Spesifikasi Peralatan

LAMPIRAN 3
PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN
ABSORBER (AB-01)
Fungsi : Memisahkan produk Metil Klorida dari sisa reaktan keluaran Reaktor-02
Tipe : Packed Tower
Gambar :
AB-01
Gambar L.3.1. Absorber-01 (AB-01)

Kondisi Operasi :
- Tekanan = 1,8 atm
- Temperatur = 58 oC
- Gas Masuk
Laju alir massa, G = 14.347,763 kg/jam = 3,985 kg/s
Densitas,  pada 58 oC (331 K)
ρcampuran dihitung menggunakan rumus :

1 Xi

ρ campuran ρi
didapatkan ρGas = 1,247 kg/m3 = 0,078 lb/ft3
159
160
Viskositas Gas, G
Viskositas masing-masing komponen dicari menggunakan grafik 2-32,
Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. Didapatkan :
Senyawa m,kg Xi μi, cP n, mol

HCl 73,011 0,005 0,016 2,000
MeCl 7999,209 0,345 0,012 158,400
DME 4950,005 0,003 0,011 107,609
MeOH 47,896 0,089 0,011 1,497
H2O 1277,630 0,557 0,011 70,979
Jumlah 14347,763 1 340,486
Viskositas campuran menggunakan rumus :

campuran =  Xi . i
didapatkan μGas = 0,11 cp = 1,116 kg/ms
Diffusivitas Gas, DG = 1,48 x 10-4 m2/s
BMAVG = 30,647 kg/kmol
- Liquid Masuk
Laju alir massa, L1 = 11.882,886 kg/jam = 3,301 kg/s
Viskositas Liquid, L = 0,85 cp = 8,5 x 10-4 kg/ms
Densitas Liquid, L = 995,467 kg/m3
Diffusivitas Liquid, DL = 2,04 x 10-8 m2/s
BM = 18,015 kg/kmol
Dari Tabel 6.4 Mass-Transfer Operations, Robert E Treyball dipilih :
- Jenis Packing = Ceramic Raschig Ring
- Nominal size = 2 in = 50 mm
Dari Tabel 6.3, 6.4 dan 6.5 didapatkan :

Wall Thickness = 6 mm
Cf = 65
CD = 135,6
 = 0,74
161
ap = 92 m2/m3
m = 34,03
n =0
p = 0,362
ds = 0,0725
1. Menentukan Diameter tower, Dt

Lihat Grafik 6.34 Mass-Transfer Operations-Robert E Treyball
0,5
L'  ρG 
  (Treyball, halaman 195)
G'  ρL  ρG 
0,5
3,301 kg/s  1,247 kg/m 3 
=  
 995,467 kg/m  1,247 kg/m
3 3
3,985 kg/s 
= 0, 029
0,5
L'  ρG 
Dengan menarik garis lurus nilai '   = 0, 029 ke garis pressure drop
G  ρL  ρG 
gas pada 200 (N/m2)/m, maka didapat ordinat = 0, 05
0,1
G 2 Cf μ L J
= 0, 05
ρG  ρL  ρG g c
 0,05 ρ G  ρ L  ρ G  g c 
0.5
G'   0,1  dimana, J = 1 dan gc = 1

 Cf μ L J 
0 .5
 0,05 x 1,247  995,467  1,247  1
G'   
 
165 x 8,5 x10  4
0 ,1
1  
G’ = 1,391 kg/m2s
Tower Cross Sectional Area, A
G 3,985 kg/s
A  = 2,866 m2
G' 1,391 kg/m 2 s
Diameter Tower, Dt
0,5 0,5
4A  4 x 2,866 
Dt       1,911 m
 π   3,14 
Jari-jari, r = 0,955 m
162
2. Menentukan Hold up
Untuk Liquid
μL
Sc L  (Treyball,halaman 205)
ρL DL
8,5.10 4
Sc L 
995,467 x 2,04 x 10 -8
Sc L  41,856 m
Untuk Gas
μG
Sc G  (Treyball,halaman 205)
ρG DG
1,116 x 10 -4
Sc G 
1,247 x 1,48 x 10 - 4
Sc G  0,0605
3,301 kg/s
L’ = = 1,152 kg/m2s
2,866 m 2
Log L’ = 0,0613
Dari Tabel 6.5, untuk L < 0,012, maka :
 = 1,508 x ds0,376
= 1,508 (0,0725)0,376
= 0,562
2,47  10 4
Φ LSW 
 d s  1,21
2,47  10 4
Φ LSW 
 0,0725 1,21
 LSW  0,0059
Φ LTW 
 2,09  10  737,5  L'
6 β
ds 2
163
Φ LTW 
 2,09  10  737,5  1,152
6 0,562
 0,0725 2
Φ LTW  0,0176
LOW = LTW - LSW

LOW = 0,0176 – 0,0059
LOW = 0,0117
0,1737 0,262logL'
9,57 L'0,57 μ 0,13  σ 
H  
ρ L 0,84  2,024 L' 1  0,073 
0,43
H
9,57 1,152
0,57
8,5  10 
4 0,13
 0,0773 
 
0,1737 0,262log1,152
995,467  0,84 2,024 1,1520,43

 1  0,073  
H  0,0043
LO = LOW – H
LO = 0,0117 – 0,0043
LO = 0,0074
0,02
0,0486  μ L  σ 0,99
Φ LS  0,37
ds1,21ρ L
0,0486  8,5 10  4    0,0773
0,02 0,99
Φ LS 
 0,0725 1,21  995,467 0,37
Φ LS  0,0062
Lt = LO + LS (Pers. 6.69, Treyball)

Lt = 0,0074 + 0,0062
Lt = 0,0136
164
3. Menentukan Interfacial Area

Dari Tabel 6.4
n
 808 G' 
aAW = m   L'p
0,5 
 Gρ 
0
 808  1,3905 
aAW = 34,03  0,5

 1,1516
0,362
 1,2467 
aAW = 35,8146 m2/m3
Φ LO
aA = a AW (Pers. 6.73, Treyball)
Φ LOW
0,0074
aA = 35,8146 m2/m3 0,0117
aA = 22,5523 m2/m3
4. Operating Void Space dalam packing
ε = 0,74
ε LO  ε  Φ LT (Pers. 6.71, Treyball)
ε LO  0,74  0,0136
ε LO  0,7264
5. Koefisien Fase Gas, FG

0,36
FG S CG
2/3
 dsG ' 
 1,195  (Pers. 6.70, Treyball)
G  μ G 1  ε LO  
G' 1,3905
G  = 0,0454
BM 30,6468
maka,
FG  0,0605
2/3 0,36
 0,0725  1,3905 
 1,195 
 0,1116 x 10 1  0,7264  
-4
0,0454
FG = 0,0212
6. Koefisien Fase Liquid, KL

165
0,45
K L ds  ds L'  0,5
 25,1  S CL
DL  μL  (Pers. 6.72, Treyball)
0,45
K L 0,0725  0,0725  1,152 
8
 25,1   41,856  0,5
2,04  10  8,5 x 10
-4

KL = 3,6 x 10-4 kmol/m2s
ρL 995,467
C   55,3037
BM 18,015
FL = KL x C = 3,6 x 10-4 kmol/m2s x 55,3037 = 0,0199

7. Koefisien Volumetrik
FG x aA = 0,0212 x 22,5523 = 0,4776 kmol/m3s
FL x aA = 0,0199 x 22,5523 = 0,4491 kmol/m3s
8. Tinggi Transfer Unit, Htog
G 0,0454
H tg    0,0949
FG  a A 0,4776
L' 1,152
L   0,0639
BM AVG 18,015
L 0,0639
H tl    0,1425
FL  a A 0,4491
Pada T = 580C, Tekanan parsial HCl = 3,52 atm

Pt = 1,8 atm
P 3,52
m   1,9556 atm
Pt 1,8
m G H tl
H tog  H tg  (Pers. 8.54, Treyball)
L
1,9556  0,0454  0,1425
H tog  0,0949 
0,0639
H tog  0,2926
Number of Transfer Unit, Ntog

166
y1  y 2
N tog 
 
y  y* m
dimana :
y1 = Fraksi mol HCl dalam fase gas pada bottom kolom = 0,0058
y2 = Fraksi mol HCl dalam fase gas pada top kolom = 0,0001
x1 = Fraksi mol HCl dalam fase liquid pada bottom kolom = 0,0029
x2 = Fraksi mol HCl dalam fase liquid pada top kolom =0
y1* = m . x1 = 1,9556 x 0,0029 = 0,0057
y2* = m . x2 = 1,9556 x 0 = 0
y1  y 2
N tog 
 
 
  
 yy 1  yy
* *
 2 
  
 y  y* 1 
 ln 


  
 y  y*  
2  
0,0057  0
N tog 
 
 
  0,0058  0,0057 1   0,0001  0  2 
   0,0058  0,0057 1  
 ln  
   0,0001  0  2  
N tog  48,7172
9. Tinggi Packing,z
Z = Htog x Ntog
Z = 0,2926 x 48,7172
Z = 14,2541 m
10. Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop untuk packing yang terbasahi dengan tinggi (z) = 14,2541 m
P1 = P x Z
= 200 (N/m2)/m x 14,2541 m = 2850,8137 N/m2
ΔP2 G' 2
 CD
z ρG
167
ΔP2 1,3905 2
 135,6
14,25 1,2467
ΔP2  2997,7534 N/m2
Total Pressure Drop :

ΔP  ΔP1  ΔP2
ΔP  2850,8137  2997,7534
ΔP  5848,5671 N/m2
ΔP  0,0577 atm
11. Tebal Dinding, t
P.r
t C (Tabel 4,halaman 537, Peters)
S E  0,6P
Tekanan Design (P) = 1,8 atm = 26,46 psi

Jari-jari = 0,9554 m
Working Stress yang diizinkan (S) = 18700 psi (Hlmn 538, Peters)
Korosi yang diizinkan (C) = 0,003175 m (Tabel 23.2, Peters)
Efisiensi Pengelasan (E) = 0,85 (Hlmn 638, Coulson)
26,46 . 0,9554
t= + 0,003175
18700 × 0,85 0,6 × 26,46
t = 0,0048 m
OD = 2 t + D
OD = 2 (0,0048) + 1,9108
OD = 1,9204 m
Summary
Tipe : Packed Tower
Tekanan : 1,8 atm
Temperatur : 58 oC
Diameter : 1,9108 m
Tebal Dinding : 0,0048 m
Tinggi Packing : 14,2541 m
Pressure Drop : 0,0577 atm
168
COMPRESSOR-01 (CP-01)
Fungsi : Mengalirkan dan menaikkan tekanan dari top KOD-01 menuju R-01
Tipe : Centrifugal Multi Stage Compressor
Jumlah : 1 buah
Gambar :
169
Gambar L.3.2. Compressor-01 (CP-01)

Data Design
Laju alir, W : 9866,8582 kg/jam = 362,5445 lb/min
Tekanan masuk, Pin : 1,5 atm = 3174,325 lbf/ft2
Tekanan keluar, Pout : 2,5 atm = 5290,541 lbf/ft2
Temperatur masuk, Tin : 110 oC = 383 K
Densitas, ρ :
Dari Tabel 2-30 Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook diketahui :
Senyawa A B C D
H2O 4,391 0,2487 647,13 0,2534
A
ρH O =
2 (
B 1 + (1 - T / C)
D )
4,391
ρ H 2O =
(
0,2487 1 + (1 - 383 / 647,13)
0,2534 )
= 53,5120 kmol/m3
= 963,2154 kg/m3
ρHCl = 12,246 kmol/m3
= 446,9790 kg/m3
Senyawa m, kg/jam BM Xi ρ, kg/m3 ρi. Xi BM . Xi

H2O 6216,1206 18 0,63 963,2154 606,8257 11,3400
HCl 3650,7375 36,5 0,37 446,9790 165,3822 13,5050
Jumlah 9866,8582 1 772,2079 24,8450
ρcamp = 772,2079 kg/m3 = 48,2088 lb/ft3

BMcamp = 24,8450 kg/kmol
170
1. Kapasitas Kompressor
W
Volume, V = ρ
362,5445 lb/min
= 48,2088 lb/ft3
= 7,5203 ft3/min
Safety Factor = 10 %
Maka, kapasitas kompressor, V = 1,1 x V
= 1,1 x 7,5203 ft3/min
= 8,2723 ft3/min
2. Jumlah stage, Ns
Cp H2O = 4,37002 + 0,1127634 T – 0,0003197621 T2 + 0,0000003139008 T3
Cp HCl = 4,232994 + 0,215979 T – 0,0013482160 T2 + 0,0000027081060 T3
Senyawa m, kg/jam BM n, kmol Xi Cp, kkal/kmol.K Cpi. Xi

H2O 6216,1206 18 345,3400 0,63 18,2884 14,1812
HCl 3650,7375 36,5 100,0202 0,37 41,3244 9,2807
Jumlah 9866,8582 445,3602 1 23,4619
Cpcamp = 23,4619 kkal/kmol.K

Cvcamp = Cpcamp – R , dimana R = 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K
= 23,4619 kkal/kmol.K - 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K
= 21,4761 kkal/kmol.K
Cp 23,4619 kkal/kmol.K
k = = = 1,0925
Cv 21,4761 kkal/kmol.K
Wm =
k
k- 1
RT1 ( ( P2 / P1 ) k -1 k - 1 )
1,0925 1,0925-1
Wm = 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K × 382 × ( ( 2,5 atm / 1,5 atm) 1,0925 - 1 )
1,0925 1
= 397,0284 kkal/kmol
= 555665,6307 ft-lb/lmol
171
Wm
Ns =
BM × 10000 ft - lb/lmol
555665,6307 ft - lb/lmol
Ns =
24,8450 lb/lbmol × 10000 ft - lb / lb
= 2,2365 ≈ 3 stage
3. Temperatur keluaran gas kompressor, Tout
P
Tout = ( 2 P ) k - 1 k
1
2,5 atm 1,0925 - 1 1,0925
Tout = ( 1,5 atm )
= 388,56 K
= 115,56 oC
4. Tenaga yang dibutuhkan, P
3,03.10 - 5 k Ns
hp =
k -1
(
P1 V ( P2 / P1 ) k -1 k - 1 )
3,03.10 - 5 1,0925 × 3
hp =
1,0925-1
(
× 3174,325 lbf/ft 2 × 8,2723 ft 2 /min × (2,5 / 1,5)1,0925-1 1,0925 - 1 )
= 0,4094 hp
Diketahui friction loss max 3 %
Power yang dibutuhkan
0,4094 hp
P = = 0,4220 hp
0,97
5. Panas yang dihasilkan CP-01

Tin = 383 K
Tout = 388,56 K
ΔT = 5,56 K
Senyawa m, kg/jam BM mol, n ΔT.Cp Q, kkal/jam
H2O 6216,1206 18 345,3400 4,9871 1722,2513
HCl 3650,7375 36,5 100,0202 5,3926 539,3646
Jumlah 9866,8582 445,3602 2261,6159
6. Jumlah air pendingin yang dibutuhkan

T air in = 28 oC
172
T air out = 48 oC
ΔT = 20 oC
Q duty CP 01
m air =
Cp × ΔT
2261,6159 kkal/jam
m air =
1 kkal / kg o C × 20 o C
= 113,0808 kg/jam
Fungsi : Mengalirkan dan menaikkan tekanan dari top KOD-02 menuju R-01
Jumlah : 1 buah
Gambar :
Data Design
173

Tekanan keluar, Pout : 2,5 atm = 5290,541 lbf/ft2
Berat Molekul, BM : 32 kg/kmol = 32 lb/lbmol
Densitas, ρ :
Senyawa A B C D
CH3OH 2,288 0,2685 512,65 0,2453
A
ρ CH OH =
3 (
B 1 + (1 - T / C)
D)
2,288
( 0,2534 )
ρ CH 3OH =
0,2685 1 + (1 - 383 / 512,65)
= 21,7822 kmol/m3
= 392,0787 kg/m3
= 24,4774 lb/ft3
W
Volume, V = ρ
164,6449 lb/min
= 24,4774 lb/ft3
= 6,7264 ft3/min
= 1,1 x 6,7264ft3/min
= 7,3990 ft3/min
8. Jumlah stage, Ns
Cp CH3OH = -61,68195 + 0,8020923 T – -0,00277988 T2 + 3,356.10-6 T3
Cp = 26,2974 kkal/kmol.K
Cv = Cp – R , dimana R = 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K
174

Cp 26,2974 kkal/kmol.K
k = = = 1,0817
Cv 24,3116 kkal/kmol.K
Wm = k RT1 (
k 1
( P2 / P1 ) k -1 k - 1 )
1,0817 1,0817 -1
Wm = 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K × 382 × ( ( 2,5 atm / 1,5 atm) 1,0817 - 1 )
1,0817 -1
= 396,0977 kkal/kmol
= 554363,1128 ft-lb/lmol
Wm
Ns =
554363,1128 ft - lb/lmol
Ns =
32 lb/lbmol × 10000 ft - lb / lb
= 2,2648 ≈ 3 stage
P
Tout = ( 2 P ) k - 1 k
1
2,5 atm 1,0817 - 1 1,0817
Tout = ( 1,5 atm )
= 387,96 K
= 114,96 oC

3,03.10 - 5 k Ns
hp =
k -1
(
P1 V ( P2 / P1 ) k -1 k - 1 )
3,03.10 - 5 1,0925 × 3
hp =
1,0817-1
(
× 3174,325 lbf/ft 2 × 8,2723 ft 2 /min × ( 2,5 / 1,5)1,0817-1 1,0817 - 1 )
= 0,3659 hp
0,3659 hp
P = = 0,3772 hp
0,97
175

Tin = 383 K
Tout = 388,56 K
ΔT = 5,56 K
CH3OH 4480,9052 32 140,0283 -57,7744 -8090,0492

T air in = 28 oC
T air out = 48 oC
ΔT = 20 oC
Q duty CP 02
m air =
Cp × ΔT
8090,0492 kkal/jam
m air =
1 kkal / kg o C × 20 o C
= 404,5025 kg/jam
176
Fungsi : Menaikkan tekanan produk top Absorber sebelum dimasukkan kedalam
tangki penyimpanan T-03
Jumlah : 1 buah
Gambar :

Data Design
Tekanan keluar, Pout : 10 atm = 21162,17 lbf/ft2
Densitas, ρ :
senyawa A B C D
HCl 3.342 0.2729 324.65 0.3217
177
CH2Cl 1.817 0.25877 416.25 0.2833

CH3OCH3 1.5693 0.2679 400.1 0.2882
 HCl  A
 1  ( 1 - T / C ) D 
B 
 HCl  3,342
 1  ( 1 - 383 / 324,65 )0,3217 
0,2729  
= 5,2175 kmol/m3
= 190,4376054 kg/m3
 CH 2 Cl  1,817
 1  ( 1 - 383 / 416,25 )0,2833 
0 , 25877  
= 2,95711291 kmol/m3
= 149,334202 kg/m3
CH 3OCH 3  1,5693

 1  ( 1 - 383 / 400,1) 0,2882 
0 , 2679  
= 2,51484819 kmol/m3
= 115,6830167 kg/m3
Senyawa m, kg/jam BM Xi ρ,kg/m3 ρi. Xi BM . Xi

HCl 2.1304 36.5 0.000426077 190.4376 0.0811 0.0156
CH2Cl 4950.0051 50.5 0.989994734 149.3342 147.8401 49.9947
CH3OCH3 47.89624887 46 0.009579189 115.683 1.1081 0.4406
Jumlah 5000.0317 1 147.9212 50.0103
ρcamp = 149,0293642 kg/m3 = 9,303868 lb/ft3

BMcamp = 50,0103 kg/kmol
W
Volume, V = ρ
183,7195 lb/min
= 9,303868 lb/ft3
= 19,7466 ft3/min
178
= 1,1 x 19,7466 ft3/min
= 21,7212 ft3/min
2. Jumlah stage, Ns
Cp HCl = 4,232994 + 0,215979 T – 0,0013482160 T2 + 0,00000271 T3
Cp CH2Cl = 1,909831 + 0,1907184 T – 0,000837771 T2 + 0,000001317238 T3
Cp CH3OCH3 = 9,335364 + 0,1929287 T – 0,000883945 T2 + 0,00000151118 T3
Senyawa m, kg/jam BM mol, n Xi Cp Cp.xi
HCl 2.1304 36.5 0.0584 0.000589 -5.9907 -0.0035
CH2Cl 4950.0051 50.5 98.0199 0.988906 19.4257 19.2102
CH3OCH3 47.8963 46 1.0412 0.010505 28.6769 0.3012
Jumlah 5000.0317 99.1195 1 19.5079
Cpcamp = 19,5079 kkal/kmol.K

Cvcamp = Cpcamp – R , dimana R = 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K
Cp 19,5079 kkal / kmol.K
k    1,1133
Cv 17,5221 kkal / kmol.K
Wm = k RT1 (
k- 1
( P2 / P1 ) k -1 k - 1 )
1,1133
1,985765kkal / kmol.K  10 / 1,8 1,1133 1 
1,1133 1
Wm = 
1,1133  1  
= 1127,2981kkal/kmol
= 1577723,020 ft-lb/lmol
Wm
Ns =
1577723,020 ft  lb / lmol
Ns = 50,0103 x 1000 ft  lb / lmol
179
= 3,1548 ≈ 4 stage

P
Tout = ( 2 P ) k - 1 k
1
1,1133  1 1,1133
Tout = 10 atm 

 1,8 atm 
= 316,5152 K
= 43,5152 oC
3,03.10 - 5 k Ns
hp =
k -1
(
P1 V ( P2 / P1 ) k -1 k - 1 )
 21162,17 lbf/ft 2  19,7466 ft 2 /min   (10 / 1,8)1,1133-1 1,1133 - 1

3, 03.10 -5 1,0925 4
hp  1,1133-1
= 4,3942 hp
4,3942 hp
P= = 4,5301 hp
0,97

Tin = 303 K
Tout = 316,52 K
ΔT = 13,52 K

HCl 2.1304 36.5 0.0584 5.6960 0.3325
CH2Cl 4950.0051 50.5 98.0199 4.3377 425.1769
CH3OCH3 47.8962 46 1.0412 11.7851 12.2709
Jumlah 5000.0317 99.11949 437.7803
180

T air in = 28 oC
T air out = 48 oC
ΔT = 20 oC
Qduty CP  03
mair Cp x T
=
437.7803 kkal / jam

mair 1 kkal / kg O C x 20 OC
=
= 21,8890 kg/jam
181
CONDENSER – 01 (CD-01)
Fungsi : Mengkondensasikan uap HCl dari top Stripper
Type : Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Bahan : Stainless Steel
Gambar :
Gland
Return bend Gland
Gland
Tee
Return Head
Gambar L.3.5. Condenser-01 (CD-01)
Fluida Panas : campuran uap keluar top stripper

Wt = 82,6729 kg/jam = 182,2623 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 69,96 C = 157,93 F
o o
T2 = 30 C = 86 F
Fluida Dingin : Cooling water
W2 = 42,7660 kg/jam = 94,2829 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 28 C = 82,4 F
o o
t2 = 48 C = 118,4 F
Perhitungan berdasarkan “Process Heat Transfer’, D Q. Kern.

