Perlengkapan:
- Pengaduk Type Paddle dengan 2 blades
Kondisi Operasi:
- Temperatur (T) : 60oC
- Tekanan (P) : 1 atm = 14,7 Psia
- Fase : Solid-liquid
- Residence Time : 75 menit
- Densitas Campuran : 1.187,4613 Kg/m3 = 74,1332 lb/ft3
Direncanakan:
- Tutup atas : Berbentuk flat head
- Tutup bawah : Berbentuk standart head
- Bahan kontruksi : Stainless steel SA 240 Grade M Type 316
(Brownell & Young, 1959, App. D, item 4, hal 342)
- Jenis pengelasan : Double Welded (E= 0,80)
(Brownell & Young, 1959, Tabel 13.2, hal 254)
- Faktor korosi : 1/16 in (Brownell & Young, 1959)
- Volume Fluida : 80% dari Volume Bejana
- Allowed stress (f) : 18750 psi (Brownell & Young, 1959, App. D, item 4, hal 342)
- Bahan yang masuk : 7115,06 Kg/jam = 15688,697 lb/jam
= 90,5661 ft3
Vt = Vcampuran + VRuang K
Vt = 90,5661 ft3 + 20% Vt
Vt - 20% Vt = 90,5661 ft3
80% Vt = 90,5661 ft3
Vt = 113,208 ft3
= 195623 in3
Volume Shell
Berdasarkan tabel 4-27 Ulrich.198:248, dimana Hs/D< 2 dipilih, H = D
Direncanakan rasio Hs/ID adalah 1,5 sehingga :
𝜋
V1 (Shell) = 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑖 2 𝑥 𝑙𝑠 (Brownell and young, 1959)
𝜋
= 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑖 2 𝑥 1,5 𝑑𝑖
105,617 ft3
= 3,14
𝑥 (4,4763𝑓𝑡)2
4
105,617 ft3
= 15,73ft2
= 6,7145 ft
= 11602,698 in
Dimana:
ρ campuran = 74,1332 lb/ft3
H = Lls = 5,1588 ft
Maka dapat dihitung :
ρ (H−1)
P Hidrostatik = 144
74,1332 lb/ ft3 (6,7145 ft −1)
= 144
= 2,9419 psi
16,841psi 𝑥 41,2701 in
= + 0,0625
2 ((18750 psi x 0,80 )−(0,6 𝑥 16,841 psi))
= 0,0941 in
1,5058
= 𝑖𝑛
16
3
Diambil ts standart = 16 𝑖𝑛
= 0,1875 in
(Brownell & Young, 1959, Tabel 5.7, hal 89)
f. Standardisasi do:
do = di + 2 ts
Dimana:
di : Diameter internal = 53,7162 in
ts : Tebal shell = 0,1875 in
= 0,5113 in
8,1810
= 𝑖𝑛
16
3
Diambil tha standart = 16 𝑖𝑛
= 0,1875 in
(Brownell & Young, 1959, Tabel 5.7, hal 89)
r = 60 in
(Brownell & Young, 1959, Tabel 5.7, hal 89)
f : Allowable stress = 18750 psi
(Brownell & Young, 1959, App. D, item 4, hal 342)
E : Joint effisiency = 0,80
(Brownell & Young, 1959, Tabel 13.2, hal 254)
C : faktor korosi = 1/16 = 0,0625
= 0,1250 in
