 in
i. Jumlah tube (Nt) =850 buah

2. SHELL
Bahan: stainless steel SA-167 Grade 11 type 316 pada suhu 950 oF (Brownell & Young
hal 342)
Dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut:
Tekanan yang diizinkan (f) = 15100 psi
Efisiensi pengelasan (E) = 0.85
Faktor korosi (C) = 2 mm = 0.0787 in
Diameter dalam shell (IDs) = 47.86413 in
Jari-jari dalam shell (ri) = IDs/2 = 23.932065 in
Tekanan operasi (P) = 5 atm = 73.4797 psi
Faktor keamanan = 20%
Tekanan rancangan (Pdesign) = 1.5 × Tekanan operasi
= 1.5 × 73.4797 psi = 110.21955 psi
Untuk menghitung tebal shell, dihitung dengan persamaan 13-1 Brownell & Young:
P design⋅ r is
t s= +C
f⋅E-0,6⋅P design
110 .21 9 55 psi ×23.932065∈ ¿ +0.0787∈¿
18750 psi× 0.85−0.6× 110 .21 9 55 psi
t s=¿
Tebal shell (ts) = 0,245 in
Diambil tebal standar = 2/8 in =0.25 in (Brownell & Young, 1979)
Diameter luar shell = IDs + 2 ts = 47.86413 + 2 (0.25) = 48.31413 in = 1.227 m
Baffle spacing (B) = 0.5 × IDs = 23.932065 in

3. HEAD

35
Untuk tekanan operasi antara 15 – 200 psig, digunakan torispherical head (flange and
dished head). Bahan head diambil sama dengan shell, sehingga nilai f dan C sama
(Brownell & Young, 1979).
OD

icr b
OA
B A

sf
r
ID

t
a

Gambar 1. Design Head Reaktor

dengan, icr = Jari-jariCsudut internal (m)
rc = Jari-jari kelengkungan (m)
sf = Flange lurus (m)
th = Tebal penutup (m)
OA = Tinggi penutup (m)
Tinggi penutup dihitung dengan persamaan:
OA= sf + B + th
B=r −√ BC 2 −AB 2
BC = r – icr
Ids
AB= −icr
2
Ukuran head:

a. Tebal head, dihitung dengan persamaan Untuk menghitung tebal head reaktor,
digunakan persamaan 13.46 Chemical
Engineering Design : Principles, Practices, and Economics of Plant and
Process Design (Gavin, 2008) hal. 990 seperti berikut:
0.885 Pdesign ID s
t h= +C
fE−0.1 Pdesign
0.885 ×1 10.21 9 55 psi × 47.86413∈ ¿ +0.0787∈¿
15100 psi × 0.85−0.1 ×1 10.21 9 55 psi
t h=¿
t h=0.4428∈¿
Diambil tebal standar = 1/2 in = 0.5 in

36
b. Tinggi head (OA) = th + B + sf
Nilai sf diperoleh dari table 5.6 Brownell dan Young, “Process Equipment
Design” (1959), John Willey andSon, New York. Nilai sf berkisar antara 1½ in
sampai 2½ in. Maka dipilih sf dengan nilai
sf =2
ODs = 48.31413 in
IDs = 47.86413 in

Dipiih ODs = 48 in dengan r = 48 in dan t = 1/2 in maka didapat icr = 3 in

(tabel 5.7 hal. 90 Brownell and Young).

icr = 3 in
diambil sf = 2 in
a = ½ IDs
= 23.932065 in
AB = a – icr
= 23.932065 in – 3 in
= 20.932065 in
r = IDs
= 47.86413 in
BC = r – icr
= 47.86413 in - 3 in
= 44.86413 in
b = r− √ BC 2− AB 2
= 8.182 in
sehingga, tinggi head = (0.5 + 8.182 + 2) in
= 10,682 in = 0,2713 m

Tinggi Total = Tinggi bed katalis + (2 ×Tinggi Ballast) + (2 × Tinggi

Head)
Tinggi ballast = 2,5 in (Rase, H.F., “Chemical Reactor Design”, 1977)
= 0,0635 m
Tinggi total = 4,24 m + (20,0635 m) + (20,2713 m)
= 4.9096 m

37
 1. Neraca Panas

Panas Masuk - Panas Keluar + Panas Reaksi + Panas pendingin = 0

866.2866
Cp dT ∨¿¿ −∑ ¿ ∫ Cp dT ∨¿ out + ∆ H R + QCooler=0
298.15
723.15
¿ ∫ ¿
298.15

∑¿
Diketahui koefesien Cp rata-rata untuk masing masing komponen adalah sebagai berikut
dengan satuan kJ/kmol-K
Komponen A B C D E
Anilin -22.062 0.57313 -4.5651E-04 1.841E-07 -2.9867E-11
Diphenylamin
e -119.40 1.30600 -1.2200E-03 5.876E-07 -1.1447E-10
-7.1783E-
Ammonia 33.573 -1.2581E-02 8.8906E-05 1.8569E-11
08
Water 25.399 2.0178E-2 -3.8549E-5 3.1880E-8 -8.7585E-12
(Yaws, 1997)
Menghitung panas reaksi (ΔHr) :
Δ𝐻�=(Δ𝐻�0298+∫ΣCpi dTT298) x mol yang bereaksi