1) Beban panas PH – 01
Q = 855,3209 kkal/hr = 3394,1879 Btu/hr
182
2) Menghitung ΔT
No Fluida Panas Fluida Dingin Selisih

1 157,93 Temperatur Tinggi 118,4 39,53
2 86 Temperatur Rendah 82,4 3,6
3 Selisih -35,93
ΔT2 - ΔT1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(ΔT2 /ΔT1 )
39,53 - 3,6
=
ln(39,53 / 3,6)
= 15,011 oF
3) Ta dan ta
Ta = ½ (157,93 + 86) = 121,964 oF
ta = ½ (118,4 + 82,4) = 100 oF
Dari table 8, Kern, UD = 200 hingga 500 Btu / jam ft2 oF
a) Asumsi UD = 250 Btu / jam ft2 oF
Q
A =
(U D .T )
3394,1879 Btu / jam
=
(250 Btu / jam.ft 2 .o F × 15,011 o F)
= 0,9044 ft2
b) Karena A< 200 ft2, maka dipilih HE dengan jenis Double Pipe Heat
Exchanger, dengan klasifikasi sebagai berikut (dari table 11 Kern) :
183
No Annulus Data Pipa Inner

1 1 IPS 0,5
2 40 SN 40
3 1,049 in IDp 0,622 in
4 1.320 in ODp 0,840 in
5 0,344 ft2 a’ 0,220 ft2
4) Annulus : produk keluar reaktor

b) Flow area, aa
D2 = 1,049 in = 0,0874 ft
D1 = 1,320 in = 0,0700 ft
 ( D2  D1 )
2 2
aa =
4
2 2
= 3,14(0,0874 - 0,0700 )
4
= 0,00215 ft2
Diameter Equivalent, De
2 2
D  D1
De = 2
D1
0,0874 2 - 0,0700 2
=
0,0700
= 0,0392 ft
c) Laju alir massa, Ga
Ga = W / aa
182,2623 lb / jam
= 0,00215 ft 2
= 84685,984 lb / jam ft2

d) Bilangan Reynold, Rea
o
Pada Tc = 121,964 F = 49,98 oC
Perhitungan viskositas campuran :
184
Dari fig 2-32, Perry Chemical Engineers Handbook

Senyawa Massa, Fraksi, μ, cP μi x Xi,
Kg/jam Xi cP
HCl 70,8807 0,857 0,0150 0,0129
H2O 11,7922 0,143 0,0106 0,0015
Jumlah 14347,7634 1,000 0,0144
μ = 0,0144cp = 0,0348 lb/ft jam (fig.2-32, Perry)

Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,0392 ft × 84685,984 lb / ft 2 hr
= 0,0348 lb / ft. jam
= 9,54.104
JH = 250
Perhitungan kapasitas panas, Cp :
tabel B.2 , Felder, Elementary Principles of chemical Processes)
Senyawa a b.102 c. 106 d. 109
H2O 33,46 0,668 7,6 -3,593
HCl 29,13 -0,1341 0,9715 -4,335
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp ( H 2 O) = 33,46 + 0,668.10- 2 × 49,98 + 0,7604.10-5 × 49,98 2 + - 3,593.10- 9 × 49,98 3
= 33,7904 J / mol.o C = 1,8772 J/g.oC = 0,4488 Btu / lb oF

Cp( HCl) = 29,13 + - 0,1341.10- 2 × 49,98 + 0,9715.10- 5 × 49,98 2 + - 4,335.10- 9 × 49,98 3
Perhitungan konduktivitas termal, k :

10,4 th edition )
k = μ (Cp + ( MW )  ( pers Coulson 6
10,4
k ( H 2 O) = 0,0106 (1,8772 J/g.oC + ( 18 g / mol)
= 0,0260 W/m.oC = 0,0151 lb/ft hr

185
10,4
k ( HCl) = 0,0150 (0,7998 J/g.oC + ( 36,5 g / mol)
= 0,0163 W/m.oC = 0,0094 lb/ft hr

Senyawa Massa, Xi Cp, Xi.Cp k, Xi.k
Kg/jam Btu / lb oF lb/ft hr
HCl 70,8807 0,857 0,1912 0,6858 0,0094 0,0140
H2O 11,7922 0,143 0,4488 0,2678 0,0151 0,0037
Jumlah 14347,7634 1,000 0,9536 0,0177
Cp(campuran) = 0,9536 Btu / lb oF
k(campuran) = 0,0177 lb/ft hr
k c.μ 1/ 3 ( μ 0,14
e) ho = jH D ( k) μw )
e
0,0177 lb/ft hr 0,9536 Btu / lb oF . 0,0348 lb/ft jam 1 / 3
= 250 ×
0,0392 ft
(
0,0177 lb/ft hr
)
= 59,9342 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
5) Inner Pipe : Fluida Dingin

b) Flow area, ap
Dp = 0,622 in = 0,0518 ft
 ID p 2
ap =
4
2 2
= 3,14 × 0,0518 ft
4
= 0,0021 ft2
c) Laju alir massa, Gp
W
Gp = a
p
94,2829 lb / jam
=
0,0021 ft 2
= 44703,847 lb / jam ft2

d) Perhitungan μ, Cp, k campuran
Perhitungan viskositas campuran : T =100 oF
186
Dari fiq 2-32 ,Perry didapat : μH2O = 0,7 lb/ft.hr

ρH2O = 992,594 kg/m3 = 61,9674 lb/ft3 (tabel 2-92, Perry)
Cp(H 2 O) = 75,4 J/mol.oC = 4,4353 J/g.oC = 3,97 Btu / lb oF
k = (3,56 / 105 ) × Cp × (ρ 4 / BM)1 / 3  ( pers Coulson 6 th edition )
k H 2 O = (3,56 / 10 5 ) × 4,4353 J/g.oC × (992,594 4 (kg/m3) 4 / 18)1 / 3
= 0,5965 W/m.oC = 0,3452 lb/ft hr

e) Bilangan Reynold, Rep
o
Pada tc = 100 F
μ = 0,7 lb/ft. jam
G p ID p
Rep =

44703,847 lb / jam ft2 × 0,0518 ft
= 0,7 lb/ft. jam
= 3310,2135
f) jH = 13
k c.μ 1/ 3 ( μ 0,14
g) hi = jH D ( k) μw )
e
0,3452 lb/ft hr 3,97 Btu/lb. oF . 0,7 lb/ft. jam 1 / 3
= 13 ×
0,0518 ft
(
0,3452 lb/ft hr
)
= 299,8524 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
h) Koefisien perpindahan panas, hio
hi × D p
Untuk kondensasi steam : hio = OD inner
….(Kern hal.164)
299,8524 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF × 0,0518 ft
= 0,07 ft
= 222,0335 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
i) Clean everaal Coefficient, Uc
h io x h o
Uc =
h io + h o
222,0335 Btu/hr.ft2.oF x 59,9342 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
= 222,0335 Btu/hr.ft2.oF + 59,9342 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
187
= 47,1948 Btu / jam ft2 oF

j) Design overall Coefficient, UD
1 / UD = 1 / U c + Rd
Rd = 0,002
1
1/UD = 47,1948 Btu / jam ft2 oF
+ 0,002
= 0,0232 jam.ft2.oF/Btu
UD = 43,1243 Btu / jam ft2 oF
k) Required Surface, A
Q
A =
U D x T
3394,1879 Btu/hr
=
43,1243 Btu / jam ft2 o F x 15,011 o F
= 5,2432 ft2
l) Required Length, L
L = A / a”
a” = 0,22 ft …(Tabel 11 Kern)
5,2432 ft2
L = 0,622 ft
= 23,8326 ft
Diambil panjang 1 hairpin = 2 x 12 ft
23,8326 ft
Jumlah hairpin yang diperlukan = 24 ft =1
Actual Length = 1 x 24 ft = 24 ft
Actual Surface = 24 ft x 0,22 ft = 5,28 ft2
Actual Design Coefficient, Ud
Q
Ud = A .T
act
188
3394,1879 Btu/hr
=
5,28 ft 2 × 15,011 oF
= 42,8234 Btu / hr. ft2 oF -

UD - Ud
Rd =
UD × Ud
43,1243 Btu / jam ft2 oF - 42,8234 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
= 43,1243 Btu / jam ft2 oF × 42,8234 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
= 0,00016 hr ft2 oF
6) Pressure Drop
b) Annulus : Fluida Panas
1) De’ = (D2 – D1)
= (0,0874 – 0,070) ft
= 0,0174 ft
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,0174 ft × 84685,984 lb / jam ft2
= 0,0348 lb/ft jam
= 42420
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
….(Pers 3.47b, Kern)
0,264
= 0,0035 +
(42420 4 ) 0,42
= 0,0065
Densitas pada Tc = 121,964 oF = 49,98 oC = 322,98 K :

Densitas HCl (tabel 2-30, Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook) :
ρ H2O = 280,699 kg/m3
Densitas H2O (dari tabel 2-28, Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook) :
ρ H2O = 988,037 kg/m3, maka densitas campuran adalah :
189
Senyawa Massa, Fraksi, ρ, ρi x Xi,

Kg/jam Xi kg/m3 kg/m3
HCl 70,8807 0,857 280,699 240,6611
H2O 11,7922 0,143 988,037 140,9307
Jumlah 14347,7634 1,000 381,5918
ρ campuran = 381,5918 kg/m3 = 23,8227 lb/ft3
2
4. f .G a L
2) ΔFa =
2.g . 2 De
4 × 0,0065 × 84685,984 lb / jam ft2 2 × 24 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 ft / hr 2 × ( 23,8227 lb/ft3) 2× 0,1372 ft
= 0,5421 ft
3) Va = Ga / 3600 . ρ …(hal 115 Kern)
84685,984 lb /det ft2
= 3600 × 23,8227 lb/ft3
= 0,9875 ft/det
V2
Fl =n …(hal. 112 Kern)
2.g
0,9875 9 ft/det 2
=1x
2 × 32,2 ft / det 2
= 0,0151 ft
(ΔFa + FL ).ρ
4) ΔPa = …(hal. 114 Kern)
144
(0,5421 ft + 0,0151 ft ).23,8227 lb/ft3
=
144
= 0,0922 psi
c) Inner Pipe : Fluida Panas
1) Rep = 3310,2135
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
…(Pers. 3.47b Kern)
0,264
= 0,0035 +
3310,2135 0,42
190
= 0,0122
Pada t = 100 oF, ρ = 61,9906 lb/ft3
2
4. f .G p L
2) ΔFp =
2 . g . 2 .D
4 × 0,0122 × 44703,847 lb / jam ft2 2 × 24 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 × 61,9906 lb/ft3 2 × 0,0174 ft
= 0,0000000189 ft
3) ΔP = ( ΔFp . ρ)/144
0,0000000189 ft × 61,9906 lb/ft3
= 144
= 8,15.10-9 psi
SUMMARY
hio = 222,0335 houtside ho = 59,9342
Uc = 47,1948 Btu / jam ft2 oF
UD = 43,1243 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
Rd calculated = 0,00016 hr ft2 oF
Rd required = 0,002 hr ft2 oF
0,0922 Calculated ΔP, psi 8,15.10-9
10 Allowable ΔP, psi 10
191
COOLER – 01 (C-01)
Fungsi : Menurunkan temperatur produk keluaran reaktor
Gambar :
Gland
Return bend Gland
Gland
Tee
Return Head
Gambar L.3.6. Cooler-01 (C-01)
Fluida Panas : Campuran produk keluar reaktor

Wt = 14347,7634 kg/jam = 31631,37 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 125 C = 257 F
o o
T2 = 58 C = 136,4 F
Fluida Dingin : Cooling water

W2 = 16609,1102 kg/jam = 36616,78 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 28 C = 82,4 F
o o
t2 = 48 C = 118,4 F

192
Q = 334477,238 kkal/hr = 1327313,048 Btu/hr
2) Menghitung ΔT

1 257 Temperatur Tinggi 118,4 138,6
2 136,4 Temperatur Rendah 82,4 54
3 Selisih -84,6
ΔT2 - ΔT1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(ΔT2 /ΔT1 )
138,6 - 54
=
ln(138,6 / 54)
= 89,85 oF
3) Ta dan ta
Ta = ½ (257 + 136,4) = 196,7 oF
ta = ½ (118,4 + 82,4) = 100 oF
Q
A =
(U D .T )
1327313,048 Btu / jam
=
(100 Btu / jam.ft . F × 89,85 o F)
2 o
= 147,7224 ft2
193

1 4 IPS 2
2 40 SN 40
3 4,026 in IDp 2,067 in
4 4,500 in ODp 2,380 in
5 1,178 ft2 a’ 0,622 ft2
4) Annulus : produk keluar reaktor

a) Flow area, aa
D2 = 4,026 in = 0,3355 ft
D1 = 2,380 in = 0,1983 ft
 ( D2  D1 )
2 2
aa =
4
2 2
= 3,14(0,3355 - 0,1983 )
4
= 0,057 ft2
2 2
D  D1
De = 2
D1
0,3355 2 - 0,1983 2
=
0,1983
= 0,3692 ft
d) Laju alir massa, Ga
Ga = W / aa
31631,37 lb / jam
= 0,057 ft 2
= 550293,04 lb / jam ft2

e) Bilangan Reynold, Rea
194
o
Pada Tc = 196,7 F
Dari fig 2-32, Perry Chemical Engineers Handbook
Senyawa Massa, Fraksi, μ, cP μi x Xi,
Kg/jam Xi cP
HCl 73,0111 0,0051 0,0175 0,00089
CH3Cl 4950,0051 0,3450 0,0130 0,04485
CH3OCH3 47,8962 0,0033 0,0116 0,00004
CH3OH 1277,6301 0,0890 0,0120 0,01069
H2O 7999,7634 0,5575 0,0125 0,00696
Jumlah 14347,7634 1,0000 0,01265
μ = 0,01265 cp = 0,0306 lb/ft jam (fig.2-32, Perry)

Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,3692 ft × 550293,04 lb / ft 2 hr
= 0,0306 lb / ft. jam
= 6,639.106
f) ho = 1500 Btu/hr.ft2oF

a) Flow area, ap
Dp = 2,067 in = 0,1723 ft
 ID p
2
ap =
4
2 2
= 3,14 × 0,1723 ft
4
2
= 0,0233 ft
b) Laju alir massa, Gp

W
Gp = a
p
195
36616,78 lb / jam
=
0,0233 ft 2
= 1572142,802 lb / jam ft2

c) Perhitungan μ, Cp, k campuran
Perhitungan viskositas campuran : T =100 oF
Dari fiq 2-32 ,Perry didapat : μH2O = 0,7 lb/ft.hr
ρH2O = 992,594 kg/m3 = 61,9674 lb/ft3 (tabel 2-92, Perry)
k = (3,56 / 105 ) × Cp × (ρ 4 / BM)1 / 3  ( pers Coulson 6 th edition )
k H 2 O = (3,56 / 10 5 ) × 4,4353 J/g.oC × (992,594 4 (kg/m3) 4 / 18)1 / 3
= 0,2059 W/m.oC = 0,1192 lb/ft hr

d) Bilangan Reynold, Rep
o
Pada tc = 100 F
μ = 0,7 lb/ft. jam
G p ID p
Rep =

1572142,802 lb / jam ft2 × 0,1723 ft
= 0,7 lb/ft. jam
= 386859,4253
e) jH = 730
k c . μ )1 / 3 ( μ 0,14
f) hi = jH D ( k μw )
e
0,1192 lb/ft hr 3,97 Btu/lb. oF . 0,7 lb/ft. jam 1 / 3
= 730 ×
0,1723 ft
(
0,1192 lb/ft hr
)
= 5066,8368 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
g) Koefisien perpindahan panas, hio
hi × D p
….(Kern hal.164)
5066,8368 Btu/hr.ft2.oF × 0,1723 ft
= 0,1983 ft
= 4400,4839 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
196
h) Clean everaal Coefficient, Uc

h io x h o
Uc =
h io + h o
4400,4839 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF x 1500 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 4400,4839 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF + 1500 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 1118,6753 Btu / jam ft2 oF

i) Design overall Coefficient, UD
1 / UD = 1 / U c + Rd
Rd = 0,002
1
1/UD = 1118,6753 Btu / jam ft2 oF
+ 0,002
j) Required Surface, A
Q
A =
U D x T
1327313,048 Btu/hr
=
345,5527 Btu / jam ft2 o F x 89,85 o F
= 42,7496 ft2
k) Required Length, L
L = A / a”
42,7496 ft2
L = 0,622 ft
= 68,7292 ft
68,7292 ft
197

Q
Ud = A .T
act
1327313,048 Btu/hr
=
44,784 ft 2 × 89,85 oF
= 329,8552 Btu / hr. ft2 oF

UD Ud
Rd =
UD Ud
= 0,00014 hr ft2 oF
6) Pressure Drop
l) Annulus : Fluida Panas
1) De’ = (D2 – D1)
= (0,3355 – 0,1983) ft
= 0,1372 ft
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,1372 ft × 550293,04 lb / jam ft2
= 0,0306 lb/ft jam
= 2466414,221
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
(2466414,2214 ) 0,42
= 0,0004
Densitas pada Tc = 196,7 oF = 91,5 oC = 364,5 K :

Dari tabel 2-30, Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook
198
Senyawa A B C D BM ρ, ρ,
kmol/m3 kg/m3
HCl 3,342 0,2729 324,65 0,3217 36,5 11,6574 425,4936
CH3Cl 1,817 0,2588 416,25 0,2883 50,5 7,3873 272,0596
CH3OCH3 1,5693 0,2679 400,1 0,2882 46 6,0658 279,0291
CH3OH 2,288 0,2685 512,64 0,2453 32 9,4698 303,0343
Densitas H2O (dari tabel 2-28, Perry’s Chemical Engineers Handbook) :

ρ H2O = 964,3080 kg/m3, maka densitas campuran adalah :
Senyawa Massa, Fraksi, ρ, ρi x Xi,

Kg/jam Xi kg/m3 kg/m3
HCl 73,0111 0,0051 425,4936 2,1652
CH3Cl 4950,0051 0,3450 373,0596 128,7063
CH3OCH3 47,8962 0,0033 279,0291 0,9315
CH3OH 1277,6301 0,0890 303,0343 26,9844
H2O 7999,7634 0,5575 964,3080 537,6247
Jumlah 14347,7634 1,0000 696,4121
ρ campuran = 964,3080 kg/m3 = 43,4768 lb/ft3

2
4. f .G a L
2) ΔFa =
2.g . 2 De
4 × 0,0004 × 550293,04 lb / jam ft2 2 × 72 ft
=
2 × 4,18.108 ft / hr 2 × 43,4768 lb/ft3 2× 0,1372 ft
= 1,6278 ft
3) Va = Ga / 3600 . ρ …(hal 115 Kern)

550293,04 lb /det ft2
= 3600 × 43,4768 lb/ft3
= 3,5159 ft/det
V2
2.g
199
3,5159 ft/det 2
=3x
2 × 32,2 ft / det 2
= 0,5758 ft
(ΔFa + FL ).ρ
144
(1,6278 ft + 0,5758 ft ).43,4768 lb/ft3
=
144
= 0,6653 psi
m) Inner Pipe : Fluida Panas

1) Rep = 386859,4253
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
386859,425 30,42
= 0,0047
Pada t = 100 oF, ρ = 61,9906 lb/ft3
2
4. f .G p L
2) ΔFp =
2 . g . 2 .D
4 × 0,0047 × 1572142,802 lb / jam ft2 2 × 72 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 × 61,9906 lb/ft32 × 0,0874 ft
= 0,0033 ft
3) ΔP = ( ΔFp . ρ)/144
0,0033 ft × 61,9906 lb/ft3
= 144
= 0,0014 psi
SUMMARY
hio = 2110,4821 houtside ho = 8,1016
Uc = 1118,6753 Btu / jam ft2 oF
UD = 345,5527 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
200

0,6653 Calculated ΔP, psi 0,0014
HEATER – 01 (H-01)
Fungsi : Memanaskan produk keluaran bottom absorber
Gambar :
Gambar L.3.7. Heater-01 (H-01)

Gland
Return bend Gland
Gland
Tee
Return Head
Fluida Panas : Saturated Steam

Wt = 273,1055 kg/jam = 602,0937 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 150 C = 302 F
o o
T2 = 150 C = 302 F
Fluida Dingin : Bahan baku methanol

W2 = 21230,6174 kg/jam = 46805,4437 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 58 C = 136,4 F
o o
t2 = 75 C = 167 F
201

1) Beban panas H – 01
Q = 137850,8063 kkal/hr = 547036,2494 Btu/hr
2) Menghitung ΔT

1 302 Temperatur Tinggi 167 135
3 Selisih 30,6
ΔT2 ΔT1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(ΔT2 /ΔT1 )
135 - 165,6
=
ln(135/165,6)
= 149,948 oF
3) Ta dan ta
Ta = ½ (302 + 302) = 302 oF
ta = ½ (167 + 136,4) = 151,7 oF
Trial UD : Steam & Heavy Organik

Q
A =
(U D .T )
202
547036,2494 Btu/hr
=
(150 Btu / jam.ft 2 .o F × 149,948 o F)
= 24,3212 ft2

1 2 IPS 1
2 40 SN 40
3 2,067 in IDp 1,049 in
4 2,380 in ODp 1,320 in
5 0,622 ft2 a’ 0,344 ft2
4) Annulus : Fluida panas, steam

a) Flow area, aa
D2 = 1,61 in = 0,1342 ft
D1 = 1,320 in = 0,1100 ft
 ( D2 2  D1 2 ) 3,14(0,1342 2 - 0,1100 2 )
aa = = = 0,0046 ft2
4 4
2 2
D  D1
De = 2
D1
0,1342 2 - 0,1100 2
=
0,1100
= 0,054 ft
b) Laju alir massa, Ga

Ga = W / aa
602,0937 lb / jam
= 0,0046 ft 2
= 129984,43 lb / jam ft2

203
c) Bilangan Reynold, Rea

o
Pada Tc = 302 F
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,054 ft × 129984,43 lb / ft 2 hr
= 0,03484 lb / ft. jam
= 2,002.105
d) jH = 440
o
e) Pada Tc = 302 F = 150 oC …(Fig 24, Kern)
k = 0,0208 lb/ft hr …(Tabel 5, Kern)
Cp = 0,4597 Btu / lb oF …(Fig 4, Kern)
Perhitungan Cp :
a b.102 c. 105 d. 109
33,46 0,668 0,7604 -3,593
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp = 33,46 + 0,668.10- 2 × 150 + 0,7604.10- 5 × 150 2 + - 3,593.10- 9 × 1503
Cp = 34,623 J / mol.o C = 1,9233 J/g.oC = 0,4597 Btu / lb oF