1,9994
= 𝑖𝑛
16
3
Diambil thb standart = 16 𝑖𝑛
= 0,1875 in
(Brownell & Young, 1959, Tabel 5.7, hal 89)
= 90,5661 ft3/jam
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝑉
τ =𝑣
113,208 𝑓𝑡 3
= 90,5661𝑓𝑡 3 /jam
= 1,25 jam
= 75 menit
Di = 0,5 x Dt
= 0,5 x 4,476 ft
= 2,484 ft
= 29,8125 in
b. Jarak Pengaduk dari Dasar Tangki (Zi)
Zi
= 0,5 (Brown, hal. 507)
𝐷𝑖
Dimana:
Di : Diameter pengaduk = 29,8125 in = 2,484 ft
Maka dapat dihitung:
Zi
= 0,5 (Brown, hal. 507)
𝐷𝑖
Zi = 0,5 x Di
= 0,5 x 2,484 ft
= 1,2422 ft
= 14,9063 in
Dimana:
Dt : Diameter internal mixer = 4,969 ft = 59,6250 in
Maka dapat dihitung:
L
= 0,6 (Geankoplis, 1993, ed. 3, hal. 141)
𝐷𝑡
L = 0,6 x Dt
= 0,6 x 4,969 ft
= 2,9813 ft
= 35,7750 in
d. Lebar Baffle Pengaduk (W)
W
= 0,10 (Brown, hal. 507)
𝐷𝑖
Dimana:
Di : Diameter pengaduk = 2,484 ft = 29,8125 in
Maka dapat dihitung:
W
= 0,10 (Brown, hal. 507)
𝐷𝑖
W = 0,10 x Di
= 0,10 x 2,2484 ft
= 0,2484 ft
= 2,9813 in
e. Tebal Baffle (J)
J
= 1/12 (Geankoplis, 1993, ed. 3, Tabel 3.4-1, hal. 144)
𝐷𝑡
Dimana:
Dt : Diameter internal mixer = 4,969 ft = 59,6250 in
Maka dapat dihitung:
J
= 1/12 (Geankoplis, 1993, ed. 3, Tabel 3.4-1, hal. 144)
𝐷𝑡
J = 1/12 x Dt
= 1/12 x 4,969 ft
= 0,3975 ft
= 4,770 in
= 2,01
= 2 buah
Dimana:
N : Kecepatan Putar Pengaduk (rpm)
WELH : Water Equivalent Liquid Height
Di : diameter pengaduk = 2,238 ft = 26,858 in
π = 3,14
𝜌 𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛 74,1332𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
Spesifik gravity ( ) = 62,2427 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 = 1,191
𝜌 𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 257,132 rpm
= 257 rpm
= 4,29 rps
j. Jenis aliran fluida menggunakan Bilangan Reynold (Nre)
𝜌 𝑁 𝑑𝑖 2
NRe = (Joshy, 1976, Pers. 14.2, hal 422)
𝜇
Dimana:
NRe : Bilangan Reynold
N : Kecepatan Putar Pengaduk = 257 rpm
ρ : Densitas Campuran = 74,1332 lb/ft3
µ : Viskositas Campuran = 2,217 cP = 0,089 lb/ft.menit
Di : Diameter Pengaduk = 2,484 ft
= 1315563,926
Dari Bilangan Reynold (NRe) yang didapat maka dapat diketahui bahwa jenis
aliran adalah aliran Turbulen karena NRe > 2100.