Tabel Data ∆Hfo298 dan ∆Gfo298 pada Komponen

Komponen ΔH°f 298K [Kj/mol] ΔG°f 298K [Kj/mol]

C12H11N 202 345
C6H7N 86,86 166,69
NH3 -45,92 -16,4
Sumber ( Yaws,1999 )

ΔHf°298 = ΔH°f produk - ΔH°f reaktan

= (ΔH°f C12H11N + ΔH°f NH3 ) – ( ΔH°f C6H7N )

= (202+ (- 45,92 )) – 2.( 86,86 ) Kj/mol

38
 = -17,86 KJ/mol = -17860 J/mol
Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑑�=Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑃�𝑜𝑑𝑢�−Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖 𝑅𝑒𝑎�𝑡𝑎�
Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑑�= (𝐶𝑝 C12H11N + Cp NH3)−[2.𝐶𝑝 C6H7N]
−119,4
Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑑�= ¿ + 1,306.T – 1,22.10-3.T2 + 5,876.10-7.T3 - 1,1447.10-10 T4) + (33,573 –
¿

1,2581.10-2 T + 8,8906.10-5 T2 – 7,1783.10-8 T3 + 1,8569.10-11 T4)) – 2 (-22,062 +

¿
0,57313 T – 4,5651.10-4 T2 + 1,841 .10-7T3 - 2,9867.10-11 T4))

Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑑�= -41,703 + 0,720289 T – 2,1807E-04 T2 + 1,47617E-07 T3 – 3,617E-11 T4

T T

∫ Σ𝐶𝑝𝑖𝑑��298= ∫ -41,703 + 0,720289 T – 2,1807E-04 T2+1,47617E-07 T3–3,617E-

298 298

11 T4

Panas reaksi (ΔHr) :

T

ΔHr = mol yang bereaksi x (-17860 J/mol + ∫ -41,703 + 0,720289 T – 2,1807E-04

298

T2+1,47617E-07 T3–3,617E-11 T4)

Tin = 450 °C = 723.15 K

Tout = 593,1366 °C = 767.48501 K
Tref = 25 °C = 298.15 K
Persamaan Neraca Panas dihitung dengan persamaan:
T
Q=∑ ¿ ∫ Cp dT
Tr

T
Q=∑ ¿ ∫ A+ BT +C T 2 + D T 3 + E T 4 dT
Tr

[
Q=∑ ¿ A ( T −T r ) +
B 2
2
C D E
( T −T r 2) + 3 ( T 3−T r3 ) + 4 (T 4−T r 4 )+ 5 ( T 5−T r5 ) ]

Mol Masuk dan Keluar Reaktor

Komponen Fin (Kmol/Jam) Fout (Kmol/Jam)
C6H5NH2 31.9115 2.5815
(C6H5)2NH 0.0996 14.9435

39
 NH3 0 14.8439

H20 2.2935 2.2935

Total 34.6625 34.6625

Dengan menggunakan persamaan entalpi diatas, diperoleh hasil berikut:

Komponen Qin (KJ/Jam) Qout (KJ/Jam)
C6H5NH2 2341163.176 212263.9

(C6H5)2NH 12374.19466 2110002

NH3 0 298764

H20 28506.71725 31499.04

Total 2385462.818 2652529

Menghitung panas pada pendingin Hitec ( Sodium Nitrate-Sodium Nitrite-Potassium Nitrate)

Massa Pendingin = 3500 kg/h
Tcin = 618.15 K
Tcout = 753.00920 K
Tref = 298.15
Cp = (5806-10.833*T+7.2413*T2) Kj/Kg K
Qc hitech sepanjang reaktor = M x Cp x (Tcin-Tcout)
= 2916.797544 KJ/h
Qc hitech in = M x Cp x (Tcin-Tref)
= 4609.738 KJ/h
Qc hitech out = M x Cp x (Tcout-Tref)
= 5111.670456 KJ/h
Mengitung panas reaksi
ΔHr0 = -17860 KJ/Kmol
Tin = 723.15 K
Tout = 767.48501 K
Tavg

ΔHr = -17860 J/mol + ∫ -41,703 + 0,720289 T – 2,1807E-04 T2+1,47617E-07

298

3 4
T –3,617E-11 T
Tavg = (Tin+Tout)/2

40
 = 745.3175 K
ΔHr = 112820.3542 KJ/Kmol x nbereaksi
= 112820.3542 KJ/Kmol x 29.6914 Kmol/h
= 3349386.409 KJ/h
Qloss = Qin - Qout + Qc sepanjang reactor + ΔHr
= 3081818.151 KJ/h
NERACA PANAS :
MASUK : KELUAR
1. Kalor Umpan Masuk Reaktor 1. Kalor hasil reaksi:
Qin = 2385462.818 KJ/h Qout = 2652529 KJ/h
2. Kalor Pendingin masuk 2. Kalor Pendingin keluar
Qcin = 4609.738 KJ/h Qcout = 5111.670456
KJ/h
3, Kalor Reaksi 3. Kalor keluar ke lingkungan
Qr = 3349386.409 KJ/h Qloss = 3081818.151
KJ/h