Perhitungan nilai konduktivitas termal, k :
10,4 th edition )
10,4
k = 0,0144cp (1,9233 J/g.oC + ( 18 g / mol)
k = 0,036 W/m.oC = 0,0208 lb/ft hr

k c . μ )1 / 3 ( μ 0,14
ho = jH D ( k μw )
e
= 440 ×
0,054 ft
(
0,036 lb/ft hr
)
204
= 156,58 Btu/hr.ft2.oF

a) Flow area, ap
Dp = 1,049 in = 0,0874 ft
 ID p
2
ap =
4
2 2
= 3,14 × 0,0874 ft
4
= 0,006 ft2
W
Gp = a
p
46805,4437 lb / jam
=
0,006 ft 2
= 7802579,9117 lb / jam ft2
T = 152 oF = 66,5 oC
Dari fiq 2-32 ,Perry didapat : μCH3OH = 0,36 cP = 0,8709 lb/ft.hr
μH2O = 0,38 cP = 0,9193 lb/ft.hr
μHCl = 0,45 cP = 1,0886 lb/ft.hr
Senyawa Massa, Fraksi, μ, μi x Xi,

Kg/jam Xi lb/ft.hr lb/ft.hr
HCl 70,8807 0.003 1,0886 0,0524
CH3OH 1277,6301 0,936 0,8709 0,8609
H2O 19882,1066 0,060 0,9193 0,0036
Jumlah 21230,6174 1,000 0,9169
205
Perhitungan kapasitas panas campuran :

Senyawa a b.102 c. 106 d. 109
H2O 75,4 - - -
HCl 29,13 -0,1341 0,9715 -4,335
CH3OH 42,93 8,301 -37,72 100,8
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp( HCl) = 29,13 + - 0,1341.10 - 2 × 66,5 + 0,9715.10 - 5 × 66,5 2 + - 4,335.10 - 9 × 66,5 3

Cp(CH 3OH ) = 42,93 + 8,301.10 - 2 × 66,5 + - 37,72.10 - 5 × 66,5 2 + 100,8.10 - 9 × 66,5 3

Perhitungsn densitas campuran :
ρ(H2O) = 979,736 kg/m3 = 61,1649 lb/ft3 (tabel 2-28, Perry Chemical Engineer
Handbook)
ρ(HCl) = 446,979 kg/m 3 = 27,9048 lb/ft3 (tabel 2-30, Perry Chemical Engineer
Handbook)
densitas methanol :
P : 1 atm = 1,01325 bar
T : 66,5 oC = 339,5 K
Tc : 512,64 K
Pc : 80,97 bar
Zc : 0,224
R : 0,08314 L.bar/mol.K
R.Tc 2/7)
Vs = Zc (1+ (1 T / Tc )
Pc
0,08314 L bar/mol.K × 512,64 K 2/7)

Vs = 0,224(1+ (1 339,5 K / 512,64 K )
80,97 bar
206
= 0,03936 mol/L
ρ(CH3OH) = 813,0135 kg/m3 = 50,7562 lb/ft3
Massa, ρ,
Senyawa Xi Xi.ρi
Kg/jam Kg/m3
HCl 70,8807 0.003 27,9048 0,0932
H2O 1277,6301 0,936 61,1649 57,2797
CH3OH 19882,1066 0,060 50,7562 3,0544
Jumlah 21230,6174 1,000 60,4273
ρ(campuran) = 60,4273lb/ft3
k = (3,56 / 10 5 ) × Cp × ((ρ 4 / BM)1 / 3 )  ( pers Coulson 6 th edition )
k H 2 O = (3,56 / 105 ) × 4,4353 × ((61,16494 / 18)1 / 3 )  (pers Coulson 6 th edition )
= 0,02059 W/m.oC = 0,1192 lb/ft hr

k HCl = (3,56 / 105 ) × 0,7968 × ((27,90484 / 36,5)1 / 3 )  (pers Coulson 6 th edition)
= 0,0163 W/m.oC = 0,0094 lb/ft hr

k CH 3OH = (3,56 / 105 ) × 1,4629 × ((50,7562 4 / 32)1 / 3 )  (pers Coulson 6 th edition )
= 0,1245 W/m.oC = 0,0720 lb/ft hr

Kg/jam Btu / lb oF lb/ft hr
HCl 70,8807 0.003 0,1904 0,0006 0,0094 0,00006
H2O 1277,6301 0,936 1,0601 0,9927 0,1192 0,00433
CH3OH 19882,1066 0,060 0,3496 0,0210 0,0720 0,11159
Jumlah 21230,6174 1,000 1,0143 0,11598

c) Bilangan Reynold, Rep

o
Pada tc = 152 F
μ = 0,9169 lb/ft. jam
207
G p ID p
Rep =

7802579,9117 lb / jam ft2 × 0,006 ft
= 0,9169 lb/ft. jam
= 743852,7278
JH = 1000
k c.μ 1/ 3 ( μ 0,14
d) hi = jH D ( k) μw )
e
= 1000 × 0,0874 ft
(
0,11598 lb/ft hr
)
= 2655,7067 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
e) Koefisien perpindahan panas, hio

hi × D p
….(Kern hal.164)
2655,7067 Btu/hr.ft2.oF × 0,0874 ft
= 0,1100 ft
= 2110,4821 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
f) Clean everaal Coefficient, Uc

h io x h o
Uc =
h io + h o
2110,4821 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF x 156,58 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 2110,4821 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF + 156,58 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 145,77 Btu / jam ft2 oF
g) Design overall Coefficient, UD

1 / UD = 1 / U c + Rd
208
Rd = 0,002
1
1/UD = 145,77 Btu / jam ft2 oF
+ 0,002
h) Required Surface, A
Q
A =
U D x T
547036,2494 Btu/hr
=
112,87 Btu / jam ft2 o F x 149,948 o F
= 32,32 ft2
i) Required Length, L
L = A / a”
32,32 ft2
L = 0,344 ft
= 93,96 ft
93,96 ft
Q
Ud = A .ΔT
act
547036,2494 Btu/hr
=
33,024 ft 2 × 149,948oF
= 110,47 Btu / hr. ft2 oF -

209
UD - Ud
Rd =
UD × Ud
= 0,0002 hr ft2 oF
6) Pressure Drop
j) Annulus : Fluida Panas
1) De’ = (D2 – D1)
= (0,1342– 0,1100) ft
= 0,0242 ft
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,0242 ft ×129984,43 lb / jam ft2
= 0,03484 lb/ft jam
= 9,017.104
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
(9,017.10 4 ) 0,42
= 0,0057
Pada Tc = 302 oF, ρsteam = 955,4261 lb/ft3 = 59,6470 lb/ft3 (Tabel 2.30, Perry)
2
4. f .G a L
2) ΔFa =
2.g . 2 De
4 × 0,0057 × 129984,43 lb / jam ft2 2 × 1344 ft
=
2 × 4,18.108 ft / hr 2 × 59,6470 lb/ft3 2× 0,0242 ft
= 0,514 ft
3) Va = Ga / 3600 . ρ …(hal 115 Kern)

210
129984,43 lb /det ft2

= 3600 × 59,6470 lb/ft3
= 0,605 ft/det
V2
2. g
0,605 ft/det 2
=4
2 × 32,2 ft / det 2
= 0,023 ft
(ΔFa + FL ).ρ
144
(0,514 ft + 0,023 ft ).59,6470 lb/ft3
=
144
= 0,22 psi
k) Inner Pipe : Fluida Panas
1) Rep = 743852,7278
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0, 264
= 0,0035 +
743852,7278 0,42
= 0,0044
Pada t = 152 oF, ρ = 60,4273 lb/ft3
2
4. f .G p L
2) ΔFp =
2 . g . 2 .D
4 × 0,0044 × 7802579,9117 lb / jam ft2 2 × 96 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 × (60,4273 lb/ft3) 2 × 0,087 ft
= 0,0139 ft
3) ΔP = ( ΔFp . ρ)/144
0,0139 ft × 60,4273 lb/ft3
= 144
= 0,0058 psi
211
SUMMARY
hio = 2110,4821 houtside ho = 156,58
UD = 112,87Btu / hr. ft2 oF
KNOCK OUT DRUM -01 (KOD-01)

Fungsi : Memisahkan fase gas dan liquid produk keluaran Vaporizer -01
Type : Liquid Knock Out Drum (Empty) Vertical
Jumlah : 1 buah
Bahan : Carbon Steel
Gambar :
KOD
Gambar L.3.8. Knock Out Drum (KOD-01)

Kondisi operasi
Tekanan, P : 1,5 atm
Temperatur, T : 110 oC
Karakteristik fluida
Fase gas
Laju alir gas, wg = 9866,858 kg/jam
212
Densitas, ρg = 2,2494 kg/m3

Volumetrik flowrate = 4386,4399 m3/jam = 154900,0136 ft3/jam
Fase liquid
Laju alir gas, wL = 2466,7145 kg/jam
Densitas, ρL = 1631,3521 kg/m3
 Kecepatan uap, U
ρ
U = 0,14 ( L) 1
ρg
1631,3521
U = 0,14 ( ) 1
2,2494
U = 3,7676
 Diameter drum, D
D= Q v 1/ 4 π U
D= 4386, 4399 × 0, 25 × 3,14 × 3,7676 / 3600
D = 11,2809 ft / sec
D = 3,4385 m
 Tinggi space liquid

Liquid Hold Up = 5-20 meni
Liquid Hold Up yang dipilih adalah 10 menit
QL
L liq =
π 2
4D
49,9200
L liq =
3,14 × 0,25 × 11,2809 2
L liq = 0,4997 ft
 Tinggi total drum

Vapor space minimum = 5,5 ft
213
L = Lliq + 5,5 ft
L = 0,4997 ft + 5,5 ft
= 5,9997 ft
= 1,8702 m
 Kapasitas drum, Vd
Vd = 4 π D 2
3
Vd = 4 × 3,14 × 3,4385 2
3
Vd = 170,2003 m 3
= 37585,3400 gallons
 Tebal dinding drum, t

P.R
t =
SE 0,6.P
+C .........(tabel. 4 hal 537, Peters)
P = tekanan design = 1,5 atm = 22,044 psi
R = jari –jari drum = 1,7192 m
S = working stress yang diizinkan = 13700 psi (tabel 4 hal 538,Peters)
E = efisiensi pengelasan = 0,85 (hal. 636 Coulson)
C = korosi yang diizinkan = 0,003175 (table.23.2, Perry)
22,044 × 1,7192
t = + 0,003175
13700 × 0,85 0,6 × 22,044
t = 0,006433 m
OD = 2 t + D
= (2 x 0,006433) + 3,4285
= 3,4513 m
Summary
Diameter drum = 3,4285 m
Tinggi drum = 1,8702 m
Tebal dinging drum = 0,006433 m
Kapasitas drum = 170,2003 m3
214
KNOCK OUT DRUM -02 (KOD-02)

Fungsi : Memisahkan fase gas dan liquid produk keluaran Vaporizer -02
Type : Liquid Knock Out Drum (Empty) Vertical
Jumlah : 1 buah
Bahan : Carbon Steel
Gambar :
KOD
Gambar L.3.9. Knock Our Drum (KOD-02)

Kondisi operasi
Tekanan, P : 1,5 atm
Karakteristik fluida
Fase gas
Laju alir gas, wg = 4480,9052 kg/jam
Densitas, ρg = 1,5625 kg/m3
Fase liquid
215
Laju alir gas, wL = 1120,226 kg/jam

Densitas, ρL = 400 kg/m3
 Kecepatan uap, U
ρ
U = 0,14 ( L) 1
ρg
400
U = 0,14 ( ) 1
1,5625
U = 2,2356
 Diameter drum, D
D= Q v 1/ 4 π U
D= 101270,9775 × 0,25 × 3,14 × 2,2356 / 3600
D = 7,0263 ft / sec
D = 2,1416 m
 Tinggi space liquid

Liquid Hold Up = 5-20 meni
Liquid Hold Up yang dipilih adalah 10 menit
QL
L liq =
π 2
4D
92,4589
L liq =
3,14 × 0,25 × 7,0263 2
L liq = 2,3858 ft
 Tinggi total drum

Vapor space minimum = 5,5 ft
L = Lliq + 5,5 ft
L = 2,3858 ft + 5,5 ft
= 7,8858 ft = 2,4582 m
 Kapasitas drum, Vd
216
Vd = 4 π D 2
3
4
Vd = × 3,14 × 2,1416 2
3
Vd = 41,1249 m 3
= 9081,6051 gallons
 Tebal dinding drum, t

P.R
t =
SE 0,6.P
+C .........(tabel. 4 hal 537, Peters)
P = tekanan design = 1,5 atm = 22,044 psi
R = jari –jari drum = 1,0708 m
S = working stress yang diizinkan = 13700 psi (tabel 4 hal 538,Peters)
E = efisiensi pengelasan = 0,85 (hal. 636 Coulson)
C = korosi yang diizinkan = 0,003175 (table.23.2, Perry)
22,044 × 1,0708
t = + 0,003175
13700 × 0,85 0,6 × 22,044
t = 0,005204 m
OD = 2 t + D
= (2 x 0,005204) + 2,1416
= 2,1520 m
Summary
Diameter drum = 2,1416 m
Tinggi drum = 2,4582 m
Tebal dinging drum = 0,005204 m
Kapasitas drum = 41,1249 m3
POMPA – 01 (P-01)
Fungsi : Untuk mengalirkan HCl dari tanki menuju Vaporizer-01
Tipe : Pompa sentrifugal
217
Gambar :
Gambar L.3.10. Pompa-01 (P-01)

A. Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur, T = 52,93 oC = 127,27 oF
Densitas, ρ = 1324,011 kg/m3 = 82,655 lb/ft3
Viskositas, μ = 0,364 cp = 0,881 lb/ft jam
Laju alir, W = 12333,5727 kg/jam = 452,231 lb/menit
Tekanan uap, Pv = 88,617 lbf/ft2
B. Menentukan Ukuran Pipa

a) Volume pompa, Vf
W
Vf = 
452,231 lb / menit
=
82,655 lb / ft 3
= 6,018 ft3 /menit

= 45,018 gpm
b) Volumetrik flowrate, qf
6,018 ft 3 / menit
qf = s
60
menit
= 0,1003 ft3/det
c) Menentukan Diameter Optimum, Dopt
Dopt = 3,9 x qf 0,45 x ρ0,13 (Pers 15 hal. 496, Peters)
= 3,9 x ( 0,1003)0,45 x ( 39,10 lb/ft3 )0,13
= 2,460 in
218
d) Ukuran Pipa
 Suction pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 3 in
L = 4 m = 13,123 ft
ID = 3,068 in = 0,255 ft
OD = 3,500 in = 0,291 ft
a = 7,380 in2 = 0,051 ft2
 Discharge Pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 3 in
L = 4 m = 13,123 ft
ID = 3,068 in = 0,255 ft
OD = 3,500 in = 0,291 ft
a = 7,380 in2 = 0,051 ft2
C. Perhitungan pada Suction

1) Menentukan Suction Friction Loss
a) Suction Velocity, υ
qf
υ =
a
qf
υ =
a
0,1003 ft 3 / det
=
0,051 ft 2
= 1,9730 ft/det
219
= 7102,6705 ft/jam
υ2 (1,9730 ft / det ) 2
Velocity head = = = 0,121 ft.lb f / lb m
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
b) Bilangan Reynlod, Re
D 82,655 lb / ft 3 x 7102,6705 ft / jam x 0,255 ft
Re = 
= =
0,881 lb / ftjam
169717,217
Meterial yang digunakan adalah commercial steel pipe
Rough factor, έ = 0,00015 (Fig 14-1, Peters)
έ/D = 0,00059
Fanning friction factor, f
Pada Re = 169717,217 didapat f = 0,005 (Fig.14-1, Peters)
c) Skin friction loss, Hfs

Digunakan 1 elbow 90 o std dan 1 gate valve
Le/D = 1 elbow 90 0 std dan 1 gate valve
= 32 + 7 = 39
L = L + Le x ID Suction
L = 13,123 ft + 39 x 0,255 ft
= 23,0543 ft
2 fL v 2
Hfs = x …(Pers 5.64, Mc Cabe)
D gc
2 x 0,005 x 23,0543 ft (0,121 ft / det) 2

= x
0,255 ft 32,174 lb / ft 3
= 0,110 ft lbf / lbm

220
d) Sudden Contraction Friction Loss, Hfc

1 v2
Hfc = Kc . x
2 g c
α = 1 ( untuk aliran turbulen )

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc ) …(Pers. 5.71, Mc Cabe)
Kc = 0,4 ( 1- Sb/Sa) …(Pers. 5.65, Mc Cabe)
Sb = Luas penampang melintang upstream b
Sa = Luas penampang melintang downstream a
Dimana Sb<<<< Sa
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 ) = 0,4
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 ( 0,121 ft lbf /lbm )
e) Fitting + Valve Friction Loss, Hff

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
Kf = gate valve + elbow (Pers II.7, Syarifudin Ismail)
= 1 gate valve + 1 elbow 90o (Tabel II.7, Syarifudin Ismail)
= 0,2 + 0,9
= 1,1
Hff = 1,1 x 0,5 x ( 0,121 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,0665 ft lbf /lbm
f) Total Suction Friction Loss, Hfsuc

Hfsuc = Hfs + Hfc + Hff (Pers. II.10. Syarifudin I)
= (0,110 + 0,024 + 0,0665) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,2 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,115 psi
221
2) Suction Pressure
Za = 3 m = 9,842 ft
Zb = 0 m =0 ft
Static Suction Head (SH) = 9,842 ft
Pa = 1 atm =14,7 psi = 2117,3762 ft2 lbf / lbm
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
Pa Pb g (v a vb )2
+ (Z Zb ) + = Hf ( Pers III.3. Syarifudin I)
ρ gc a 2gα
Pb Pa g (v a vb )2
= + (Z Zb ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc a 2gα
Pb 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 9,842ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 0,115ft lb f / lb m
ρ 82,655 lb / ft 3
Pb
= 35,259 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pb = 2914,348 lb f / ft 2
Pb = 20,238 psi
3) Suction Head, Hs
Total suction pressure x 144 in 2 / ft 2
Hs =
lb / ft 3
20,238 psi x 144 in 2 / ft 2

= ft . lbf / lbm
82,655 lb / ft 3
= 35,259 ft lbf / lbm
4) Net Positive Suction Head ( NPSH )

Pb Pb uap
NPSH =   
( Pers.III .4, Syarifudin I )
2914,348 lb f / ft 2 88,617 lb f / ft 2
=
82,655 lb / ft 3 82,655 lb / ft 3
= 34,187 ft
222
D. Perhitungan pada Discharge

1) Menentukan Discharge Friction Loss
a) Discharge Velocity, v
qf
v =
a
0,1003 ft 3 / det
v =
0,255 ft 2
= 1,973 ft/det
= 7102,670 ft/jam
υ2 (1,973 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
b) Bilangan Reynold, Re
 .v.D
Re = 
82,655 lb / ft 3 x 7102,670 ft / jam x 0,255 ft

= = 169717,217
0,121 lb / ftjam
Material yang digunakan adalah commercial steel pipe

Rough factor, έ = 0,00015 …(Fig 14-1, Peters)
(έ/D) = 0,0059
Pada reynold = 169717,217 didapat f = 0,005 (Fig 14-1, Peters)
c) Skin Friction Loss, Hfs

Digunakan elbow 90o dan gate valve
Le/D = 1 gate valve + 4 elbow
223
= ( 1 x 7 ) + ( 4 x 32 )
= 135
L = L discharge + Le/D x ID Discharge
= 13,123 ft + 135 x 0,255 ft
= 47,5001 ft
2 fL v 2
Hfs = x (Pers 5.64. McCabe)
D gc
2 x 0,005 x 47,5001 ft
= x 0,121 ft lb f / lb m
0,255 ft

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – Sb/Sa )
Dimana Sb >>>> Sa, maka :
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 x 0,121 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,024 ft lbf/lbm

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9 * 4
= 3,8
Hff = 3,8 x 0,5 x ( 0,121 ft lbf / lbm )
224
= 0,230 ft lbf /lbm
f) Total Discharge Friction Loss, Hfd

Hfd = Hfs + Hfc + Hff
= (1,226 + 0,024 + 0,230) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,275 psi
2) Discharge Pressure
Zc = 0 m =0 ft
Zd = 8 m = 26,246 ft
Pd = 1 atm =14,7 psi = 2117,3762 ft2 lbf / lbm
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
v =0
Pc Pd g (v c vd )2
+ (Zc Zd ) + = Hf
ρ gc 2g α
Pc Pd g (v d vc )2
= + (Zd Zc ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pc 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 26,246 ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 0 ,275 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 82,665 lb / ft 3
Pc
= 52,343 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pc = 4326,431 lb f / ft 2
Pc = 30,044 psi
3) Discharge Head, Hd
Total disch arg e presure x 144in 2 / ft 2
Hd =
lb / ft 3
225
30,044 psi
Hd = x 144 in 2 / ft 2
82,655 lb / ft 3
= 52,343 ft. lbf / lbm
E. Menghitung Tenaga Pompa

1) Diffrential Pressure (Total ΔP)
a. Suction pressure = 20,238 psi
b. Discharge pressure = 30,044 psi
9,806 psi
2) Total Head
a. Suction head = 35,259 ft
b. Discharge head = 52,343 ft
17,084 ft
3) Efisiensi Pompa
Kapasitas pompa = 45,018 gpm
Dari gambar 14-37 Peters diperoleh harga
E p1  E p 2
ή =
2
= 46 %
4) Brake Horse Power (BHP)
Persamaan Bernoulli :
P v 2
Ws =  Z   H f
 gc
Ws = 34,168 ft lbf / lbm
Ws x x q f ( gpm)
BHP = BHP 
7,481gal / ft x 550 ftlbf / sHp x (60s / min) x
3
34,168 ft lb f / lb m x 82,655 lb / ft 3 x 45,018 gpm

=
7,481 gal / ft 3 x 550 ftlb f / s Hp x (60s / min) x 46 %
= 1,120 HP
226
5) Tenaga Pompa (MHP)