= 19.916,296 lbf.ft/s
= 36,2114 HP
= 27,0029 kW
Effisiensi electric motor pada Ulrich, 1984 hal. 87 adalah 89%, sehingga daya
pengaduk menjadi:
36,2114 hp
P = 89%
= 40,6870 HP
Diambil Pembulatan = 40 HP
= 29,828 kW
l. Momen Putar (Tc)
𝑃 𝑥 75 𝑥 60
Tc = (Joshy, 1976 Pers. 14.8, hal 426)
2 x π x N
Dimana:
Tc : Momen Putar (Kg.m)
P : Daya Pengaduk = 40 HP = 29,828 kW
N : Kecepatan Putar Pengaduk = 257 rpm = 4,49 rps
π : 3,14
Sehingga dapat dihitung momen putar (Tc)
𝑃 𝑥 75 𝑥 60
Tc = 2 x π x N
40 𝑥 75 𝑥 60
= 2 x 3,14 x 257
= 106,5517 Kg.m
m. Menentukan Panjang Poros
L = (H + 1) – Zi (Joshy, 1976)
Dimana:
L : Panjang poros (ft)
H : ls + ha = 6,7614 ft
l : Panjang poros diatas tangki = 1 ft
Zi : Jarak pengaduk dari dasar tangki = 1,1191 ft
Sehingga dapat dihitung
L = (H + 1) – Zi
= (6,7614 ft + 1) – 1,1191 ft
= 6,6423 ft
= 2,0259 m
Maka
Tm = 1,5 x Tc (Joshy, 1976, pers. 14.10, hal 427)
= 1,5 x 106,5517 Kg.m
= 159,8276 Kg/m
= 15982,762 Kg/cm
𝑇𝑚
Zp = (Joshy, 1976, pers. 14.9, hal 426)
𝑓𝑠
15.982,762 Kg/cm
=
550 Kg/cm2
= 29,0596 cm
= 1,7733 in
= 0,0450 m
= 148,0742 cm
d = 3√148,0742 cm
= 5,2905 cm
= 0,0529 m
= 2,0829 in
= 0,1736 ft
Dimana:
Me : Bending moment equivalent
1
Me = 2 [𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇𝑚2 ]
Dengan:
M = Fm x L (Joshy, 1976, Pers. 14.12, hal 427)
Tm
Fm = 0,75 (Joshy, 1976, Pers. 14.11, hal 427)
𝑥 𝑅𝑏
Dimana:
= 624,7577 Kg
1
Me = 2 [𝑀 + √𝑀2 + 𝑇𝑚2 ]
1
= 2 [1265,6998 + √(1265,6998 )2 + (159,8276 )2 ]
1
= 2 [1603421,5927 Kg. m]
= 801.710,7963 Kg.m
= 80.171.079,63 kg.cm
Dari hasil tersebut maka dapat dihitung tegangan yang disebabkan oleh bending
moment equivalent:
Me
F = 𝑑3
(Joshy, 1976)
𝜋
32
80.171.079,63 Kg.m
= (5,2905 cm)3
3,14 𝑥
32
= 5388,3850 Kg/cm2
Karena f > batasan elastisitas tegangan yaitu 5388,3850 Kg/cm2 > 2640 Kg/cm2 .
Maka diameter poros yang direncanakan tidak memenuhi, sehingga diameter sumbu perlu
diganti dengan diameter poros baru
d baru = 7 cm
Lalu diperoleh f baru pada diameter poros baru
Me
f baru = 𝑑3
𝜋
32
80.171.079,63 kg.cm
= (7 cm)3
3,14 𝑥
32
= 2326,1836 Kg/cm2
Karena f< batasan elastis tegangan yaitu 2326,1836 Kg/cm2 > 2640 Kg/cm2 , maka
diameter poros yang direncanakan memenuhi.