41
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
IN = 5739458.965 KJ/h OUT =
5739458.965 KJ/h

2. Menghitung Tebal Isolator

Asumsi – asumsi yang digunakan :

1. Suhu dinding dalam shell sama dengan suhu media pendingin
2. Perpindahan panas terjadi dalam keadaan steady state
3. Suhu permukaan luar isolator = 50 oC

Perpindahan kalor yang terjadi :

1. Perpindahan panas secara konduksi dari dinding dalam shell ke dinding
luar shell
2. Perpindahan panas secara konduksi dari dinding dalam isolator ke
dinding luar isolator
3. Perpindahan panas secara konveksi dari dinding luar isolator ke
lingkungan
Isolator yang digunakan adalah Diatomaceous Earth Powder dengan sifat-
sifat seperti berikut (Kern, 1999) :
ki = 0,082 BTU/jam.ft.F = 0.141825 W/m.K
ρi = 20 lb/ft3

Bahan dinding reaktor yang digunakan Stainless Steel Type 304 dengan
sifat-sifat seperti berikut (Holman, 1988) :
kc
= 31.8246 W/m.K
= 8.06 kg/m3
ρc
a. Perpindahan panas secara konduksi dari dinding dalam shell ke dinding
luar shell dihitung
menggunakan persamaan :
 2 π kc L(T 1−T 2)
qk = R2
ln
R1
Dimana :
kc = Konduktivitas termal Carbon Steel [W/m.K]
ts = Tebal Shell [m]
R1 = Jari-jari dalam shell [m]
R2 = Jari jari luar shell [m]
L = Tinggi bed [m]

b. Perpindahan panas secara konduksi dari dinding dalam isolator ke dinding luar
isolator
dihitung menggunakan persamaan :

2 π ki L(T 2−T 3)
qi = R3
ln
R2
Dimana :

ki = Konduktivitas termal asbestos [W/m.K]

ti = Tebal isolator [m]
R3 = Jari jari luar isolator [m]
c. Perpindahan panas secara konveksi dari dinding luar isolator ke lingkungan
dihitung
menggunakan persamaan :
𝑞� = ℎ� 2� 𝑅3 � (�3 - ��)
Dimana :
hc = Koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi [W/m2.K]
Menentukan koefisien perpindahan panas konveksi fiberglass-udara
T 3+TU 50+ 30
Tf = = = 40oC
2 2
Sifat-sifat udara pada suhu 40 oC menurut Holman, 1998 adalah seperti berikut :
v = 1,7061 x 10-5 m2/s

β = 1/(40+273) = 3,1948 x 10-3 K-1

k = 0,0272 W/m.K

Pr = 0,7051

ρ = 1,1279 kg/m3

L = 4,7 m

Untuk mengetahui sifat aliran udara dapat diketahui dari nilai bilangan Rayleigh
mengikuti
persamaan :
Ra= Gr x Pr

g β (T 3−TU )L3
Ra = x 0.7051
v2
Dimana :
g = Percepatan gravitasi [9,8 m/s2]

1,7061 ×10−5 ¿2
¿
Ra = x
9,8× 3,1948× 10−3 ×(50−30)× 4.73
¿
0,7051

Ra= 1,574 x 1011

Didapat nilai Ra > 109 , maka berdasarkan tabel 7.2. Holman (1988), nilai
koefisien perpindahan
panas konveksi (h) mengikuti persamaan :
hc = 1,31(∆T)1/3
hc = 3,5558 W/ m2 .K

Menentukan panas total Perpindahan panas konduksi shell

2 π kc L(T 1−T 2)
qk = R2
ln
R1
 qk =

W
2 π x 31.8246 x 4,7 m ( 753.0092−T 2 ) K
m.K
0.614519
ln
0.607875

Perpindahan panas konduksi isolator

2 π ki L(T 2−T 3)
qi = R3
ln
R2

qi =

W
2 π x 0.141825 x 4,7 m ( T 2−323 ) K
m.K
R3
ln
0.614519

Perpindahan panas konveksi isolator-udara

qc = hc 2π R3 L (T3 - TU)

W
qc = 3,5558 2 x 2π x R3 x 4,7 m x
m .K
(323 – 303) K
qc = 2099.1112 R3
Untuk menghitung tebal isolator, maka
qc = qk
2099.1112 𝑅3 =

W
2 π x 31.8246 x 4,7 m ( 753.0092−T 2 ) K
m.K
0.614519
ln
0.607875
22.82075 R3 = 939.3349 (753.0092 – T2)
 R3
T2 = 753.0092 -
41.1614
qc = qi
2099.1112 𝑅3 =

W
2 π x 0.141825 x 4,7 m ( T 2−323 ) K
m.K
R3
ln
0.614519
2099.1112 𝑅3 =

R3
4.186116 x (429. 8592− )
41.16143
R3
ln ⁡( )
0.614519
R3 = 1,232151 m
Tebal isolator = R3 – R2
= (1.232151 – 0.614519) m
= 0.617632 m