Dari gambar 14-38 Peters diperoleh :
ή = 80 %
1,120 HP
MHP = HP
80%
= 1,399 HP
Dipilih pompa :
Power = 2 HP
Tipe = Sentrifugal
Jumlah = 2 buah ( 1 cadangan )
POMPA – 02(P-02)
Fungsi : Untuk mengalirkan metanol dari tanki menuju vaporizer
Gambar :
A. Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur, T = 39,36 oC = 102,848 oF
Tekanan uap, Pv =0,048 lbf / ft2

227
a) Volume pompa, Vf
W
Vf = 
164,3 lb / menit
=
56,163 lb / ft 3
= 3,4 ft3 /menit

= 0,129 gpm
3,4 ft 3 / menit
qf = s
60
menit
= 0,057 ft3/det

= 3,9 x ( 0,057)0,45 x ( 56,163 lb/ft3 )0,13
= 1,796 in
d) Ukuran Pipa
 Suction pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 2,5 in
L = 3 m = 9,842 ft
ID = 2,469 in = 0,205 ft
OD = 2,880 in = 0,239 ft
a = 4,790 in2 = 0,033 ft2
228
 Discharge Pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 2,5 in
L = 6 m = 19,685 ft
ID = 2,469 in = 0,205 ft
OD = 2,880 in = 0,239 ft
a = 4,790 in2 = 0,033 ft2

1). Menentukan Suction Friction Loss
a. Suction Velocity, υ
qf
υ =
a
0,057 ft 3 / det
=
0,033ft 2
= 1,717 ft/det
= 6181,357 ft/jam
υ2 (1,717 ft / det ) 2
gc 76,460 lb / ft 3
b. Bilangan Reynlod, Re
D 53,163 lb / ft 3 x 6181,357 ft / jam x 0,205 ft
Re = 
= =
1,294 lb / ftjam
52026,740
έ/D = 0,00073
229

c. Skin friction loss, Hfs

= 32 + 7 = 39
L = 9,842 ft + 39 x 0,205 ft
= 17,8346 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,0047 x 17,8346 ft (1,717 ft / det) 2

= x
0,205 ft 32,174 lb / ft 3
d. Sudden Contraction Friction Loss, Hfc

1 v2
Hfc = Kc . x
2 g c

Dimana Sb<<<< Sa
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 ) = 0,4
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 ( 0,092 ft lbf /lbm )
230
e. Fitting + Valve Friction Loss, Hff

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9
= 1,1
Hff = 1,1 x 0,5 x ( 0,092 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,05 ft lbf /lbm
f. Total Suction Friction Loss, Hfsuc

= (0,075 + 0,018 + 0,05) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,053 psi
2). Suction Pressure
Za = 3 m = 9,842 ft
Zb = 0 m =0 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
231
Pa Pb g (v a vb )2
ρ gc a 2gα
Pb Pa g (v a vb )2
= + (Z Zb ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc a 2gα
Pb 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 9,842 ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 0,053ft lb f / lb m
ρ 53,163 lb / ft 3
Pb
= 49,527 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pb = 2632,984 lb f / ft 2
Pb = 18,284 psi
3). Suction Head, Hs

Hs =
lb / ft 3
18,284 psi x 144 in 2 / ft 2

=
53,163 lb / ft 3
= 49,527 ft lbf / lbm

4). Net Positive Suction Head ( NPSH )
Pb Pb uap
NPSH =   
2632,984 lb f / ft 2 0,048 lb f / ft 2
= = 49,526 ft
53,163 lb / ft 3 53,163 lb / ft 3

1). Menentukan Discharge Friction Loss
a. Discharge Velocity, v
qf
v =
a
0,057 ft 3 / det
=
0,0331ft 2
232
= 1,717 ft/det
= 6181,357 ft/jam
υ2 (1,717 ft / det ) 2
gc 53,163 lb / ft 3
b. Bilangan Reynold, Re
 .v.D
Re = 
53,163 lb / ft 3 x 6181,357 ft / jam x 0,205 ft

= = 52026,740
1,294 lb / ftjam
Material yang digunakan adalah commercial steel pipe

Rough factor, έ = 0,00015 …(Fig 14-1, Peters)
(έ/D) = 0,00073
Pada reynold = 52026,740 didapat f = 0,0047 (Fig 14-1, Peters)
c. Skin Friction Loss, Hfs

= ( 1 x 7 ) + ( 2 x 32 )
= 71
= 19,685 ft + 71 x 0,205 ft
= 34,2346 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,0047 x 34,2346 ft
= x 0,092 ft lb f / lb m
0,205 ft

233

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – Sb/Sa )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 x 0,092 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,018 ft lbf/lbm

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9 * 2
=2
Hff = 2 x 0,5 x ( 0,092 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,092 ft lbf /lbm
f. Total Discharge Friction Loss, Hfsuc
= (0,144 + 0,018 + 0,092) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,094 psi
2). Discharge Pressure

Zc = 0 m =0 ft
Zd = 15 m = 49,212 ft
234

Pd = 1 atm =14,7 psi = 2117,3762 ft2 lbf / lbm
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
v =0
Pc Pd g (v c vd )2
+ (Zc Zd ) + = Hf
ρ gc 2gα
Pc Pd g (v d vc )2
= + (Zd Zc ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pc 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
ρ 53,163 lb / ft 3
Pc
= 89,294 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pc = 4747,106 lb f / ft 2
Pc = 32,966 psi
3). Discharge Head, Hd

Hd =
lb / ft 3
32,966 psi
Hd = x 144 in 2 / ft 2
53,163 lb / ft 3
= 89,294 ft. lbf / lbm

1). Diffrential Pressure (Total ΔP)
14,681 psi
2). Total Head
39,767 ft
235
3). Efisiensi Pompa

E p1  E p 2
ή =
2
= 35 %
4). Brake Horse Power (BHP)
P v 2
Ws =  Z   H f
 gc
BHP = Ws xρ x q f (gpm)
BHP =
3
7,481gal / ft x 550ftlbf / sHp x (60s / min) xη

=
7,481 gal / ft 3 x 550 ftlb f / s Hp x (60s / min) x 35%
= 1,244 HP
5). Tenaga Pompa (MHP)
ή = 80 %
1,244
MHP = HP
80%
= 1,555 HP
Dipilih pompa :
Power = 2 HP
Tipe = Sentrifugal
POMPA – 03 (P-03)
236
Fungsi : Untuk mengalirkan produk keluar bottom absorber menuju stripper.

Gambar :

A. Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur, T = 58 oC = 136,4 oF
Tekanan uap, Pv = 378,81 lbf / ft2

a. Volume pompa, Vf
W
Vf = 
780,091 lb / menit
=
60,734 lb / ft 3
= 14,129 ft3 /menit

= 105,683 gpm
b. Volumetrik flowrate, qf
14,129 ft 3 / menit
qf = s
60
menit
= 0,235 ft3/det
c. Menentukan Diameter Optimum, Dopt
= 3,9 x ( 0,235 )0,45 x ( 60,734 lb/ft3 )0,13
237
= 3,470 in
d. Ukuran Pipa
 Suction pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 4,5 in
L = 5 m = 16,404 ft
ID = 4,026 in = 0,334 ft
OD = 4,500 in = 0,374 ft
a = 12,700 in2 = 0,087 ft2
 Discharge Pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 4,5 in
L = 8 m = 26,246 ft
ID = 4,026 in = 0,334 ft
OD = 4,500 in = 0,374 ft
a = 12,700 in2 = 0,087 ft2

qf
υ =
a
0,235 ft 3 / det
=
0,087 ft 2
= 2,691 ft/det
= 9689,399 ft/jam
238
υ2 ( 2,691 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 60,734 lb / ft 3 x 9689,399 ft / jam x 0,334 ft
Re = 
=
1,189 lb / ftjam
= 165340,1778
έ/D = 0,00045
Pada Re = 165340,1778 didapat f = 0,0065 (Fig.14-1,
Peters)

= 32 + 7 = 39
L = 16,404 ft + 39 x 0,334 ft
= 29,4361 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,00045x 29,4361 ft ( 2,691 ft / det) 2

= x
0,334 ft 32,174 lb / ft 3

1 v2
Hfc = Kc . x
2 g c
239

Dimana Sb<<<< Sa
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 ( 0,258 ft lbf /lbm )

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9
= 1,1
Hff = 1,1 x 0,5 x ( 0,258 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,124 ft lbf /lbm

= (0,258 + 0,045 + 0,124) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,180 psi
2) Suction Pressure
Za = 3 m = 9,842 ft
Zb = 0 m =0 ft
240

g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
Pa Pb g (v a vb )2
ρ gc a 2gα
Pb Pa g (v a vb )2
= + (Z Zb ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc a 2gα
Pb 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 9,842 ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 0,180 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 60,734 lb / ft 3
Pb
= 44,279 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pb = 2689,229 lb f / ft 2
Pb = 18,675 psi
3) Suction Head, Hs
Hs =
lb / ft 3
18,675 psi x 144 in 2 / ft 2

= = 44,278 ft lbf / lbm
60,734 lb / ft 3

Pb Pb uap
NPSH =   
2689,229 lb f / ft 2 378,81 lb f / ft 2
=
60,734 lb / ft 3 60,734 lb / ft 3
= 38,042 ft

qf
υ =
a
241
0,235 ft 3 / det
=
0,087 ft 2
= 2,691 ft/det
= 9689,399 ft/jam
υ2 ( 2,691 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 60,734 lb / ft 3 x 9689,399 ft / jam x 0,334 ft
Re = 
= =
0,225 lb / ftjam
165340,178
έ/D = 0,00045

= ( 1 x 7 ) + ( 4 x 32 )
= 135
= 26,246 ft + 135 x 0,334 ft
= 71,3577 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
242
2 x 0,0048 x 71,3577 ft
= x 0,225 ft lb f / lb m
0,334 ft

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – Sb/Sa )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 x 0,462 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,045 ft lbf/lbm

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9 * 4
= 3,8
Hff = 3,8 x 0,5 x ( 0,225 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,307 ft lbf /lbm

= (0,462 + 0,045 + 0,307) ft lbf / lbm
243

= 0,394 psi
Zc = 0 m =0 ft
Zd = 8 m = 26,264 ft
Pd = 2 atm = 29,4 psi = 4234,7524 ft2 lbf / lbm
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
v =0
Pc Pd g (v c vd ) 2
+ (Zc Zd ) + = Hf
ρ gc 2gα
Pc Pd g (v d vc )2
= + (Zd Zc ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pc 4234,7524 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 26,246 ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 0,394 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 60,734 lb / ft 3
Pc
= 96,907 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pc = 5885,553 lb f / ft 2
Pc = 40,872 psi
Hd =
lb / ft 3
40,872 psi
Hd = x 144 in 2 / ft 2
60,734 lb / ft 3
= 96,906 ft. lbf / lbm

244

22,197 psi
2) Total Head
52,628 ft
3) Efisiensi Pompa
E p1  E p 2
ή =
2
= 52 %

P v 2
Ws =  Z   H f
 gc
BHP = BHP 
7,481gal / ft 3 x 550 ftlbf / sHp x (60s / min) x

=
= 3,520 HP

Dari gambar 14-38 Peters diperoleh : ή = 83 %
245
3,52 HP
MHP = HP
83%
= 4,240 HP
Dipilih pompa :
Power = 5 HP
Tipe = Sentrifugal
Jumlah = 2 buah ( 1 cadangan
POMPA – 04 (P-04)
Fungsi : Untuk mengalirkan campuran keluaran top Stripper
Gambar :

A. Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur, T = 69,96 oC = 158 oF
Densitas = 522,690 kg/m3 = 32,630 lb/ft3
Viskositas campuran = 0,353 cp = 0,854 lb/ft jam
1) Volume pompa, Vf
W
Vf = 
3,038 lb / menit
=
32,630 lb / ft 3
= 0,102 ft3 /menit

= 0,766 gpm
246
2) Volumetrik flowrate, qf
0,102 ft 3 / menit
qf = s
60
menit
= 0,002 ft3/det
3) Menentukan Diameter Optimum, Dopt

= 3,9 x ( 0,002 )0,45 x ( 32,630 lb/ft3 )0,13
= 0,349 in
4) Ukuran Pipa
 Suction pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 0,25 in
L = 4 m = 13,123 ft
ID = 0,364 in = 0,030 ft
OD = 0,540 in = 0,045 ft
a = 0,104 in2 = 0,001 ft2
 Discharge Pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 0,25 in
L = 5 m = 16,404 ft
ID = 0,364 in = 0,030 ft
OD = 0,540 in = 0,045 ft
a = 0,104 in2 = 0,001 ft2

247

qf
υ =
a
0,002 ft 3 / det
=
0,104 ft 2
= 2,382 ft/det
= 8575,077 ft/jam
υ2 ( 2,382 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 32,630 lb / ft 3 x 8575,077 ft / jam x 0,03ft
Re = 
= = 9904,035
0,854 lb / ftjam

έ/D = 0,00496

= 32 + 7 = 39
L = 13,123 ft + 39 x 0,03 ft
= 14,3015 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
248
2 x 0,0098 x 14,3015 ft ( 2,382 ft / det) 2

= x = 1,636 ft lbf /
0,03 ft 32,174 lb / ft 3
lbm
1 v2
Hfc = Kc . x
2 g c

Dimana Sb<<<< Sa
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 ( 0,176 ft lbf /lbm )

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9
= 1,1
Hff = 1,1 x 0,5 x ( 0,176 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,097 ft lbf /lbm

= (1,636 + 0,035 + 0,097) ft lbf / lbm
249

= 0,401 psi
2) Suction Pressure
Za = 3 m = 9,842 ft
Zb = 0 m =0 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
Pa Pb g (v a vb )2
ρ gc a 2gα
Pb Pa g (v a vb )2
= + (Z Zb ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc a 2gα
Pb 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 9,842ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 1,768 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 32,630 lb / ft 3
Pb
= 72,964 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pb = 2380,834 lb f / ft 2
Pb = 16,533 psi
3) Suction Head, Hs
Hs =
lb / ft 3
16,533 psi x 144 in 2 / ft 2

=
32,630 lb / ft 3
= 72,963 ft lbf / lbm

Pb Pb uap
NPSH =   
2380,834 lb f / ft 2 650,446 lb f / ft 2
=
32,630 lb / ft 3 32,630 lb / ft 3
250
= 53,030 ft

qf
υ =
a
0,002 ft 3 / det
=
0,104 ft 2
= 2,382 ft/det
= 8575,077 ft/jam
υ2 ( 2,382 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 32,630 lb / ft 3 x 8575,077 ft / jam x 0,03ft
Re = 
= = 9904,035
32,630 lb / ftjam

έ/D = 0,00496

= ( 1 x 7 ) + ( 2 x 32 )
251
= 71
= 16,404 ft + 71 x 0,03 ft
= 18,5491 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,0098 x 18,5491 ft
= x 0,176 ft lb f / lb m
0,03 ft

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – Sb/Sa )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 x 0,176 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,035 ft lbf/lbm

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9 * 2
= 2,0
Hff = 2,0 x 0,5 x ( 0,176 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,176 ft lbf /lbm
252

= (2,122 + 0,035 + 0,176) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,529 psi
Zc = 0 m =0 ft
Zd = 8 m = 26,246 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
v =0
Pc Pd g (v c vd ) 2
+ (Zc Zd ) + = Hf
ρ gc 2gα
Pc Pd g (v d vc )2
= + (Zd Zc ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pc 2117,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
ρ 32,630 lb / ft 3
Pc
= 93,470 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pc = 3049,958 lb f / ft 2
Pc = 21,180 psi
Hd =
lb / ft 3
21,180 psi
Hd = x 144 in 2 / ft 2
32,630 lb / ft 3
= 93,469 ft. lbf / lbm

253

4,647 psi
2) Total Head
20,506 ft
3) Efisiensi Pompa
E p1  E p 2
ή =
2
= 3,82 %

P v 2
Ws =  Z   H f
 gc
BHP = BHP 
3

=
7,481 gal / ft 3 x 550 ftlb f / s Hp x (60s / min) x 3,82%
= 0,109 HP
254

Dari gambar 14-38 Peters diperoleh : ή = 76 %
0,109 HP
MHP = HP
76%
= 0,143 HP
Dipilih pompa :
Power = 1 HP
Tipe = Sentrifugal
POMPA – 05 (P-05)
Fungsi : Untuk mengalirkan aliran campuran keluaran bawah Stripper menuju
IPAL
Gambar :

A. Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur, T = 99,39 oC = 211 oF

a) Volume pompa, Vf
255
W
Vf = 
777,053 lb / menit
=
57,370 lb / ft 3
= 14,899 ft3 /menit

= 111,445 gpm
14,899 ft 3 / menit
qf = s
60
menit
= 0,248 ft3/det

= 3,9 x ( 0,248 )0,45 x (57,370 lb/ft3 )0,13
= 3,527 in
d) Ukuran Pipa
 Suction pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 24 in
L = 3 m = 9,842 ft
ID = 4,026 in = 0,334 ft
OD = 4,500 in = 0,374 ft
a = 12,70 in2 = 0,087 ft2
 Discharge Pipe
256
SN = 40
IPS = 4 in
L = 5 m = 16,404 ft
ID = 4,026 in = 0,334 ft
OD = 4,500 in = 0,374 ft
a = 12,70 in2 = 0,088 ft2

qf
υ =
a
0,248 ft 3 / det
=
0,087 ft 2
= 2,838 ft/det
= 10217,589 ft/jam
υ2 ( 2,838 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 57,370 lb / ft 3 x 10217,589 ft / jamx 0,334ft
Re = 
= = 308010,890
0,636 lb / ftjam

έ/D = 0,00045
c) Skin friction loss, Hfs

257

= 32 + 7 = 39
L = 9,842 ft + 39 x 0,334 ft
= 22,8746 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,00045 x 22,8746 ft ( 2,838 ft / det) 2

= x
0,334 ft 32,174 lb / ft 3

1 v2
Hfc = Kc . x
2 g c

Dimana Sb<<<< Sa
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 ( 0,250 ft lbf /lbm )
= 0,05 ft lbf / lbm

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
258

= 0,2 + 0,9
= 1,1
Hff = 1,1 x 0,5 x ( 0,25 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,138 ft lbf /lbm
f) Total Suction Friction Loss, Hfsuc
= (0,151 + 0,05 + 0,138) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,135 psi
Za = 1 m = 3,281 ft
Zb = 0 m =0 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
Pa Pb g (v a vb )2
ρ gc a 2gα
Pb Pa g (v a vb )2
= + (Z Zb ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc a 2gα
Pb 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
ρ 57,370 lb / ft 3
Pb
= 39,849 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pb = 2286,171 lb f / ft 2
Pb = 15,876 psi

Hs =
lb / ft 3
259
15,876 psi x 144 in 2 / ft 2

=
57,370 lb / ft 3
= 39,849 ft
Pb Pb uap
NPSH =   
2286,171 lb f / ft 2 2043,245 lb f / ft 2
=
57,370 lb / ft 3 57.370 lb / ft 3
= 4,234 ft

a) Discharge Velocity, v
qf
υ =
a
0, 248ft 3 / det
=
0,087 ft 2
= 2,833 ft/det
= 10198,468 ft/jam
υ2 ( 2,833 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 57,370 lb / ft 3 x 10198,468 ft / jamx 0,334 ft
Re = 
= = 307434,495
0,636 lb / ftjam

έ/D = 0,00045
260

c) Skin Friction Loss, Hfs
= ( 1 x 7 ) + ( 2 x 32 )
= 71
= 16,404 ft + 71 x 0,334 ft
= 40,1292 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,0044 x 40,1292 ft
= x 0,249 ft lb f / lb m
0,334 ft

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – Sb/Sa )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 x 0,249 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,05 ft lbf/lbm

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
261
= 0,2 + 0,9 * 2
=2
Hff = 2 x 0,5 x ( 0,249 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,249 ft lbf /lbm
f) Total Discharge Friction Loss, Hfsuc

= (0,264 + 0,05 + 0,249) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,224 psi

Zc = 0 m =0 ft
Zd = 4 m = 13,123 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
v =0
Pc Pd g (v c vd )2
+ (Zc Zd ) + = Hf
ρ gc 2gα
Pc Pd g (v d v c ) 2
= + (Zd Zc ) + Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pc 2117 ,762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 13,1236ft (1 lb f / lb m ) 0,224 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 57,370 lb / ft 3
Pc
= 50,593 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pc = 2902,552 lb f / ft 2
Pc = 20,156 psi

262

Hd =
lb / ft 3
20,156 psi
Hd = x 144 in 2 / ft 2
57,370 lb / ft 3
= 50,593 ft

4,280 psi
2). Total Head

10,744 ft
3). Efisiensi Pompa
E p1  E p 2
ή =
2
= 55 %

P v 2
Ws =  Z   H f
 gc
BHP = BHP 
3
263

=
= 1,012 HP

ή = 80 %
1,012 HP
MHP = HP
80%
= 1,265 HP
Dipilih pompa :
Power = 2 HP
Tipe = Sentrifugal
POMPA – 06 (P-06)
Fungsi : Untuk mengalirkan H2O
Gambar :

A. Kondisi Operasi
Temperatur, T = 30 oC = 86 oF

264
a). Volume pompa, Vf

W
Vf = 
4,001 lb / menit
=
65,156 lb / ft 3
= 0,071 ft3 /menit

= 0,530 gpm
b). Volumetrik flowrate, qf
0,071 ft 3 / menit
qf = s
60
menit
= 0,00118 ft3/det
c). Menentukan Diameter Optimum, Dopt
= 3,9 x (0,00118)0,45 x (65,156 lb/ft3 )0,13
= 0,321 in
d). Ukuran Pipa
 Suction pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 0,25 in
L = 4 m = 12,123 ft
ID = 0,364 in = 0,030 ft
OD = 0,540 in = 0,045 ft
a = 0,104 in2 = 0,001 ft2
 Discharge Pipe
SN = 40
IPS = 0,25 in
265
L = 5 m = 16,404 ft
ID = 0,364 in = 0,030 ft
OD = 0,540 in = 0,045 ft
a = 0,104 in2 = 0,001 ft2

1). Menentukan Suction Friction Loss
qf
υ =
a
0,00118 ft 3 / det
=
0,001 ft 2
= 1,647 ft/det
= 5929,626 ft/jam
υ2 (1,647 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 65,156 lb / ft 3 x 5929,626 ft / jam x 0,030ft
Re = 
= = 5415,250
2,056 lb / ftjam

έ/D = 0,000496
= 32 + 7 = 39
266
L = 13,123 ft + 39 x 0,030 ft
= 14,3015 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 0,012 x 14,3015 ft (1,647 ft / det) 2

= x
0,030 ft 32,174 lb / ft 3

1 v2
Hfc = Kc . x
2 g c

Dimana Sb<<<< Sa
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 ( 0,084 ft lbf /lbm )

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :
= 0,2 + 0,9
267
= 1,1
Hff = 1,1 x 0,5 x ( 0,084 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,046 ft lbf /lbm