= 553,285485 𝑥 1,25
57,3138
= 12,0670 ft³
Diameter dalam jaket (IDj):
𝜋 (𝐼𝐷𝑗 2 − 𝑂𝐷𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 )ℎ
Volume NG = 4
3,14 (𝐼𝐷𝑗 2 − 𝑂𝐷𝑠^2) ℎ
12,0670 ft3 =
4
12,0670 ft3 = 5,2709 (𝐼𝐷𝑗 2 − 𝑂𝐷𝑠²)
IDj2 = 7,2894 ft
IDj = 87,427 in
Allowable stress(f) = 12.650 psia (Tabel 13.1, Brownell and Young, 1959)
Effesiensi pengelasan (E) = 0,8 (Tabel 13.2, Brownell and Young, 1959)
𝑃𝑖 𝑥𝐼𝐷𝑗
2(𝑓𝑥𝐸−0,6𝑃𝑖)
+C
tj =
(Walas.1990, tabel 18.3 hal 625)
Keterangan:
Pi = Tekanan design =17,642 psia
IDj = Diameter dalam jaket = 87,472 in
f = Allowable stress material jaket = 12.650 psia
E = Effesiensi pengelasan = 0,8
C = Faktor korosi = 0,125 in
𝑃𝑖 𝑥𝐼𝐷𝑗
2(𝑓𝑥𝐸−0,6𝑃𝑖)
+C
tj =
17,642 psia 𝑥 87,472 in
= 2(12650𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎 𝑥0,8−0,6𝑥 17,642 psia)
+0,125in
= 0,2013 in
Allowable stress(f) = 12.650 psia (Tabel 13.1, Brownell and Young, 1959)
Effesiensi pengelasan (E) = 0,8 (Tabel 13.2, Brownell and Young, 1959)
𝑃𝑖𝑥𝐼𝐷𝑗
Tbj = 2𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑥(𝑓𝑥𝐸−0,6𝑥𝑃𝑖)+C
= 0,2131
Diambi Standart = 5/16 in = 0,3125 in
m
Rate Volumetrik (Q) = ρ
2000,0457 lb/jam
= 1187,4613 Kg/m3
= 14,8317 ft3/jam
= 0,0041 ft3/s
Dari Petter & Timmerhaus Persamaan 14.2 hal. 498, didapatkan diameter dalam (di)
optimum:
di optimum = 3,9 x (Q)0,45 x (ρ)0,13
= 3,9 x (0,0041 ft3/s)0,45 x (1187,4613 Kg/m3)0,13
= 0,6232 ft
= 7,479 in
m
Rate Volumetrik (Q) = ρ
4713,9123 lb/jam
= 62,2427 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
= 75,7344 ft3//jam
= 0,0210 ft3/s
Dari Petter & Timmerhauss Persamaan 14.2 hal. 498, didapatkan diameter dalam (di)
optimum:
di optimum = 3,9 x (Q)0,45 x (ρ)0,13
= 3,9 x (0,0210 ft3/s)0,45 x (62,2427 lb/ft3)0,13
= 1,1739 ft
= 14,0871 in
= 26,4395 ft3//jam
= 0,073 ft3/s
Dari Petter & Timmerhauss Persamaan 14.2 hal. 498, didapatkan diameter dalam (di)
optimum:
di optimum = 3,9 x (Q)0,45 x (ρ)0,13
= 3,9 x (0,0073 ft3/s)0,45 x (74,1332 lb/ft3)0,13
= 1,5507 ft
= 18,6082 in
Dimensi Manhole
Ditetapkan:
- Lebar pintu Mnahole : 1/3 DO Shell
- Tinggi pintu manhole : 1/3 Tinggi Shell
Sehingga,
- Lebar pintu manhole : 1/3 x 54 in = 18 in
= 1,5 ft = 0,4572 m
- Tinggi pintu manhole : 1/3 x 81 in = 27 in
= 2,25 ft = 0,6858 m
4.5 Sambungan tutup dengan dinding mixer
Untuk mempermudah memperbaiki dan perawatan dari mixer, maka tutup bejana
dihubungkan dengan bagian shell secara sistem flange dan bolting.