= (0,958 + 0,017 + 0,046) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,441 psi

Za = 3 m = 9,842 ft
Zb = 0 m =0 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
Pa - Pb g (v a - v b ) 2
+ (Za - Z b ) + = Hf (Pers III.3. Syarifudin I)
ρ gc 2gα
Pb Pa g (v a - v b ) 2
= + (Za - Z b ) + - Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pb 2117 ,3762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 9,842 ft (1 lb f / lb m ) - 0,046 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 65,156 lb / ft 3
Pb
= 42,887 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pb = 2665,667 lb f / ft 2
Pb = 18,511 psi

Hs =
lb / ft 3
268
18,511 psi x 144 in 2 / ft 2

=
65,156 lb / ft 3
= 42,886 ft

Pb Pb uap
NPSH =   
2665,667 lb f / ft 2 88,566 lb f / ft 2
= -
65,156 lb / ft 3 65,156 lb / ft 3
= 41,462 ft

qf
υ =
a
0,00118 ft 3 / det
=
0,001 ft 2
= 1,647 ft/det
= 5929,626 ft/jam
υ2 (1,647 ft / det ) 2
gc 32,174 lb / ft 3
D 65,156 lb / ft 3 x 5929,626 ft / jam x 0,030ft
Re = 
= = 5415,250
2,056 lb / ftjam
269

έ/D = 0,000496

= ( 1 x 7 ) + ( 2 x 32 )
= 71
= 16,404 ft + 71 x 0,030 ft
= 18,5491 ft
2 fL v 2
D gc
2 x 18,5491 x 18,5491 ft
= x 0,084 ft lb f / lb m
0,030 ft

Hfc = Kc . 0,5 ( v2 / gc )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – Sb/Sa )
Kc = 0,4 ( 1 – 0 )
Hfc = 0,4 x 0,5 x 0,084 ft lbf / lbm
= 0,017 ft lbf/lbm
270

Hff = Kf x ( v2 / 2 gc )
Dimana :

= 0,2 + 0,9 * 2
=2
Hff = 2 x 0,5 x ( 0,084 ft lbf / lbm )
= 0,084 ft lbf /lbm
= (1,243 + 0,017 + 0,084) ft lbf / lbm
= 0,580 psi

Zc = 0 m =0 ft
Zd = 3 m = 9,842 ft
g/gc = 1 lbf /lbm
v =0
271
Pc - Pd g (v c - v d ) 2
+ (Zc - Zd ) + = Hf
ρ gc 2gα
Pc Pd g (v d - v c ) 2
= + (Zd - Zc ) + - Hf
ρ ρ gc 2gα
Pc 2117,762 ft 2 lb f / lb m
= + 9,842ft (1 lb f / lb m ) - 0,084 ft lb f / lb m
ρ 65,156 lb / ft 3
Pc
= 45,251 ft lb f / lb m
ρ
Pc = 2812,661 lb f / ft 2
Pc = 19,532 psi

Hd =
lb / ft 3
19,532 psi
Hd = x 144 in 2 / ft 2
65,156 lb / ft 3
= 45,251 ft

1,021 psi
2). Total Head
2,365 ft
3). Efisiensi Pompa

272
E p1  E p 2
ή =
2
= 0,15 %

P v 2
Ws =  Z   H f
 gc
BHP = BHP 
3

=
7,481 gal / ft 3 x 550 ftlb f / s Hp x (60s / min) x 0,15%
= 0,4205 HP

ή = 79 %
0,4205 HP
MHP = HP
79%
= 0,5323 HP
Dipilih pompa :
Power = 1 HP
Tipe = Sentrifugal
PREHEATER – 01 (PH-01)
Fungsi : Menaikkan temperatur bahan baku` HCl sebelum diinput ke
Reaktor-01
Type : Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
273

Gambar :
Gambar L.3.16. Heater-01 (H-01)

Wt = 170,3323 kg/jam = 375,5180 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 150 C = 302 F
o o
T2 = 150 C = 302 F
Fluida Dingin : HCl

W2 = 9866,8582 kg/jam = 21752,6729 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 110 C = 230 F
o o
t2 = 125 C = 257 F

Q = 85975,7418 kkal/hr = 341179,3415 Btu/hr
2) Menghitung ΔT
274

2 302 Temperatur Rendah 230 72
3 Selisih 27
T2 - T1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(T2 /T1 )
45 - 72
=
ln(45/ 72)
= 57,511 oF
t 2  t1
S =
T1  t1
257  230
= 302  230
= 0,375
Ft = 0,71
∆t = LMTD x Ft
= 57,511 x 0,71
= 40,8328
3) Ta dan ta
Ta = ½ (302 + 302) = 302 oF
ta = ½ (257 + 230) = 243,5 oF
Dari table 8, Kern, UD = 50 Btu / jam ft2 oF
Trial UD : Steam & Heavy Organik
c) Asumsi UD = 25 Btu / jam ft2 oF
Q
A =
(U D .T )
275
341179 ,3415 Btu / jam

=
( 25 Btu / jam. ft 2 .o F  57,511 o F )
= 334,2212 ft2
d) Karena A> 200 ft2, maka dipilih HE dengan jenis Shell and Tube Heat
Shell side
ID 13.25 in
baffle 5 in
Pitch 1.25 in
C' 0.25 in
Tube side
Nt 66 buah
L 15 ft
OD 1 in
a" 0.693 in2
pass 2
BWG 18 in
ID 0.902 in
A. Fluida Dingin
1. Flow area dalam tube (a’t) = 0,693 inch2 (Tabel10.Kern)
Total flow area (at) = Nt x a’t / 144 x n
66 x 0,693
= 144 x 2
= 0,1588 ft3
W
2. Laju alir, Gt =
at
21752,6729
= 0,1588
= 136970,8 lb/ hr. ft2

276
Dari fiq 2-32 ,Perry didapat : μH2O = 0,145 cP = 0,3508 lb/ft.hr

μHCl = 0,19 cP = 0,4596 lb/ft,hr
Perhitungan kapasitas panas, Cp :
Senyawa a b.102 c. 106 d. 109
H2O 33,46 0,668 7,6 -3,593
HCl 29,13 -0,1341 0,9715 -4,335
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp(H 2 O) = 33,46 + 0,668.10 - 2 × 117,5 + 0,7604.10 -5 × 117,5 2 + - 3,593.10 -9 × 117,5 3

Cp(HCl) = 29,13 + - 0,1341.10- 2 × 117,5 + 0,9715.10- 5 × 117,5 2 + - 4,335.10- 9 × 117,5 3

10,4 th edition )
10, 4
k ( H 2 O) = 0,0144 (1,9080 J/g.oC + ( 18 g / mol)
= 0,3604 W/m.oC = 0,2086 lb/ft hr

10,4
k (HCl) = 0,0144 (1,7972 J/g.oC + ( 36,5 g / mol)
= 1,5418 W/m.oC = 0,8922 lb/ft hr

kg Btu / lb oF lb/ft hr
H2O 3650,7375 0,37 0,455 0,0705 0,2086 0,1314
HCl 6216,1206 0,63 0,1905 0,2898 0,8922 0,3301
Jumlah 9866,8581 1 0,3603 0,4615

μ(campuran) = ∑ X i .μ i = 0,3910 lb/ft.hr
277
3. Bilangan Reynold, Ret

Pada Tc = 243,5 oF
μ = 0,3603 lb/ft jam
De .G a
Ret =

0,902 x 136970,8
= 0,3910
= 26327,27
15
4. Dengan L/D = 0,902 x 12
= 199,5565 , diperoleh
jH = 85 (Fig 24. Kern)
5. Pada tc = 243,5 oF
Cp = 0,3603 Btu/lb. oF
k = 0,4615 Btu/ft. oF. jam
1 1
 c.  3
0,3603 x 0,3910 3
  =
 k  0,4615
= 0,6733
1/ 3 0 ,14
 k   Cp .     
6. hi = jH      
D  k   w 
Koreksi viskositas diabaikan karena tidak significant, maka didapat :

hi = 351,4287 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
 ID 
hio = hi  
 OD 
 0,902 
= 351,4287  
 1 
= 316,9887 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
B. Fluida panas (steam) : Shell Side

1. Flow area pada shell (as)
278
as =  ID x C" x B 
(144 Pt )
13,25 x 0,25 x 5
=
144 x 1,25
= 0,0920 ft2
2. Laju alir massa dalam shell, Gs
W
Gs = a
s
375,5180
= 0,0920
= 4081,101 lb / jam. ft2

3. Condensate loading per linier foot (G”)
W
G” =
L.Nt 2 / 3
375,5180
= 15 x 66 2 / 3
= 1,5329 lb/jam. ft
4. Bilangan Reynold, Res = D x Gs / µ
Pada Tc = 302 oF
Cp = 0,1904 Btu/lb.oF
k = 0,2194 Btu/lb.oF
μ = 0,0348 lb/ft . jam
1 1
 c.  3
 0,1904 x 0,0348  3
  =  
 k   0,2194 
= 0,3115
De = 0,55 inch = 0,0458 ft
GS D
Res= =

4081,101 x 0,0458
= 0,0348
= 5369,385
279
jH = 40 (Fig. 28 Kern)
5. Koefisien Perpindahan Panas, ho
Koreksi viskositas diabaikan karena tidak significant, maka diperoleh :
ho = jH . (k/D). (cμ/k)1/3 (Pers. 6.28 Kern)
40 x 0,2194 x 0,3115
= 0,0458
= 59,6581 Btu / jam ft2 oF

6. Clean Overall Coefficient, Uc
hio x ho
Uc =
hio  ho
316,9887 x 59,6581
= 316,9887 + 59,6581 (Pers. 6.38 Kern)
= 50,2087 Btu / jam ft2 oF
7. Dirt Factor, Rd
Uc UD 50,2087 - 25
Rd = = 50,2087 x 25
U c .U D
= 0,02
4) PRESSURE DROP
Tube Side
1. Untuk NRe = 28575,93
Factor friksi = 0,0002 (Fig 26, Kern)
s = 0,4685
Фt = 0,3401
f Gt 2 Ln
2. ΔPt =
x D e s t
0,0002 x 136970,8 2 x 15 x 2
=
5,22 x 1010 x 0,0458 x 0,4685 x 0,3401
= 0,2953 psi
280
3. V2 / 2g = 0,07
ΔPr = ( 4n / s ) ( V2 / 2g )
4 x 2 x 0,07
= 0,4685
= 1,1953 psi
4. ΔPT = ΔPt + ΔPr
= 0,2953 + 1,1953
= 1,4905 psi
Shell Side
1. Faktor Friksi
Re = 5369,385
f = 0,0023 (Fig 29, Kern)
2. Number of cross, (N + 1)
N+1 = 12 L / B (Pers. 7.43 Kern)
= (12 x 15)/ 5 = 36
Ds = ID / 12
= 13,25 / 12
= 1,1042 ft
s = 0,94
2
f G s D f ( N  1)
ΔPs =
x De S  s
0,0023 x 4081,1012 x 1,1042 x 36

=
5,22 x 1010 x 0,0458 x 0,94
= 0,000677 psi
SUMMARY
hio = 316,9887 houtside = ho = 59,6581
281
Uc = 50,2087 Btu/jam ft2 oF

UD = 25 Btu/jam ft2 oF
Rd calculated = 0,02

PREHEATER – 02 (PH-02)
Fungsi : Memanaskan bahan baku metanol
Gambar :
Gland
Return bend Gland
Gland
Tee
Return Head
Gambar L.3.17. Preheater-02 (PH-02)

Wt = 36,0041 kg/jam = 79,3756 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 150 C = 302 F
o o
T2 = 150 C = 302 F
Fluida Dingin : Bahan baku methanol
W2 = 4480,9052 kg/jam = 9878,6932 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 110 C = 230 F
282
o o
t2 = 125 C = 266 F

Q = 18354,9646 kkal/hr = 72838,3915 Btu/hr
2) Menghitung ΔT

2 302 Temperatur Rendah 230 72
3 Selisih 27
ΔT2 ΔT1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(ΔT2 /ΔT1 )
45 - 72
=
ln(45/ 72)
= 57,511 oF
3) Ta dan ta
Ta = ½ (302 + 302) = 302 oF
ta = ½ (257 + 230) = 244 oF
Dari table 8, Kern, UD
Trial UD : Steam – gases (5 – 50 Btu / jam ft2 oF)
e) Asumsi UD = 40 Btu / jam ft2 oF
Q
A =
(U D .T )
283
72838,3915 Btu/hr
=
( 40 Btu / jam.ft 2 .o F × 57,511 o F)
= 31,6628 ft2
f) Karena A< 200 ft2, maka dipilih HE dengan jenis Double Pipe Heat

1 4 IPS 3
2 40 SN 40
3 4,026 in IDp 3,068 in
4 4,500 in ODp 3,500 in
5 1,178 ft2 a’ 0,917 ft2

a) Flow area, aa
D2 = 4,026 in = 0,3355 ft
D1 = 3,500 in = 0,2917 ft
 ( D2 2  D1 2 )
aa =
4
2 2
= 3,14(0,3355 - 0,2917 )
4
= 0,0216 ft2
2 2
D  D1
De = 2
D1
0,3355 2 - 0,2917 2
=
0,2917
= 0,0943 ft
Ga = W / aa
284
79,3756 lb / jam
= 0,0216 ft 2
= 3678,1536 lb / jam ft2

o
Pada Tc = 302 F
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,0943 ft × 3678,1536 lb / ft 2 hr
= 0,03484 lb / ft. jam
= 9,952.103
d) jH = 40
o
e) Pada Tc = 302 F = 150 oC …(Fig 24, Kern)
k = 0,0208 lb/ft hr …(Tabel 5, Kern)
Cp = 0,4597 Btu / lb oF …(Fig 4, Kern)
Perhitungan Cp :
a b.102 c. 105 d. 109
33,46 0,668 0,7604 -3,593
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp = 33,46 + 0,668.10- 2 × 150 + 0,7604.10- 5 × 150 2 + - 3,593.10- 9 × 1503
Cp = 34,623 J / mol.o C = 1,9233 J/g.oC = 0,4597 Btu / lb oF

Perhitungan nilai konduktivitas termal, k :
10,4 th edition )
10,4
k = 0,0144cp (1,9233 J/g.oC + ( 18 g / mol)
k = 0,036 W/m.oC = 0,0208 lb/ft hr
k c . μ )1 / 3 ( μ 0,14
ho = jH D ( k μw )
e
285
0,0208lb/ft hr 0,4597Btu / lb oF . 0,03484 lb/ft jam 1 / 3

= 40 ×
0,0943 ft
(
0,036lb/ft hr
)
= 8,1016 Btu/hr.ft2.oF

a) Flow area, ap
Dp = 3,068 in = 0,2557 ft
 ID p 2
ap =
4
2 2
= 3,14 / 0,2557 ft
4
= 0,0513 ft2

W
Gp = a
p
9878,6932 lb / jam
=
0,0513 ft 2
= 192522,5595 lb / jam ft2

c) Bilangan Reynold, Rep

o
Pada tc = 244 F
μ = 0,3910 lb/ft. jam
G p ID p
Rep =

192522,5595 lb / jam ft2 × 0,2557 ft
= 0,0331 lb/ft. jam
= 1485126,3208
286
d) hi = 1500 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
hi × D p
….(Kern hal.164)
1500 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF × 0,2557 ft
= 0,2917 ft
= 1314,8571 Btu/hr.ft2.oF

h io x h o
Uc =
h io + h o
1314,8571 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF x 8,1016 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 1314,8571 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF + 8,1016 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 8,0520 Btu / jam ft2 oF

1 / UD = 1 / U c + Rd
Rd = 0,002
1
1/UD = 8,0520 Btu / jam ft2 oF
+ 0,002
Q
A = U x T
D
72838,3915 Btu/hr
=
7,9244 Btu / jam ft2 o F x 57,511 o F
= 159,8254 ft2
287
L = A / a”
159,8254 ft2
L = 0,917 ft
= 174,2917 ft
174,2917 ft

Q
Ud = A .T
act
72838,3915 Btu/hr
=
176,064 ft 2 × 57,511 oF
= 7,1935 Btu / hr. ft2 oF

UD Ud
Rd =
UD Ud
= 0,013 hr ft2 oF
6) Pressure Drop
a) Annulus : Fluida Panas
1) De’ = (D2 – D1)
= (0,3355 – 0,2917) ft
= 0,0438 ft
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,0438 ft ×3678,1536lb / jam ft2
= 0,03484 lb/ft jam
288
= 4,628.103
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
(4,628.103 ) 0,42
= 0,0111
2
4. f .G a L
2) ΔFa =
2.g . 2 De
4 × 0,0111 × 3678,1536 lb / jam ft2 2 × 192 ft
=
2 × 4,18.108 ft / hr 2 × 59,6470 lb/ft3 2× 0,0438 ft
= 0,00089 ft
3) Va = Ga / 3600 . ρ …(hal 115 Kern)

3678,1536 lb /det ft2
= 3600 × 59,6470 lb/ft3
= 0,017 ft/det
V2
2. g
0,017 ft/det 2
=8
2 × 32,2 ft / det 2
= 0,00003645 ft
(ΔFa + FL ).ρ
144
(0,00089 ft + 0,00003645 ft ).59,6470 lb/ft3
=
144
= 0,000382 psi
b) Inner Pipe : Fluida Panas

1) Rep = 1485126,321
289
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
1485126,3210,42
= 0,004175
Pada t = 117,5 oF, ρ = 58,57 lb/ft3
2
4. f .G p L
2) ΔFp =
2 . g . 2 .D
4 × 0,004175 × 192522,5595 lb / jam ft2 2 × 4512 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 × 58,57 lb/ft3 2 × 0,2557 ft
= 0,00373 ft
3) ΔP = ( ΔFp . ρ)/144
0,00373 ft × 58,57 lb/ft3
= 144
= 0,000625 psi
SUMMARY
hio = 1314,8571 houtside ho = 8,1016
UD = 7,9244 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
290
REAKTOR (R-01)
Fungsi : Tempat mereaksikan Metanol dan Asam Klorida untuk menghasilkan
Metil Klorida.
Tipe : Multi Tubular Fixed Bed Reactor
Operasi : Kontinyu
Gambar :
R-01
Gambar L.3.18. Reaktor-01 (R-01)

Kondisi Operasi :
 Tekanan, P = 2,5 atm (US Patent 6.111.153)
291
 Temperatur, T = 125 oC (US Patent 6.111.153)

 Konversi HCl, X = 86 % (US Patent 6.111.153)
 Residence Time,  = 10 s (US Patent 5.196.618)
 Laju Alir Massa, W = 13765,2457 kg/jam = 3823,6794 gr/s
 Densitas,  pada 125 oC (398,15 K)
ρ dihitung dengan persamaan :
A
ρ   T D 
1  1   , di mana, ρ dalam kmol/m3 dan T dalam K
  C  
B
Dari Tabel 2-30 Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook diketahui :
Senyawa A B C D
CH3OH 2,288 0,2685 512,64 0,2453
HCl 3,342 0,2729 324,65 0,3217
H2O 5,459 0,30542 647,13 0,081
Senyawa m, kg n, mol Xi ρi, kg/m3

CH3OH 3898,3876 32 0,2832 677,8514
HCl 3678,2449 36,5 0,2652 446,9790
H2O 6278,2819 18 0,4516 964,4141
Total 13854,9144 1,0000

1 Xi

ρ campuran ρi
didapatkan ρcampuran = 746,0270 kg/m3 = 46,5743 lb/ft3

- Viskositas, 
Viskositas Campuran, campuran dihitung berdasarkan persamaan :
292
Data viskositas masing-masing senyawa didapatkan dari gambar 2-32 Perry’s

Chemical Engineers’ Handbook.
Senyawa m, kg Xi μi, cP
CH3OH 3898,3876 0,2832 0,0140
HCl 3678,2449 0,2652 0,0190
H2O 6278,2819 0,4516 0,0135
Total 13854,9144 1,0000
didapatkan campuran = 0,0151 cp = 1,51.10-5 kg/ms
- Reaksi :
CH3OH(g) + HCl(g) CH3Cl(g) + H2O (g)
CH3OH(g) CH3OCH3(g)
Data Katalis :

Nama Katalis = Zinc Chloride dengan support Karbon Aktif

Diameter Katalis, dp = 5 mm
Dari Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook diketahui range diameter katalis
untuk reaktor Multi Tubular Fixed Bed adalah 3 – 5 mm.

Porositas,  = 0,4

Densitas, c = 1732 kg/m3

Turtuosity,  = 3,0

Constriction Factor,  = 0,7
Volumetric Flowrate, qf
W
qf 
ρ
13765,2457 kg/jam
= 746,0270 kg/m3
= 18,4514 m3/jam
= 0,005125 m3/s
293
Konsentrasi Umpan
FAO = mol umpan HCl
3678,2449 kg/jam
= 36,5 kg/kmol
= 100,0202 kmol/jam
FAO 100,0202 kmol/jam

CAO = q = = 5,4207 kmol/m3
f 18,4514 m 3 /jam
FBO = mol umpan CH3OH

3898,3876 kg/jam
= 32 kg/kmol
= 121,8246 kmol/jam
FBO 121,8246 kmol/jam

CBO = q = = 6,6025 kmol/m3
f 18,4514 m 3 /jam
Konstanta Laju Reaksi, ko

Pada reaktor ini, terjadi reaksi fase gas dengan menggunakan katalis solid
berbentuk bola berpori. Katalis yang digunakan adalah ZnCl2 dengan support
Karbon Aktif. Dalam hal ini, Karbon Aktif berperan sebagai bola berpori. Reaksi
yang terjadi antar reaktan dengan bantuan katalis ZnCl 2 berlangsung di dalam
pori-pori Karbon Aktif ini. Tahapan yang terjadi untuk reaksi jenis ini adalah :
1. Difusi Eksternal Reaktan
2. Difusi Internal Reaktan
3. Adsorpsi reaktan A pada permukaan katalis
4. Reaksi pada permukaan katalis ( A B)
5. Desorbsi produk pada permukaan katalis
6. Difusi Internal produk
7. Difusi eksternal produk
r
Gambar katalis pellet dengan pori

Large pore
Large openings
Compressed
porous powder
Small pores
Single large catalyst pellet Model of pore structure

294
B A B
7 7 External diffusion
1
B
A
2 6 Internal diffusion
2 6
3 5
4
A-B
Catalytic surface
Tahapan Reaksi Gas Katalitik
Menghitung nilai Diffusivitas HCl dalam CH3OH

  
1/2

 T 3/2  1 
1  
  M HCl M CH 3OH  
 0,0018583   
D HCl CH 3OH 2  (Pers. 11-11, J.M. Smith)
 p t σ HCl CH 3OH Ω HCl CH 3OH 
 

 

dimana :
D HCl CH 3OH = Bulk Diffusivity, cm2/s
T = Temperatur, K
M HCl M CH 3OH = Berat molekul HCl dan CH3OH
295
Pt = Tekanan total, atm

σ HCl CH 3OH = Konstanta Lennard-Jones
Ω HCl CH 3OH = Integral Colision
Dari Tabel E.1 , Transport Phenomena- R.Byron Bird

Senyawa σ, Ǻ ε/k,K
HCl 4,374 378
CH3OH 3,585 507
σ HClCH3OH 
1
2

σ HCl  σ CH3OH  (Pers. 17.3-18, R. Byron
Bird)
1
σ HCl CH 3OH   4,374  3,585
2
σ HCl CH 3OH  3,9795
ε HCl CH OH
3
 (ε HCl ε CH 3OH )1/2 (Pers. 17.3-19, R. Byron
k
Bird)
ε HCl CH OH
3
 ( 378  507)1/2
k
ε HCl  CH 3 OH
 437,774
k
Pada temperatur 125 oC = 398,15 K
kT 398,15
= =
ε HCl CH OH 437,774 0,91
3
kT
Dari Tabel E.2 , Transport Phenomena - R.Byron Bird, untuk ε = 1,13
HCl  CH 3 OH
didapatkan harga Ω HCl  CH 3 OH = 1,517

Jadi,
296
1 1 1/2
( 398,15) 3/2 +
36,5 32
D HCl CH 3OH = 0,0018583
2,5 ( 3,9795) 2 1,517
D HCl CH 3OH = 0,0595 cm2/s
Luas permukaan terluar partikel solid per satuan volume gas, ac

6 1   
ac  (Fogler, Hal.766)
dp
61  0,4 
=
5.10 3
= 720 m2/m3
Menghitung Superficial Velocity, U

Untuk menghitung U, diperlukan data spesifikasi tube.
dk
 0,15 (JM Smith, hal. 571)
dT
dk 0,50 cm
dT = = = 3,33 cm = 1,3123 in
0,15 0,15
Dari Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook Bab 23 hal. 53 diketahui bahwa

diameter tube reaktor maximal untuk katalis dengan range diameter 3-5 mm
adalah 2 in.
Berikut adalah data spesifikasi tube IPS 2 in diambil dari Tabel. 11, Kern
IPS = 2 in
Sch. No. = 40
OD = 2,38 in = 0,0605 m
ID = 2,067 in = 0,0525 m
a” = 3,35 in2 = 0,0021 m2
Lt = 10 ft = 3,048 m
qo
U 
a"
297
0,005125 m 3 /s
U= = 2,3714 m/s
0,0021 m 2
Menghitung Faktor Perpindahan Massa (jD)

0,407
0,455  d p U 
jD   
  μ 
0,407
0,455 5 × 10 -3 × 2,215
jD =
0,4 1,51 x 10 -5
j D  0,0755
Menghitung Koefisien Transfer Massa Reaktan ke permukaan Katalis

2/3
jD G  ρ D 
kg    (Syarifuddin Ismail, hal. 181)
ρ  μ 
dimana :
kg = Koefisien Perpindahan Massa , cm/s
ρ = Densitas fluida, gr/cm3
G = Laju alir linear massa, gr/s
μ = Viskositas, poise
D = Diffusivitas Bulk katalis dalam fluida, cm2/s
2/3
0,0755 × 3823,6794 0,746 × 0,0595
kg = ( )
0,746 1,51 x 10 - 5
k g = 79356,3443 cm/s
kg = 793,563443 m/s
Menghitung Luas permukaan eksternal Katalis

6
S ext 
ρc d p
6
S ext =
1732 kg/m 5 x 10 - 3 m
3
S ext  0,6928 m2/kg

298
Menghitung Luas permukaan Internal Katalis

ac
S int  (Fogler, eq.11-55)
ρc
720 m -1
Sint =
1732 kg/m 3
S int  0,4157
dengan dp = 5 mm dan Rpori = 2,5 10-3 m

D AB  σ
De 
τ
0,0595 cm 2 /s × 0,4 × 3,9795

De =
10
D e  0,00947 cm2/s
Menghitung Laju reaksi spesifik

Nilai k dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan Arrhenius :
C Ao
- X A ) - ln ( 1 - X A ) )
1 1
τ= ( ln (
k C Ao C Bo
1-
C Bo
1 1 5,4207
10 = ( ln ( - 0,86 ) - ln ( 1 - 0,86) )
k 5,4207 6,6025
1-
6,6025
k = 0,904 m3/kmol.s
Modulus Thiele, s
0,5
 k S ext ρ C C AO 
Φ S2  R   (Fogler, Hal.750)
 De 
0,5
3 0,904 × 0,6928 ×1732×5, 4207
Φ S 2 = 2,5 × 10
0,000000947
Φ S2  168,7933
Menghitung Effectiveness Factor

299
3
η  Φ1cothΦ1  1 (Pers.12.32, Fogler)
Φ12
Karena nilai S2 besar (S2>20) maka,

3
η
Φ S2
3
η= η  0,0178
168,7933
Menghitung Koefisien Transfer Massa Pada permukaan katalis :

μ
v = ρ
1,51 x 10 - 5 kg/ms
=
746,0270 kg/m 3
= 2,02 x 10-8 m2/s

U dp
N RE  (Fogler, hal. 633)
1    v
2,3714 × 5 × 10 - 3
N RE =
( 1 - 0,4) 2,02 x 10 -8
N RE  976340,3498
Schmidst Number, Sc
v
Sc  (Fogler, hal. 633)
D AB
2,02 × 10 -8
Sc = = 0,0034
0,0595.10 - 4
Sh = NRe1/2 Sc1/3 (Pers.10-65, Fogler)

Sh = (976340,3498)1/2 (0,0034)1/3
Sh = 148,6107
1    D AB 
S h
ks  (Fogler, hal. 633)
  d p 

300
1 0,4 0,0595.10- 4
ks = 148,6107
0,4 5 × 10 -3
k s  0,265
1
ko 
1 1 1 1 (Syarifuddin Ismail, hal.187)
  
k g S ext k g Sint η k ads k s
Reaksi yang terjadi pada reaktor ini adalah reaksi gas katalitik. Katalis yang
digunakan berbentuk pellet. Dengan adanya penggunaan katalis pada reaksi ini,
kads akan menjadi sangat kecil. Dengan demikian, konstanta laju reaksi, global
rate, akan ditentukan oleh koefisien transfer massa k g dan ks. Jadi persamaan
diatas, direduksi menjadi :
1
ko 
1 1 1
 
k g S ext k g S int η k s
1
ko =
1 1 1
+ +
793,563443 × 0,6928 793,563443 × 0,4157 × 0,0178 0,265
k o  0,254
Menghitung Volume Tube Reaktor, VTR

Xf
VTR dX A
FAO
  r
Xi R
dimana :
VTR = Volume Tube Reaktor
FAO = Umpan Masuk
Xf = Konversi = 0,998
- rR = Laju reaksi
-rR = ko [(CA.CB) + (CA)]

di mana : CBo = CAo , XA + XB = 1
-rR = ko.[CAo(1 – XA).CBo(1 – XB) + CAo(1 – XA)]
301
-rR = ko [CAo(1 – XA).CAoXA + CAo(1 – XA)]

-rR = ko [CAo2 XA(1 – XA) + CAo(1 – XA)]
maka :
X
VTR f
dX A


FAO Xi k o C Ao 2 X A (1  X A )  C Ao (1 - X A ) 
FAo  f 
X
dX A
VTR   
k o C Ao  X i C Ao X A 1  X A   1  X A  
FAo  f 
X
dX A
k o C Ao  Xi C Ao X A  C Ao X A 2  1  X A 
VTR   
F X f dX A 
VTR  Ao  
 X i  C Ao X A   C Ao  1 X A  1
2
k o C Ao
F X f dX A 
VTR  Ao  
k o C Ao  Xi   C Ao X A - 1  X A  1 
FAo  f 
X
dX A
VTR   
k o C Ao  Xi  C Ao X A  1 1 - X A  
Untuk menyelesaikan integral di atas, digunakan penjabaran menjadi pecahan

parsial (faktor linear). integral di atas diubah ke persamaan berikut :
Xf X X
dX A f
A dX A f
B dX A
X  C Ao X A  1 1 - X A  X  C Ao X A  1 X 1 - X A 
 
i i i
A(1 – XA) + B(CAoXA + 1) = 1

A – AXA + BCAoXA + B = 1
(BCAo - A)XA + (A + B) = 1
dari persamaan di atas diketahui :
BCAo – A = 0
A+B=1
302
C Ao
didapatkan A =
1  C Ao
1
B = 1 C
Ao
Sehingga persamaan awal dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :
F Xf  C Ao  dX A  f  1  dX A 
X
VTR  Ao          

k o C Ao  X i  1  C Ao   C Ao X A  1  X i  1  C Ao  1 - X A  
FAo  C Ao  1   1  
 ln  C Ao X A  1 X f    ln 1 - X A  X f 
X X
VTR   
k o C Ao  1  C Ao  C Ao   1  C Ao  
i i
FAo  1   1  
 ln  C Ao X A  1 X f    ln 1 - X A  X f 
X X
VTR  
k o C Ao  1  C Ao   1  C Ao  
i i
100,0202 1 1
VTR = (( ) × ln [ ( 5,4207) ( 0,86) + 1] - ( ) × ln ( 1- 0,86) )
( 0,254) ( 5,4207) 1 + 5,4207 1 + 5,4207
VTR  1,31045 m3
Safety Factor 20% :

VTR = 1,2 x 1,31045 m3
VTR = 1,5725 m3
Menentukan Volume Katalis, Vk

Vk = (1-Ф) VTR
Vk = (1 – 0,4) 1,5725 m3
Vk = 0,9435 m3
Menentukan Berat Katalis, Wk
Wk = ρ k  Vk
Wk = 1732 kg/m3 x 0,9435 m3
Wk = 1634,1859 kg
Jumlah Tube, NT
303
Volume 1 buah Tube, VT

π
VT  ID 2 L
4
3,14
VT = ( 0,0525) 2 3,048
4
VT  0,0066 m3
VTR
NT 
VT
1,5725 m 3
NT =
0,0066 m 3
N T  238,43 ≈ 239 tube
Diameter Shell Reaktor, Ds

Tube disusun di dalam shell secara Triangular pitch dengan alasan :
1. Susunan Tube lebih kuat
2. Lebih mudah dibersihkan secara kimiawi
3. Koefisien perpindahan panas lebih baik
A
Pt
n
B C
OD 0,0605 m
Clearance, C’ =   0,03025 m
2 2
Jarak Antar Tube, PT
PT  OD  C'
PT  0,0605 + 0,03025
PT  0,09075 m
Luas Triangular Pitch, A

304
A
1
2

PT PT sin60 0 
A
1
2

0,09075 0,09075 sin 60 0 
A  0,00365 m2
Free Area, Af
π
Af = A -  OD  2
8
3,14
A f  0,00365   0,0605 2
8
A f  0,002213 m2
Total Free Volume, Vf

Vf = Af . NT . L
Vf = 0,002213 m2 x 239 x 3,048 m
Vf = 1,6098 m3
Volume Shell, Vs
Vs = Vf + VTR
Vs = 1,6098 + 1,5725
Vs = 3,1824 m3
Area Shell, As
Vs
As 
L
3,1824 m 3
As =
3,048 m
A s  1,0441 m2
Diameter Shell, Ds
305
0,5
 N  2  A  4 
Ds   T 
 π 
0,5
239 × 2 × 0,00365 × 4
Ds = ( )
3,14
Ds  1,4879 m
Tinggi Head Reaktor, Hs
Head Reaktor berbentuk ellipsoidal
Hs = 0,25 x Ds
Hs = 0,25 x 1,4879 m
Hs = 0,3720 m
Tinggi Reaktor Total, HR
HR = L + (2 x Hs)
HR = 3,048 m + 2 (0,3720 m)
HR = 3,7919 m
Volume Head Reaktor, VHR

π 3
VHR  2   Ds  
 24 
3,14
VHR = 2 ( 1,4879 ) 3
24
VHR = 0,8619 m 3
Volume Total Reaktor, VR

VR = VTR + VHR
VR = 1,5725 m3 + 0,8619 m3
VR = 2,4344 m3
Tebal Dinding Shell Reaktor, t
Pr
t C (Peters, Tabel4, Hal.537)
2 S E  0,6 P
Tekanan Operasi (P) = 2,5 atm = 36,74 psi

306
Diameter Shell (Ds) = 1,4879 m

Working Stress (S) = 18700 psi
Efisiensi Pengelasan = 0,85
Korosi yang diijinkan (C) = 0,003175 m
36,74 × 1,4879 × 0,5

t= + 0,003175
2 × 18700 × 0,85 - 0,6 × 36,74
= 0,004035 m
OD = Ds + 2 t = 1,4879 m + 2 x 0,004035 m
OD = 1,4959 m
Pressure Drop, P
dP G  1    1501    μ 
  3    1,75G  (Pers.4.22, Fogler)
dL ρ g c d p     dp 
dimana :
G adalah superficial mass velocity (kg/m2 s)
G=xu
G=
 qf 
ρ
 

 a"N T 
0,005125 m 3 /s
G= 746,0270 kg/m 3
0,0021 m 2 × 239
G = 7,42 kg/m2s
dP 7,42 1 - 0,4 150( 1 - 0,4) 1,51 x 10 - 5
= + 1,75 × 7,42
dL 746,0270 × 1 × 0,005 0,43 0,005
dP
 15,822 N/m3
dL
dimana,
Lo = 0
L = 3,048 m
∆P = 15,822 N/m3 (3,048 – 0)
∆P = 48,23 N/m3
307
∆P = 0,004823 atm
Pout = (2,5 – 0,004823) atm
Pout = 2,4952 atm
Summary
Tipe : Fixed Bed Multi Tubular

Tekanan : 2,5 atm
Temperatur : 125 oC
Diameter : 1,4879 m
REAKTOR (R-02)
Fungsi : Tempat mereaksikan Metanol dan Asam Klorida untuk menghasilkan
Metil Klorida.
Tipe : Multi Tubular Fixed Bed Reactor
Operasi : Kontinyu
Gambar :
308
R-01
Gambar L.3.19. Reaktor-02 (R-02)

Kondisi Operasi :
 Tekanan, P = 2,5 atm (US Patent 6.111.153)
 Temperatur, T = 125 oC (US Patent 6.111.153)
 Konversi HCl, X = 86 % (US Patent 6.111.153)
 Residence Time,  = 10 s (US Patent 5.196.618)
 Laju Alir Massa, W = 14347,7635 kg/jam = 3985,4898 gr/s
 Densitas,  pada 125 oC (398,15 K)
ρ dihitung dengan persamaan :
A
ρ   T D 
1  1   , di mana, ρ dalam kmol/m3 dan T dalam K
  C  
B
Dari Tabel 2-30 Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook diketahui :
Senyawa A B C D
CH3OH 2,288 0,2685 512,64 0,2453
HCl 3,342 0,2729 324,65 0,3217
H2O 5,459 0,30542 647,13 0,081
CH3Cl 1,817 0,25877 416,25 0,2883
CH3O CH3 1,5693 0,2679 400,1 0,2882
Senyawa m, kg n, mol Xi ρi, kg/m3
CH3OH 1669,8707 32 0,1164 677,8514
HCl 511,1033 36,5 0,0356 446,9790
H2O 7780,8805 18 0,5423 946,4141
CH3Cl 42,0314 50,5 0,0029 360,1479
CH3O CH3 4343,8776 46 0,3028 613,8388
Total 14347,7635 1,0000
309

1 Xi

ρ campuran ρi
didapatkan ρcampuran = 804,7210 kg/m3 = 50,2385 lb/ft3
- Viskositas, 
Data viskositas masing-masing senyawa didapatkan dari gambar 2-32 Perry’s
Chemical Engineers’ Handbook.
Senyawa m, kg Xi μi, cP
CH3OH 1669,8707 0,1164 0,0140
HCl 511,1033 0,0356 0,0190
H2O 7780,8805 0,5423 0,0135
CH3Cl 42,0314 0,0029 0,0140
CH3O CH3 4343,8776 0,3028 0,0126
Total 14347,7635 1,0000
didapatkan campuran = 0,0096
cp = 9,63.10-6 kg/ms
- Reaksi :
CH3OH(g) + HCl(g) CH3Cl(g) + H2O (g)
CH3OH(g) CH3OCH3(g)
Data Katalis :

Nama Katalis = Zinc Chloride dengan support Karbon Aktif
310

Diameter Katalis, dp = 5 mm
Dari Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook diketahui range diameter katalis
untuk reaktor Multi Tubular Fixed Bed adalah 3 – 5 mm.

Porositas,  = 0,4

Densitas, c = 1732 kg/m3

Turtuosity,  = 3,0

Constriction Factor,  = 0,7
Volumetric Flowrate, qf
W
qf 
ρ
14347,7635 kg/jam
= 804,7210 kg/m3
= 17,8295 m3/jam
= 0,00495 m3/s
Konsentrasi Umpan
FAO = mol umpan HCl
511,1033 kg/jam
= 36,5 kg/kmol
= 14,0028 kmol/jam
FAO 14,0028 kmol/jam

CAO = q = = 0,7854 kmol/m3
f 17,8295 m 3 /jam
FBO = mol umpan CH3OH

1669,8707 kg/jam
= 32 kg/kmol
= 52,1835 kmol/jam
FBO 52,1835 kmol/jam

CBO = q = = 2,9268 kmol/m3
f 17,8295 m 3 /jam
Konstanta Laju Reaksi, ko

311
Pada reaktor ini, terjadi reaksi fase gas dengan menggunakan katalis solid
berbentuk bola berpori. Katalis yang digunakan adalah ZnCl2 dengan support
Karbon Aktif. Dalam hal ini, Karbon Aktif berperan sebagai bola berpori. Reaksi
yang terjadi antar reaktan dengan bantuan katalis ZnCl 2 berlangsung di dalam
pori-pori Karbon Aktif ini. Tahapan yang terjadi untuk reaksi jenis ini adalah :
1. Difusi Eksternal Reaktan
2. Difusi Internal Reaktan
3. Adsorpsi reaktan A pada permukaan katalis
4. Reaksi pada permukaan katalis ( A B)
5. Desorbsi produk pada permukaan katalis
6. Difusi Internal produk
7. Difusi eksternal produk
Gambar katalis pellet dengan pori

Large pore
Large openings
Compressed
porous powder
Small pores
Single large catalyst pellet Model of pore structure

312
B A B
7 7 External diffusion
1
B
A
2 6 Internal diffusion
2 6
3 5
4
A-B
Catalytic surface
Tahapan Reaksi Gas Katalitik
Menghitung nilai Diffusivitas HCl dalam CH3OH

  
1/2

 T 3/2  1 
1  
  M HCl M CH 3OH  
 0,0018583   
D HCl CH 3OH 2  (Pers. 11-11, J.M. Smith)
 p t σ HCl CH 3OH Ω HCl CH 3OH 
 

 

dimana :
D HCl CH 3OH = Bulk Diffusivity, cm2/s
T = Temperatur, K
M HCl M CH 3OH = Berat molekul HCl dan CH3OH
Pt = Tekanan total, atm

σ HCl CH 3OH = Konstanta Lennard-Jones
Ω HCl CH 3OH = Integral Colision
Dari Tabel E.1 , Transport Phenomena- R.Byron Bird

Senyawa σ, Ǻ ε/k,K
HCl 4,374 378
CH3OH 3,585 507
σ HClCH3OH 
1
2

σ HCl  σ CH3OH  (Pers. 17.3-18, R. Byron
Bird)
313
1
σ HCl CH 3OH   4,374  3,585
2
σ HCl CH 3OH  3,9795
ε HCl CH OH
3
 (ε HCl ε CH 3OH )1/2 (Pers. 17.3-19, R. Byron
k
Bird)
ε HCl CH OH
3
 ( 378  507)1/2
k
ε HCl  CH
3 OH
 437,774
k
Pada temperatur 125 oC = 398,15 K
kT 398,15
= =
ε HCl CH OH 437,774 0,91
3
kT
Dari Tabel E.2 , Transport Phenomena - R.Byron Bird, untuk ε = 1,13
HCl  CH 3 OH
didapatkan harga Ω HCl  CH 3 OH = 1,517
Jadi,
1 1 1/2
( 398,15) 3/2 +
36,5 32
D HCl CH 3OH = 0,0018583
2,5 ( 3,9795) 2 1,517
D HCl CH 3OH = 0,0595 cm2/s
Luas permukaan terluar partikel solid per satuan volume gas, ac

6 1   
ac  (Fogler, Hal.766)
dp
314
61  0,4 
=
5.10 3
= 720 m2/m3
Menghitung Superficial Velocity, U

Untuk menghitung U, diperlukan data spesifikasi tube.
dk
 0,15 (JM Smith, hal. 571)
dT
dk 0,50 cm
dT = = = 3,33 cm = 1,3123 in
0,15 0,15
Dari Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook Bab 23 hal. 53 diketahui bahwa

diameter tube reaktor maximal untuk katalis dengan range diameter 3-5 mm
adalah 2 in.
Berikut adalah data spesifikasi tube IPS 2 in diambil dari Tabel. 11, Kern
IPS = 2 in
Sch. No. = 40
OD = 2,38 in = 0,0605 m
ID = 2,067 in = 0,0525 m
a” = 3,35 in2 = 0,0021 m2
Lt = 8 ft = 2,4384 m
qo
U 
a"
0,00495 m 3 /s
U= = 2,2915 m/s
0,0021 m 2
Menghitung Faktor Perpindahan Massa (jD)

0,407
0,455  d p U 
jD   
  μ 
- 0,407
0,455 5 × 10 - 3 × 2,2915
jD = ( )
0,4 9,63 x 10 - 6
315
j D  0,0637
Menghitung Koefisien Transfer Massa Reaktan ke permukaan Katalis

2/3
jD G  ρ D 
kg    (Syarifuddin Ismail, hal. 181)
ρ  μ 
dimana :
kg = Koefisien Perpindahan Massa , cm/s
ρ = Densitas fluida, gr/cm3
G = Laju alir linear massa, gr/s
μ = Viskositas, poise
D = Diffusivitas Bulk katalis dalam fluida, cm2/s
2/3
0,0637 × 3823,6794 0,804721× 0,0595
kg = ( )
0,804721 9,63 x 10 - 6
k g = 91925,89 cm/s
kg = 919,2589 m/s
Menghitung Luas permukaan eksternal Katalis

6
S ext 
ρc d p
6
S ext =
1732 kg/m 5 x 10 - 3 m
3
S ext  0,6928 m2/kg
Menghitung Luas permukaan Internal Katalis

ac
S int  (Fogler, eq.11-55)
ρc
720 m -1
Sint =
1732 kg/m 3
S int  0,4157
dengan dp = 5 mm dan Rpori = 2,5 10-3 m