1. Gasket
Bahan : flat metal jacketed, asbestos filled
(Brownell & Young, 1959, fig. 12.11, hal 228)
Gasket factor (stainless steels) = 3,75
(Brownell & Young, 1959, fig. 12.11, hal 228)
Minimum design seating stress = 9000 psi
(Brownell & Young, 1959, fig. 12.11, hal 228)
do y− pi . m
= √𝑦−𝑝𝑖 (𝑚+1)
𝑑𝑖
Dimana:
y : yeald stress = 9000 psi
m : gasket faktor = 3,75
p : internal design pressure = 17,642 psi
do : diameter luar gasket = do shell = 54 in
di : diameter dalam gasket
54 in
= 1,00006
𝑑𝑖
54 in
di = 1,00006
di = 54,088 in
Dimana:
do : diameter luar gasket = do shell = 54 in
di : diameter dalam gasket = 54,088 in
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
do−di
n = 2
54 in − 54,088 in
= 2
= 0,00151 in
0,0242
= in
16
1
Diambil = 16 in (standart)
= 0,0625 in
Dimana:
do : diameter luar gasket = do shell = 54 in
G : diameter rata-rata gasket = 54,151 in
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
G−do
tg = 2
54,151 in −54 in
= 2
= 0,030 in
0,4758
= in
16
1
Diambil = 16 in (standart)
= 0,0625 in
Maka:
n
bo =2
0,0625 in
= 2
= 0,031 in
Sehingga diperoleh bo < n, yaitu 0,031 in < 0,0625 in, maka
b = bo = 0,031 in
(Brownell and young, 1959, hal 229)
Dimana:
π : 3,14
G : diameter rata-rata gasket = 54,151 in
pi : internal design pressure = 17,642 psi
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
π 𝐺 2 pi
H = 4
3,14 x (54,151 in)2 x 17,642 psi
= 4
= 40609,067 lb
Karena Wm1 < Wm2, yaitu 41312,124 lb < 47821,806 lb, maka yang mengontrol
adalah Wm2
3. Bolting
Bahan : Stainless Steel SA 193 Grade B6 Type 416
(Brownell % Young, 1959, App. D, Item 4, hal 344)
Tensile strength minimum = 75000
(Brownell % Young, 1959, App. D, Item 4, hal 344)
Allowable stress bolt (fb) = 20000 psi
(Brownell % Young, 1959, App. D, Item 4, hal 344)
Type flange = Ring flange loose type
Dimana:
Am1 : Luas minimum bolting area (in2)
Wm1 : beban operasi total = 41312,124 lb
fb : Allowable stress bolt = 20000 psi
= 2,066 in2
Dimana:
Am1 : Luas minimum bolting area = 2,066 in2
Root area = 0,202 in2
Maka:
Am1
Jumlah bolting minimum = 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
2,066 𝑖𝑛2
= 0,202 𝑖𝑛2
= 10,23 buah
Diambil pembulatan = 10 buah
Dimana :
di : diameter internal shell = 53,7162 in
go = tebal shell = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in
R : minimum radial distance = 15/16 in = 0,9375 in
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
C = di + 2 (1,415 go + R)
= 53,7162 in + 2 ((1,415 x 0,1875 in) + 0,9375 in)
= 55,184 in
Cek Bolting
N x Bs
= (Brownell & Young, 1959, hal 243)
𝜋
Dimana:
Bolt spacing distance preferance (Bs) = 3 in
Actual No. of bolt (N) = 40
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
N x Bs
Cek Bolting = 𝜋
40 x 3 in
= 3,14
12 in
= 3,14
= 38,217 in
= 0,013 in
Diketahui bahwa lebar gasket minimal < lebar gasket hitung, yaitu 0,021 in < 0,0625
in, maka lebar gasket memenuhi.
c. Perhitungan moment
Untuk keadaan bolting up tanpa internal tekanan dengan pers. 12.94, hal. 243,
Brownell & Young.