316
D AB  σ
De 
τ
0,0595 cm 2 /s × 0,4 × 3,9795

De =
10
D e  0,00947 cm2/s
Menghitung Laju reaksi spesifik

Nilai k dihitung dengan menggunakan persamaan Arrhenius :
C Ao
- X A ) - ln ( 1 - X A ) )
1 1
τ= ( ln (
k C Ao C Bo
1-
C Bo
1 1 0,7854
10 = ( ln ( - 0,86 ) - ln ( 1 - 0,86) )
k 0,7854 2,9268
1-
2,9268
k = 0,0683 m3/kmol.s
Modulus Thiele, s
0,5
 k S ext ρ C C AO 
Φ S2  R   (Fogler, Hal.750)
 De 
0,5
-3 0,0683 × 0,6928 ×1732× 0,7854
Φ S 2 = 2,5 × 10
0,000000947
Φ S2  46,3976
Menghitung Effectiveness Factor

3
η  Φ1cothΦ1  1 (Pers.12.32, Fogler)
Φ12
Karena nilai S2 besar (S2>20) maka,

3
η
Φ S2
3
η= η  0,065
46,3976
317
Menghitung Koefisien Transfer Massa Pada permukaan katalis :

μ
v = ρ
9,63 x 10 - 6 kg/ms
=
804,7210 kg/m 3
= 1,2 x 10-8 m2/s

U dp
N RE  (Fogler, hal. 633)
1    v
2,2915 × 5 × 10 -3
N RE =
( 1 - 0,4) 1,2 x 10-8
N RE  1596170,988
Schmidst Number, Sc
v
Sc  (Fogler, hal. 633)
D AB
1,2 × 10 -8
Sc = = 0,002
0,0595.10 - 4
Sh = NRe1/2 Sc1/3 (Pers.10-65, Fogler)

Sh = (1596170,988)1/2 (0,002)1/3
Sh = 159,4654
1    D AB 
S h
ks  (Fogler, hal. 633)
  d p 

1 0,4 0,0595.10- 4
ks = 159,4654
0,4 5 × 10 - 3
k s  0,2846
1
ko 
1 1 1 1 (Syarifuddin Ismail, hal.187)
  
k g S ext k g Sint η k ads k s
318
Reaksi yang terjadi pada reaktor ini adalah reaksi gas katalitik. Katalis yang
digunakan berbentuk pellet. Dengan adanya penggunaan katalis pada reaksi ini,
kads akan menjadi sangat kecil. Dengan demikian, konstanta laju reaksi, global
rate, akan ditentukan oleh koefisien transfer massa k g dan ks. Jadi persamaan
diatas, direduksi menjadi :
1
ko 
1 1 1
 
k g S ext k g S int η k s
1
ko =
1 1 1
+ +
919,2589 × 0,6928 919,2589 × 0,4157 × 0,06465 0,2846
k o  0,281
Menghitung Volume Tube Reaktor, VTR

Xf
VTR dX A
FAO
  r
Xi R
dimana :
VTR = Volume Tube Reaktor
FAO = Umpan Masuk
Xf = Konversi = 0,998
- rR = Laju reaksi
-rR = ko [(CA.CB) + (CA)]

di mana : CBo = CAo , XA + XB = 1
-rR = ko.[CAo(1 – XA).CBo(1 – XB) + CAo(1 – XA)]
-rR = ko [CAo(1 – XA).CAoXA + CAo(1 – XA)]
-rR = ko [CAo2 XA(1 – XA) + CAo(1 – XA)]
maka :
X
VTR f
dX A
 2

FAO Xi k o C Ao X A (1  X A )  C Ao (1 - X A ) 
319
F X f dX A 
VTR  Ao  
k o C Ao  X i C Ao X A 1  X A   1  X A  
FAo  f 
X
dX A
VTR   
k o C Ao  Xi C Ao X A  C Ao X A 2  1  X A 
F X f dX A 
VTR  Ao  
 X i  C Ao X A   C Ao  1 X A  1
2
k o C Ao
FAo  f 
X
dX A
VTR   
k o C Ao  Xi   C Ao X A - 1  X A  1 
FAo  f 
X
dX A
VTR   
k o C Ao  Xi  C Ao X A  1 1 - X A  
Untuk menyelesaikan integral di atas, digunakan penjabaran menjadi pecahan

parsial (faktor linear). integral di atas diubah ke persamaan berikut :
Xf X X
dX A f
A dX A f
B dX A
X  C Ao X A  1 1 - X A  X  C Ao X A  1 X 1 - X A 
 
i i i
A(1 – XA) + B(CAoXA + 1) = 1

A – AXA + BCAoXA + B = 1
(BCAo - A)XA + (A + B) = 1
dari persamaan di atas diketahui :
BCAo – A = 0
A+B=1
C Ao
didapatkan A =
1  C Ao
1
B = 1 C
Ao
Sehingga persamaan awal dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :

320
FAo  f  C Ao   f  1  dX A 
X X
dX A
VTR           
k o C Ao  X i  1  C Ao   C Ao X A  1  Xi  1  C Ao   1 - X 
A  
FAo  C Ao  1   1  
 ln  C Ao X A  1 X f    ln 1 - X A  X f 
X X
VTR   
k o C Ao  1  C Ao  C Ao   1  C Ao  
i i
FAo  1   1  
 ln C Ao X A  1 X f    ln 1 - X A  X f 
X X
VTR  
k o C Ao  1  C Ao   1  C Ao  
i i
14,0028 1 1
VTR = (( ) × ln [ ( 0,7854) ( 0,86) + 1] - ( ) × ln ( 1 - 0,86) )
( 0,281) ( 0,7854) 1 + 0,7854 1 + 0,7854
VTR  0,6937 m3
Safety Factor 20% :

VTR = 1,2 x 0,6937 m3 = 0,6937 m3
Menentukan Volume Katalis, Vk

Vk = (1-Ф) VTR
Vk = (1 – 0,4) 0,6937 m3
Vk = 0,416 m3
Menentukan Berat Katalis, Wk
Wk = ρ k  Vk
Wk = 1732 kg/m3 x 0,416 m3
Wk = 720,9044 kg
Jumlah Tube, NT
Volume 1 buah Tube, VT
π
VT  ID 2 L
4
3,14
VT = ( 0,0525) 2 2,4384
4
VT  0,0053 m3
321
VTR
NT 
VT
1,5725 m 3
NT =
0,0053 m 3
N T  131,48 ≈ 132 tube
Diameter Shell Reaktor, Ds

Tube disusun di dalam shell secara Triangular pitch dengan alasan :
1. Susunan Tube lebih kuat
2. Lebih mudah dibersihkan secara kimiawi
3. Koefisien perpindahan panas lebih baik
A
Pt
n
B C
OD 0,0605 m
Clearance, C’ =   0,03025 m
2 2
Jarak Antar Tube, PT
PT  OD  C'
PT  0,0605 + 0,03025
PT  0,09075 m
Luas Triangular Pitch, A
A
1
2

PT PT sin60 0 
A
1
2

0,09075 0,09075 sin 60 0 
322
A  0,00365 m2
Free Area, Af
π
Af = A -  OD  2
8
3,14
A f  0,00365   0,0605 2
8
A f  0,002213 m2
Total Free Volume, Vf

Vf = Af . NT . L
Vf = 0,002213 m2 x 132 x 2,4384 m
Vf = 0,7084 m3
Volume Shell, Vs
Vs = Vf + VTR
Vs = 0,7084 + 0,6937
Vs = 1,4022 m3
Area Shell, As
Vs
As 
L
1,4022 m 3
As =
2,4384 m
A s  0,5750 m2
Diameter Shell, Ds
0,5
 N  2  A  4 
Ds   T 
 π 
0,5
132 × 2 × 0,00365 × 4
Ds = ( )
3,14
323
Ds  1,1049 m
Tinggi Head Reaktor, Hs
Head Reaktor berbentuk ellipsoidal
Hs = 0,25 x Ds
Hs = 0,25 x 1,1049 m
Hs = 0,2762 m
Tinggi Reaktor Total, HR
HR = L + (2 x Hs)
HR = 2,4384 m + 2 (0,2762 m)
HR = 2,9908 m
Volume Head Reaktor, VHR

π 3
VHR  2   Ds  
 24 
3,14
VHR = 2 ( 1,1049 ) 3
24
VHR = 0,3529 m 3
Volume Total Reaktor, VR

VR = VTR + VHR
VR = 0,6937m3 + 0,3529 m3
VR = 1,0466 m3
Tebal Dinding Shell Reaktor, t
Pr
t C (Peters, Tabel4, Hal.537)
2 S E  0,6 P
Tekanan Operasi (P) = 2,5 atm = 36,74 psi

Diameter Shell (Ds) = 1,1049 m
Working Stress (S) = 18700 psi
Efisiensi Pengelasan = 0,85
Korosi yang diijinkan (C) = 0,003175 m
324
36,74 × 1,1049 × 0,5

t= + 0,003175
2 × 18700 × 0,85 - 0,6 × 36,74
= 0,0038 m
OD = Ds + 2 t = 1,1049 m + 2 x 0,0038 m
OD = 1,1125 m
Pressure Drop, P
dP G  1    1501    μ 
  3    1,75G  (Pers.4.22, Fogler)
dL ρ g c d p     dp 
dimana :
G adalah superficial mass velocity (kg/m2 s)
G=xu
G=
 qf 
ρ
 

 a"N T 
0,00495 m3/s
G= 804,7210 kg/m3
0,0021 m 2 × 132
G = 14,0254 kg/m2s
dP 14,0254 1 - 0,4 150( 1 - 0,4) 9,63 x 10 -5
= + 1,75 × 14,0254
dL 804,7210 × 1 × 0,005 0,4 3 0,005
dP
 51,6961 N/m3
dL
dimana,
Lo = 0
L = 2,4384 m
∆P = 51,6961 N/m3 (2,4384 – 0)
∆P = 126,06 N/m3
∆P = 0,012606 atm
Pout = (2,5 – 0,012606) atm
Pout = 2,4874 atm
Summary
325
Tipe : Fixed Bed Multi Tubular

Tekanan : 2,5 atm
Temperatur : 125 oC
Diameter : 1,1049 m
STRIPPER-01 (ST-01)
Fungsi : Memisahkan HCl dari campuran produk keluaran bottom Absorber-01
Tipe : Packed Tower
Jumlah : 1 buah
Gambar :
ST-01
Gambar L.3.20. Stripper-01 (ST-01)

Kondisi Operasi :
- Tekanan = 1,5 atm
- Temperatur = 75 oC
Gas Masuk
- Laju alir massa, G1 = 502,1258 kg/jam = 0,1395 kg/s
- Viskositas Gas, G = 0,0153 cp = 1,53 x 10-5 kg/ms
- Densitas Gas, G = 2,3409 kg/m3 = 0,1461 lb/ft3
326
- Diffusivitas Gas, DG = 3,85 x 10-5 m2/s

- BMAVG = 18,015 kg/kmol
Liquid Masuk
- Laju alir massa, L = 21.230,617 kg/jam = 5,8974 kg/s
- ρ liquid = 1044,1549 kg/m3
- Viskositas Liquid, L
Viskositas masing-masing komponen dicari menggunakan gambar 2-32
Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook.
Senyawa m,kg Xi μ, cP mol

HCl 70,8807 0,0049 1,1 1,98
MeOH 1277,6300 0,0900 0,32 40,7572
H2O 19882,100 0,5573 0,4 448,6493
Jumlah 21230,62 1 491,3865
didapatkan campuran = 0,2572 cp = 2,57 x 10-4 kg/m.s

- Diffusivitas Liquid, DL = 2,89 x 10-10 m2/s
- BMAVG = 19,2356 kg/kmol
Dari Tabel 6.4 Mass-Transfer Operations-Robert E Treyball dipilih :

- Jenis Packing = Ceramic Raschig Ring
- Nominal size = 2 in = 50 mm
Dari Tabel 6.3, 6.4 dan 6.5 didapatkan :

Wall Thickness = 6 mm
Cf = 65
CD = 135,6
 = 0,74
ap = 92 m2/m3
327
m = 34,03
n =0
p = 0,362
ds = 0,0725
1. Menentukan Diameter tower, Dt
Lihat Grafik 6.34 Mass-Transfer Operations-Robert E Treyball
0,5
L'  ρG 
  (Treyball, hlmn 195)
G'  ρL  ρG 
0,5
21.230,617 kg/jam  2,3409 kg/m 3 
=  
502,1258 kg/jam  1044,1549 kg/m 3  2,3409 kg/m 3 
= 2,0042
0,5
L'  ρG 
Dengan menarik garis lurus nilai '   = 2,0042 ke garis pressure drop
G  ρL  ρG 
gas pada 200 (N/m2)/m, maka didapat ordinat = 0,00125
0,1
G 2 Cf μ L J
= 0,00125
ρG ρL  ρG gc
 0,00125 ρ G  ρ L  ρ G  g c 
0.5
G'   0,1  dimana, J = 1 dan gc = 1

 Cf μ L J 
0.5
 0,00125 x 2,34091044,1549  2,3409  1
G'   
 
65 x 2,57 x 10 - 4
0,1
1  
G’ = 0,3274 kg/m2s
Tower Cross Sectional Area, A
G 0,1395 kg/s
A  = 0,4260 m2
G' 0,3274 kg/m 2 s
Diameter Tower, Dt
0,5 0,5
4 A  4 x 0,4260 
Dt       0,7367 m
 π   3,14 
Jari-jari (r) = 0,3683 m

328
2. Menentukan Hold up
Untuk Liquid
μL
Sc L  (Treyball,hlmn 205)
ρL DL
2,57.10 4
Sc L 
1044,1549 x 2,89 x 10 -10
Sc L  852,326 m
Untuk Gas
μG
Sc G  (Treyball,hlmn 205)
ρG DG
1,53 x 10 -5
Sc G 
2,3409 x 3,85 x 10 -5
Sc G  0,1698
5,8974 kg/s
L’ = = 13,8427 kg/m2s
0,4260 m 2
Log L’ = 1,1412
Dari Tabel 6.5, untuk L < 0,012, maka :
 = 1,508 x ds0,376
= 1,508 (0,0725)0,376
= 0,5622
2,47  10 4
 LSW 
 d s  1, 21
2,47  10 4
 LSW 
 0,0725  1, 21
 LSW  0,0059
Φ LTW 
 2,09  10  737,5  L'
6 β
ds 2
329
Φ LTW 
 2,09  10  737,5  13,8427
6 0,5622
 0,0725 2
 LTW  0,0713
LOW = LTW - LSW

LOW = 0,0713 – 0,0059 = 0,0654
0,1737 0,262logL'
9,57 L'0,57 μ 0,13  σ 
H  
ρ L 0,84  2,024 L' 1  0,073 
0,43
H
975,7 13,8427 
0,57
 2,57  10  4 0,13
 0,0773 
 
0,1737 0,262log13,8427

1044,1549  0,84 2,024 13,8427 
0,43

 1  0,073 
H  0,0031
LO = LOW x H
LO = 0,0654 x 0,0031
LO = 0,0623
0,02
0,0486  μ L  σ 0,99
Φ LS  0,37
ds1,21ρ L
0,0486   2,57. 10  4    0,0773
0,02 0,99
Φ LS 
 0,0725 1,21 1044,1549 0,37
 LS  0,0059
Lt = LO + LS (Pers. 6.69, Treyball)

Lt = 0,0623 + 0,0059
Lt = 0,0682
3. Menentukan Interfacial Area
n
 808 G' 
aAW = m   L'p
0,5 
 ρG 
330
0
 808  0,3274 
aAW = 34,03  0,5
 13,8427 0,362
 2,3409 
aAW = 88,1017 m2/m3

Φ LO
aA = a AW (Pers. 6.73, Treyball)
Φ LOW
0,0623
aA = 88,1017 m2/m3 0,0654
aA = 83,8709 m2/m3
4. Operating Void Space dalam packing

ε = 0,74
ε LO  ε  Φ LT (Pers. 6.71, Treyball)
ε LO  0,74  0,0682
ε LO  0,6717
5. Koefisien Fase Gas, FG

0,36
FG S CG
2/3
 dsG ' 
 1,195  (Pers. 6.70, Treyball)
G  μ G 1  ε LO  
G' 0,3274
G  = 0,0182
BM 18,015
maka,
FG  0,1698
2/3 0,36
 0,0725  0,3274 
 1,195 
1,53 x 10 1  0,6717  
-5
0,1395
FG = 0,0061
6. Koefisien Fase Liquid, KL
0,45
K L ds  ds L'  0,5
 25,1  S CL
DL  μL  (Pers. 6.72, Treyball)
0,45
K L 0,0725  0,0725  13,8427 
10
 25,1 4   852,326 0,5
2,89  10  2,57 x 10 
331
KL = 1,207 x 10-4 kmol/m2s

ρL 1044,1549
C   54,2819
BM 19,2358
FL = KL x C = 1,207 x 10-4 kmol/m2s x 54,2819 = 0,0066

7. Koefisien Volumetrik
FG x aA = 0,0061 x 83,8709 = 0,5106 kmol/m3s
FL x aA = 0,0066 x 83,8709 = 0,5494 kmol/m3s
8. Tinggi Transfer Unit, Htol

G 0,0182
H tg    0,0356
FG  a A 0,5106
L' 13,8427
L   0,7196
BM AVG 19,2358
L 0,7196
H tl    1,3099
FL  a A 0,5494
Pada T = 75 oC, Tekanan parsial HCl = 117,3641 atm

P = 1,5 atm
P 117,3641
m   78,2428 atm
Pt 1,5
L H tg
H tol  H tl  (Pers. 8.54, Treyball)
mG
0,7196  0,0356
H tol  1,3099 
78,2428  0,0182
H tol  1,3279
9. Number of Transfer Unit, Ntol

L
A
mG
0,7196
A = 78,2428 x 0,0182
332
A = 0,5053
1/A = 1,9776
dimana :
y1 = 0
y2 = 0
x1 = 0,0348
x2 = 0,0349
x 1  y1 /m 0,0348  0/78,2428
  0,9977
x 2  y1 /m 0,0349  0/78,2428
Dari grafik 8.20, Mass Transfer Operations, Robert E treyball, didapatkan harga :
N tol  3,5
Tinggi Packing,z
Z = Htol x Ntol
Z = 1,3279 x 3,5
Z = 4,6476 m
10. Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop untuk packing yang terbasahi dengan tinggi (z) = 4,6476 m
P1 = P x Z
= 200 (N/m2)/m x 4,6476 m
= 929,5159 N/m2
ΔP2 G' 2
 CD
z ρG
ΔP2 0,3274 2
 135,6
4,6476 2,3409
ΔP2  28,8567 N/m2
Total Pressure Drop :

ΔP  ΔP1  ΔP2
ΔP  929,5159  28,8567
333
ΔP  958,3726 N/m2
ΔP  0,0095 atm
11. Tebal Dinding, t

P.r
t C (Tabel 4,hlmn 537, Peters)
S E  0,6P
Tekanan Design (P) = 1,5 atm = 22,044 psi

Jari-jari (r) = 0,3683 m
Working Stress yang diizinkan (S) = 18700 psi (Hlmn 538, Peters)
Korosi yang diizinkan (C) = 0,003175 m (Tabel 23.2, Peters)
Efisiensi Pengelasan (E) = 0,85 (Hlmn 638, Coulson)
26,46 . 0,3683
t  0,003175
18700  0,85  0,6  26,46
t = 0,0038 m
OD = 2 t + D
OD = 2 (0,0038) + 0,7367
OD = 0,7443 m
Summary
Tipe : Packed Tower

Tekanan : 1,5 atm
Temperatur : 75 oC
Diameter : 0,7367 m
Tinggi Packing : 4,6476 m
TANKI – 01
Fungsi : Menampung bahan baku larutan HCl
334
Bentuk : Silinder vertical dengan tutup ellipsoidal pada bagian atas

Bahan konstruksi : Carbon steel
Gambar :
Gambar L.3.21. Tanki-01 (T-01)

a. Data
Tekanan, P : 1 atm
Laju alir massa, W : 9866,8582 kg/jam
Densitas campuran , ρ : 1324,011 kg/m3

Lama persediaan : 7 hari
b. Kapasitas Tanki, Vt
Lajualir x 24 jam
Vt = x Lama persediaan
Densitas
9866,8582 kg / jam x 24 jam
Vt = x 7 hari
1324,011 kg / m 3
Vt = 1251,977 m3
Safety factor = 10 %
Kapasitas tanki (Vt) = (1+0,1) x 1251,977 m3
= 1377,175 m3
c. Diameter Tanki, D
 Volume total, Vt
Dimana, H = tinggi silinder = 3/2 D
335
Vt = ( π / 4 ) . D2 . H
= ( 3 / 8 )π . D3
1/ 3
 Vt 
D =   8 / 3 x
  
8 1377,175 1 / 3
D = x
3 3,14
D = 10,536 m
 Volume Elipsoidal head

Ve = ( π / D3 ) / 24
3,14 1
Ve = x
10,536 3 24
= 153,019 m3
 Volume silinder, Vs
Vt = Ve + Vs
Vs = Vt – Ve
Vs = 1377,175 – 153,019 m3
Vs = 1224,155 m3
d. Tinggi tanki total, Ht

 Tinggi Silinder
H =3/2D
= 3 / 2 x 10,536 m
= 15,804 m
 Tinggi Elipsoidal, h
h =¼xD
h = ¼ x 10,536 m
h = 2,634 m
336
 Tinggi tanki total, Ht

Ht =H+h
= 15,804 + 2,634 m
= 18,438 m
e. Tebal dinding tanki, t

P xR
t = S x E  0,6 x P  C
Dimana :
P = Tekanan design =1 atm
R = Jari – jari kolom = 5,268 m
S = Working stress allowable = 1272,4551 atm
Ej = Welding joint efficiency = 0,85
C = Tebal korosi yang diijinkan = 0,003175 m
1 atm x 5,268 m
t = 1272,4551 + 0,003175 m
x 0,85 0,6 x 1 atm
t = 0,00805 m
t = 0,805 cm
Outside diameter (OD) = ID + 2 t

= 10,536 m + 2 . 0,00805 m
= 10,552 m
TANKI – 02 (T-02)
Fungsi : Menampung bahan baku larutan metanol
337
Gambar :

a. Data
Tekanan, P : 1 atm
Laju alir x 24 jam
Densitas
4480,9905 kg / jam x 24 jam
Vt = x 7 hari
851,611 kg / m 3
Vt = 883,963 m3
Kapasitas tanki (Vt) = ( 1 + 0,2 ) x 883,963 m3
= 1060,755 m3
Vt = ( π / 4 ) . D2 . H
= ( 3 / 8 )π . D3
338
1/ 3
 Vt 
D =   8 / 3 x
  
8 1060,755 1 / 3
D = x
3 3,14
D = 9,658 m

Ve = ( π / D3 ) / 24
3,14 1
Ve = x m3
(9,658 ) 3 24
Ve = 111,862 m3
Vt = Ve + Vs
Vs = Vt – Ve
Vs = 1060,755 – 111,862 m3
Vs = 942,894 m3

 Tinggi Silinder
H =3/2D
= 3 / 2 x 9,658 m
= 14,487 m
h =¼xD
h = ¼ x 9,658 m
h = 2,414 m

Ht =H+h
339
= 14,487 + 2,414 m
= 16,901 m

P xR
t = S x E  0,6 x P  C
Dimana :
1 atm x 4,829 m
t = 932,2297 x 0,5 0,6 x 1 atm + 0,003175
t = 0,00927 m
t = 0,927 cm

= 9,658 m + ( 2 x 0,00927) m
= 9,676 m
TANKI – 03 (T-03)
Fungsi : Menampung produk metil klorida
Bentuk : Spherical tank
Bahan konstruksi : Stainlees steel
Gambar :
340

a. Data
Tekanan, P : 10 atm
Lajualir x 24 jam
Densitas
5000,031 kg / jam x 24 jam
Vt = x 7 hari
975,903 kg / m 3
Vt = 860,747 m3
= 946,822 m3
Vt = ( π / 4 ) . D2 . H
= ( 3 / 8 )π . D3
341
1/ 3
 Vt 
D =   8 / 3 x
  
8 946,822 3
D = x
3 3,14
D = 9,299 m
Ve = ( π / D3 ) / 24
3,14 1
Ve = x
(9,299 ) 3 24
= 105,202 m3
Vt = Ve + Vs
Vs = Vt – Ve
Vs = 946,822– 105,202 m3
Vs = 841,619 m3

 Tinggi Silinder
H =3/2D
= 3 / 2 x 9,299 m
= 13,948 m
h =¼xD
h = ¼ x 9,299 m
h = 2,325 m
Ht =H+h
342
= 13,948 + 2,325 m
= 16,273 m

P xR
t = S x E  0,6 x P  C
Dimana :
1 atm x 4,649 m
t = 1272,4551 x 0,5 0,6 x 1 atm + 0,003175 m
t = 0,6912 m
t = 69,12 cm

= 9,299 m + ( 2 x 0,6912) m
= 10,681 m
TANKI – 04(T-04)
Fungsi : Menampung H2O
Gambar :
343

a. Data
Tekanan, P : 1 atm
Lajualir x 24 jam
Densitas
108,897 kg / jam x 24 jam
Vt = x 7 hari
108,897 kg / m 3
Vt = 16,980 m3
= 18,678 m3
Vt = ( π / 4 ) . D2 . H
= ( 3 / 8 )π . D3
1/ 3
 Vt 
D =   8 / 3 x 
  
344
8 18,678 3
D = x
3 3,14
D = 2,513 m

Ve = ( π / D3 ) / 24
3,14 1
Ve = x
( 2,513 ) 3 24
= 2,075 m3
Vt = Ve + Vs
Vs = Vt – Ve
Vs = 18,678 – 2,075 m3
Vs = 16,603 m3

 Tinggi Silinder
H =3/2D
= 3 / 2 x 2,513 m
= 3,769 m
h =¼xD
h = ¼ x 2,513 m
h = 0,628 m
Ht =H+h
= 32,499 + 5,417 m
= 4,397 m
345

P xR
t = S x E  0,6 x P  C
Dimana :
1 atm x 1,256 m
t = 932,2297 x 0,5 0,6 x 1 atm + 0,003175 m
t = 0,00476 m
t = 0,476 cm

= 2,513 m + ( 2 x 0,00476) m
= 2,522 m
VAPORIZER – 01 (V-01)
Fungsi : Menguapkan bahan baku HCl sebelum diinput ke Reaktor-01
Type : Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Gambar :
346
Gambar L.3.25. Vaporizer-01 (V-01)

Wt = 8056,5700 kg/jam = 17761,68 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 150 C = 302 F
o o
T2 = 150 C = 302 F
Fluida Dingin : HCl

W2 = 12333,5727 kg/jam = 27190,84 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 52,93 C = 127,2764 F
o o
t2 = 110 C = 230 F

1) Beban panas V – 01
Q = 4066578,1444 kkal/hr = 16137487,4487 Btu/hr
2) Menghitung ΔT

3 Selisih 102,72
347
ΔT2 - ΔT1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(ΔT2 /ΔT1 )
72 - 174,72
=
ln(72 /174,72)
= 116,006 oF
t 2  t1
S =
T1  t1
230  127,276
= 302  127,276
= 0,588
Ft = 0,71
∆t = LMTD x Ft
= 116,006 x 0,71
= 82,36
Ta = ½ (302 + 302) = 302 oF

ta = ½ (127,276 + 230) = 178,64 oF
Dari table 8, Kern, UD = 100 – 200 Btu/jam.ft2 oF

Trial UD : Steam & gas
Q
A =
(U D .T )
16137487,448 Btu / jam

=
(100 Btu / jam. ft 2 .o F  116,006 o F )
= 1959,37 ft2
348
b) Karena A > 200 ft2, maka dipilih HE dengan jenis Shell and Tube Heat
Exchanger, dengan spesifikasi sebagai berikut (dari table 11 Kern) :
Shell side
ID 13.25
baffle 5
Pitch 1.25
C' 0.25
Tube side
Nt 66 buah
L 15 ft
OD 1 in
a" 0.693 in2
pass 2
BWG 18 in
ID 0.902 in
B. Fluida Dingin
1. Flow area dalam tube (a’t) = 0,693 inch2 (Tabel 10. Kern)
Total flow area (at) = Nt x a’t / 144 x n
= 0,1588 ft3
2. Laju alir,
W 27190,84
Gt = = 0,1588 = 171213,5 lb/ hr. ft2
at

Dari fiq 2-32 ,Perry didapat : μHCl = 0,165 cP = 0,3992 lb/ft.hr
μH2O = 0,410 cP = 0,9919 lb/ft.hr
μH2O = 0,773 lb/ft.hr
Perhitungan kapasitas panas, Cp : T = 81,47 oC
349
Senyawa a b.102 c. 106 d. 109

HCl 29,13 -0,1341 0,9715 -4,335
H2O 75,4 - - -
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp( HCl) = 29,13 + - 0,1341.10- 2 × 81,47 + 0,9715 .10- 5 × 81,47 2 + - 4,335.10- 9 × 81,47 3
= 0,968 J/g.oC = 0,1904 Btu / lb oF

Cp(H2O) = 75,4 J/mol.oC = 4,4353 J/g.oC = 1,06 Btu / lb oF
Densitas :
ρH2O = 977,771 kg/m3 = 61,0420 lb/ft3 (tabel 2-28 Perry’s Chemical Engineer
Handbook)
ρH2O = 446,979 kg/m3 = 27,9048 lb/ft3 (tabel 2-30 Perry’s Chemical Engineer
Handbook)
ρ4
k = 3,56.10 - 5 × (Cp × ( MW)
1 / 3 )  ( pers Coulson 6 th edition )
(977,771 kg/m3) 4
k H 2 O = 3,56.10 -5 × (4,4353 J/g.oC × ( 18 )
1/ 3 )
= 0,585 W/m.oC = 0,338 lb/ft hr

(446,979 kg/m3) 4
k HCl = 3,56.10 - 5 × (0,968 J/g.oC × ( 36,5)
1/ 3 )
= 0,029 W/m.oC = 0,017 lb/ft hr

Cp Xi.Cpi k, Xi.ki
Senyawa m,kg Xi
Btu / lb oF Btu / lb oF lb/ft hr lb/ft hr
HCl 4563,4219 0,37 0,19044 0,0705 0,017 0,2132
H2O 7770,1508 0,63 1,060061 0,6678 0,338 0,0063
Jumlah 12333,5727 1,00 0,7383 0,2194
Cpcamp = 0,7383 Btu / lb oF
kcamp = 0,2194 lb/ft hr
3. Bilangan Reynold, Ret

o
Pada Tc = 178,6382 F
350
μ = 0,7726 lb/ft jam

De .G a
Ret =

0,902 x 171213,5
= 0,773
= 16658,07
15
4. Dengan L/D = 0,902 x 12
= 199,5565 , diperoleh
jH = 180 (Fig 24. Kern)
5. Pada tc = 178,6382 oF
Cp = 0,7383 Btu/lb. oF
k = 0,2194 Btu/ft. oF. jam
1 1
 c.  3
0,7383 x 0,773 3
  = = 1,375
 k  0,2194
1/ 3 0 ,14
 k   Cp .     
6. hi = jH      
D  k   w 
Koreksi viskositas diabaikan karena tidak significant, maka didapat :

hi = 722,4921 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
 ID 
hio = hi  
 OD 
 0,902 
= 722,4921  
 1 
= 651,6878 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
B. Fluida panas (steam) : Shell Side

1. Flow area pada shell (as)
as =  ID x C" x B 
(144 Pt )
13,25 x 0,25 x 5
=
144 x 1,25
351
= 0,0920 ft2
2. Laju alir massa dalam shell, Gs
W
Gs = a
s
17761,68
= 0,0920
= 193032,5 lb / jam. ft2

3. Condensate loading per linier foot (G”)
W
G” =
L.Nt 2 / 3
17761,68
= 15 x 66 2 / 3
= 72,5042 lb/jam. lin ft

4. Bilangan Reynold, Res = D x Gs / µ
Pada Tc = 302 oF
Cp = 0,1904 Btu/lb.oF
k = 0,2194 Btu/lb.oF
μ = 0,0348 lb/ft . jam
1 1
 c.  3
 0,1904 x 0,0348  3
  =  
 k   0,2194 
= 0,3115
De = 0,55 inch = 0,0458 ft
GS D
Res= =

193032,5 x 0,0458
= 0,0348
= 253967,3
jH = 90 (Fig. 28 Kern)
5. Koefisien Perpindahan Panas, ho
Koreksi viskositas diabaikan karena tidak significant, maka diperoleh :
352
ho = jH . (k/D). (cμ/k)1/3 (Pers. 6.28 Kern)

90 x 0,2194 x 0,3115
= 0,0458
= 134,2308 Btu / jam ft2 oF

6. Clean Overall Coefficient, Uc
hio x ho
Uc =
hio  ho
538,1105 x 134,2308
= 538,1105  134,2308 (Pers. 6.38 Kern)
= 107,432 Btu / jam ft2 oF
7. Dirt Factor, Rd
Uc UD 107,432  100
Rd = = 107,432 x 100
U c .U D
= 0,000692
4) PRESSURE DROP
Tube Side
1. Untuk NRe = 16658,07
Factor friksi = 0,00017 (Fig 26, Kern)
s = 0,4685
Фt = 0,3401
f Gt 2 Ln
2. ΔPt =
x D e s t
0,00017 x 171231,5 2 x 15 x 2
=
5,22 x 1010 x 0,4685 x 0,3401
= 0,3922 psi
3. V2 / 2g = 0,07
ΔPr = ( 4n / s ) ( V2 / 2g )
4 x 2 x 0,07
= 0,4685
353
= 1,1953 psi
4. ΔPT = ΔPt + ΔPr
= 0,3922 + 1,1953
= 1,5874 psi
Shell Side
1. Faktor Friksi
Re = 253967,3
f = 0,00115 (Fig 29, Kern)
2. Number of cross, (N + 1)
N+1 = 12 L / B (Pers. 7.43 Kern)
= (12 x 15)/ 5
= 36
Ds = ID / 12
= 13,25 / 12
= 1,1042 ft
s = 0,94
2
f G s D f ( N  1)
ΔPs =
x De S  s
0,00115 x 193032,5 2 x 1,1042 x 36

=
5,22 x 1010 x 0,0458 x 0,94
= 0,7574 psi
SUMMARY
hio = 538,1105 houtside = ho = 134,2308
UD = 100 Btu / jam ft2 oF
Rd calculated = 0,000692
354
Rd required = 0,002
VAPORIZER – 02 (V-02)
Fungsi : Menguapkan bahan baku metanol
Gambar :
Gland
Return bend Gland
Gland
Tee
Return Head
Gambar L.3.26. Vaporizer-02 (V-02)

Wt = 1620,9659 kg/jam = 3573,6139 lb/jam
o o
T1 = 150 C = 302 F
o o
T2 = 150 C = 302 F
Fluida Dingin : CH3OH

W2 = 5601,1315 kg/jam = 12348,3666 lb/jam
o o
t1 = 39,36 C = 102,85 F
o o
t2 = 110 C = 230 F
355

1) Beban panas V – 02
Q = 818187,4584 kkal/hr = 3246830,473 Btu/hr
2) Menghitung ΔT

3 Selisih 127,15
ΔT2 - ΔT1
LMTD (ΔT) =
ln(ΔT2 /ΔT1 )
72 - 199,15
=
ln(72 /199,15)
= 125,118 oF
Ta = ½ (302 + 302) = 302 oF

ta = ½ (102,85 + 230) = 166 oF
Dari table 8, Kern, UD
a) Trial UD : Steam & gas UD = 200 – 700 Btu / jam ft2 oF
b) Asumsi UD = 400 Btu / jam ft2 oF
Q
A =
(U D .T )
3246830,473 Btu / jam
=
(400 Btu / jam.ft 2 .o F × 125,118 o F)
356
= 103,8006 ft2
c) Karena A< 200 ft2, maka dipilih HE dengan jenis Double Pipe Heat

1 1 IPS 0,5
2 40 SN 40
3 1,049 in IDp 0,622 in
4 1,320 in ODp 0,84 in
5 0,344 ft2 a’ 0,304 ft2

a) Flow area, aa
D2 = 1,049 in = 0,0874 ft
D1 = 0,840 in = 0,0700 ft
 ( D2 2  D1 2 )
aa =
4
2 2
= 3,14(0,0874 - 0,0700 )
4
2
= 0,00215 ft
2 2
D  D1
De = 2
D1
0,0874 2 - 0,0700 2
=
0,0700
= 0,0392 ft
357

Ga = W / aa
3573,6139 lb / jam
= 0,00215 ft 2
= 1660436,3 lb / jam ft2

o
Pada Tc = 302 F
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,3692 ft × 1660436,3 lb / ft 2 hr
= 0,03484 lb / ft. jam
= 1,867.106
d) ho = 1500 Btu/hr.ft2.oF

a) Flow area, ap
Dp = 0,622 in = 0,0518 ft
 ID p 2
ap =
4
2 2
= 3,14 × 0,0518 ft
4
= 0,00021 ft2
W
Gp = a
p
12348,3666 lb / jam
=
0,00021 ft 2
= 5854928,3 lb / jam ft2

c) Perhitungan μ, Cp, k campuran
358
Perhitungan kapasitas panas, Cp : T = 74,68 oC

Senyawa a b.102 c. 106 d. 109
CH3OH 21,1523 7,092 2,507 -28,51
Cp = a + bT + cT 2 + dT 3
Cp(CH 3OH) = 21,1523 + 7,092.10- 2 × 74,68 + 2,507 .10- 5 × 74,68 2 + - 28,51.10-9 × 74,68 3
= 0,7281 J/g.oC = 0,1740 Btu / lb oF

10,4 th edition )
10,4
k (CH 3OH) = 0,117 (0,7281 J/g.oC + ( 32 g / mol)
= 0,0550 W/m.oC = 0,0318 lb/ft hr
d) Bilangan Reynold, Rep

o
Pada tc = 166 F
μ = 0,3910 lb/ft. jam
G p ID p
Rep =

5854928,3 lb / jam ft2 × 0,0518 ft
= 0,117 lb/ft. jam
= 1072193,3
hi = 1500 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
hi × D p
….(Kern hal.164)
1500 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF × 0,0518 ft
= 0,07 ft
359
= 1110,71 Btu/hr.ft2.oF

h io x h o
Uc =
h io + h o
1110,71 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF x 1500 Btu/hr.ft2 .oF
= 1110,71 Btu/hr.ft2.oF + 1500 Btu/hr.ft2.oF
= 638,166 Btu / jam ft2 oF

1 / UD = 1 / U c + Rd
Rd = 0,002
1
1/UD = 638,166 Btu / jam ft2 oF
+ 0,002
Q
A =
U D x T
3246830,473 Btu/hr
= = 92,564 ft2
280,35 Btu / jam ft2 o F x 125,118 o F
L = A / a”
92,564 ft2
L = 0,304 ft
= 304,49 ft
304,49 ft
Jumlah hairpin yang diperlukan = 24 ft = 13
360

Q
Ud = A .ΔT
act
3246830,473 Btu/hr
=
94,848 ft 2 × 125,118 oF
= 273,60 Btu / hr. ft2 oF

UD - Ud
Rd =
UD × Ud
= 0,0021 hr ft2 oF
5) Pressure Drop
a) Annulus : Fluida Panas
1) De’ = (D2 – D1)
= (0,30874 – 0,0700) ft
= 0,0174 ft
Rea = De . Ga / μ
0,0174 ft × 1660436,3 lb / jam ft2
= 0,03484 lb/ft jam
= 8,301.106
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
(8,301.10 6 ) 0,42
= 0,0044
361
4.f .G a 2 L
2) ΔFa =
2.g.ρ 2 D e
4 × 0,0044 × 1660436,3 lb / jam ft2 2 × 312 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 ft / hr 2 × 59,6470 lb/ft3 2× 0,0174 ft
= 2,90 ft
3) Va = Ga / 3600 . ρ …(hal 115 Kern)
1660436,3 lb /det ft2
= 3600 × 59,6470 lb/ft3
= 7,73 ft/det
V2
2. g
7,73 ft/det 2
= 13
2 × 32,2 ft / det 2
= 12,07 ft
( Fa  FL ).
144
(2,90 ft + 12,07 ft ).59,6470 lb/ft3
=
144
= 6,20 psi
b) Inner Pipe : Fluida dingin

1) Rep = 1072193,288
0,264
0,0035 +
f = 0,42
R ea
0,264
= 0,0035 +
1072193,288 0, 42
= 0,0043
Pada t = 166 oF, ρ = 74,68 lb/ft3

362
2
4. f .G p L
2) ΔFp =
2 . g . 2 .D
4 × 0,0043 × 5854928,3 lb / jam ft2 2 × 312 ft

=
2 × 4,18.108 × 46,39 lb/ft32 × 0,0174 ft
= 0,0087 ft
3) ΔP = ( ΔFp . ρ)/144
0,0087 ft × 46,39 lb/ft3
= 144
= 0,0028 psi
SUMMARY
hio = 1500 houtside ho = 1500
Uc = 638,166 Btu / hr ft2 oF
UD = 280,35 Btu / hr. ft2 oF
Rd calculated = 0,0021hr ft2 oF

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LAMPIRAN 3

PERHITUNGAN SPESIFIKASI PERALATAN

Gambar L.3.1. Absorber-01 (AB-01)

ρcampuran dihitung menggunakan rumus :

didapatkan ρGas = 1,247 kg/m3 = 0,078 lb/ft3

Senyawa m,kg Xi μi, cP n, mol

Viskositas campuran menggunakan rumus :

Dari Tabel 6.3, 6.4 dan 6.5 didapatkan :

1. Menentukan Diameter tower, Dt

G'   0,1  dimana, J = 1 dan gc = 1

LOW = LTW - LSW

995,467  0,84 2,024 1,1520,43

Lt = LO + LS (Pers. 6.69, Treyball)

3. Menentukan Interfacial Area

5. Koefisien Fase Gas, FG

6. Koefisien Fase Liquid, KL

FL = KL x C = 3,6 x 10-4 kmol/m2s x 55,3037 = 0,0199

Pada T = 580C, Tekanan parsial HCl = 3,52 atm

Number of Transfer Unit, Ntog

ΔP2  2997,7534 N/m2

Total Pressure Drop :

Tekanan Design (P) = 1,8 atm = 26,46 psi

Gambar L.3.2. Compressor-01 (CP-01)

Senyawa m, kg/jam BM Xi ρ, kg/m3 ρi. Xi BM . Xi

ρcamp = 772,2079 kg/m3 = 48,2088 lb/ft3

Senyawa m, kg/jam BM n, kmol Xi Cp, kkal/kmol.K Cpi. Xi

Cpcamp = 23,4619 kkal/kmol.K

5. Panas yang dihasilkan CP-01

6. Jumlah air pendingin yang dibutuhkan

Gambar L.3.3. Compressor-02 (CP-02)

Laju alir, W : 4480,9052 kg/jam = 164,6449 lb/min

= 26,2974 kkal/kmol.K - 1,985765 kkal/kmol.K

10. Tenaga yang dibutuhkan, P

11. Panas yang dihasilkan CP-02

12. Jumlah air pendingin yang dibutuhkan

Gambar L.3.4. Compressor-03 (CP-03)

CH2Cl 1.817 0.25877 416.25 0.2833

CH 3OCH 3  1,5693

Senyawa m, kg/jam BM Xi ρ,kg/m3 ρi. Xi BM . Xi

ρcamp = 149,0293642 kg/m3 = 9,303868 lb/ft3

Cpcamp = 19,5079 kkal/kmol.K

3. Temperatur keluaran gas kompressor, Tout

 21162,17 lbf/ft 2  19,7466 ft 2 /min   (10 / 1,8)1,1133-1 1,1133 - 1

5. Panas yang dihasilkan CP-03

Senyawa m, kg/jam BM mol, n ΔT.Cp Q, kkal/jam

6. Jumlah air pendingin yang dibutuhkan

437.7803 kkal / jam

Gambar L.3.5. Condenser-01 (CD-01)

Fluida Panas : campuran uap keluar top stripper

Perhitungan berdasarkan “Process Heat Transfer’, D Q. Kern.

No Fluida Panas Fluida Dingin Selisih

No Annulus Data Pipa Inner

4) Annulus : produk keluar reaktor

= 84685,984 lb / jam ft2

Dari fig 2-32, Perry Chemical Engineers Handbook

μ = 0,0144cp = 0,0348 lb/ft jam (fig.2-32, Perry)

Cp ( H 2 O) = 33,46 + 0,668.10- 2 × 49,98 + 0,7604.10-5 × 49,98 2 + - 3,593.10- 9 × 49,98 3

= 33,7904 J / mol.o C = 1,8772 J/g.oC = 0,4488 Btu / lb oF

= 29,1942 J / mol.o C = 0,7998 J/g.oC = 0,1912 Btu / lb oF

Perhitungan konduktivitas termal, k :

= 0,0260 W/m.oC = 0,0151 lb/ft hr

= 0,0163 W/m.oC = 0,0094 lb/ft hr

5) Inner Pipe : Fluida Dingin