Dimana:
Ab : Ab Actual = 2,02 in2
Am1 : Luas minimal bolting area = 2,066 in2
fb : Allowable stress bolt = 20000 psi
= 40856,062 lb
Dimana:
C : bolt circle diameter = 55,184 in
G : diameter rata-rata gasket = 54,151 in
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
C −G
hG = 2
55,184 in − 54,151 in
= 2
= 0,517 in
Moment (MD)
MD = hD x HD
(Brownell & Young, 1959, pers. 12.96, hal 242)
Dimana:
hD : Jarak radial bolt circle pada aksi = 0547 in
HD : Hidrostatik dan force pada area dalam flange = 40519,916 lb
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
MD = hD x HD
= 0,547 in x 40519,916 lb
= 22146,666 lb.in
Perbedaan antara gaya hidrostatik total dengan gaya hidrostatik dalam area
flange (HT)
HT = H – HD
(Brownell & Young, 1959, pers. 12.97, hal 242
Dimana:
H : Beban karena tekanan dalam = 40609,067 lb
HD : Hidrostatik dan force pada area dalam flange = 40519,916 lb
hD+hG
hT =
2
(Brownell & Young,1959 pers. 12.102, hal 242)
Dimana:
hD : Jarak radial bolt circle pada aksi = 0,547 in
hG : Tahanan radial circle = 0,517 in
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
0,547 in + 0,517 in
hT = 2
= 1,063 in
4. Flange
- Bahan : Stainlees Steel SA 240 Grade M Type 316
(Brownell & Young, 1959, App. D, item 4, hal 342)
- Tensile strength minimum = 75000
(Brownell & Young, 1959, App. D, item 4, hal 342)
- Allowable stress (f) = 18750
(Brownell & Young, 1959, App. D, item 4, hal 342)
- Type flange = Ring flange loose type
Dimana :
K : A/B
A : Diameter luar flange = 54,684 in
B : Diameter luar shell = 54 in
f : Stress yang diijinkan untuk bahan flange = 18750 psi
Mmax : Moment maksimum = 22604,827 lb.in
Maka:
A
K = 𝐵
54,684 𝑖𝑛
= 54 𝑖𝑛
= 1,05
Dengan harga K = 1,03 harga Y pada Brownell &Young, 1959, grafik 12.22, hal. 238
Y = 40
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
Y x M max
t = (18750 psi )0,5
𝑥 54 in
40 x 22604,827 lb.in 0,5
=( )
18750 𝑥 54
= 0,89150,5 in
= 0,9442 ft
= 728,672 lb
= 330,464 Kg
Dimana:
do : diameter luar mixer = 54 in = 4,508 ft
di : diameter dalam mixer = 53,716 in = 4,476 ft
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝑑𝑜 2
d = 𝑑𝑜 + ( 42 ) + 2𝑠𝑓 + 𝑖𝑐𝑟
3
78 in 2 9
= 54 in + ( ) + (2 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛) + (3 𝑥 16 in)
42
= 59,754 in
= 4,980 ft
𝜋
W flat head = 4 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑎 𝑥 𝜌
Dimana:
d : diameter tutup atas flat head = 59,754 in = 4,980 ft
tha : tebal tutup atas flat head = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in
ρ : densitas bahan konstruksi = 489 lb/ft3
π : 3,14
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝜋
W flat head = 4 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑎 𝑥 𝜌
3,14 0,1875 in
= 4
𝑥 (4,980 ft)2 𝑥 ( 𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑥 489 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
12
𝑓𝑡
= 148,721 lb
Mencari diameter dengan pers. 5.12, Brownell & Young, hal 88 (thb < 1 in)
𝑑𝑜 2
d = 𝑑𝑜 + ( 42 ) + 2𝑠𝑓 + 𝑖𝑐𝑟
3
Dimana:
do : diameter luar mixer = 54 in = 4,508 ft
di : diameter dalam mixer = 53,716 in = 4,476 ft
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝑑𝑜 2
d = 𝑑𝑜 + ( 42 ) + 2𝑠𝑓 + 𝑖𝑐𝑟
3
78 in 2 9
= 54 in + ( ) + (2 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑛) + (3 𝑥 16 in)
42
= 59,754 in
= 4,980 ft
𝜋
W flat head = 4 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑎 𝑥 𝜌
Dimana:
d : diameter tutup atas flat head = 59,754 in = 4,980 ft
tha : tebal tutup atas flat head = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in
ρ : densitas bahan konstruksi = 489 lb/ft3
π : 3,14
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝜋
W flat head = 4 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑡ℎ𝑎 𝑥 𝜌
3,14 0,1875 in
= 𝑥 (4,980 ft)2 𝑥 ( 𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑥 489 lb/𝑓𝑡 3
4 12
𝑓𝑡
= 148,721 lb
Jadi total berat tutup (Wd) = W flat head + W standart dished head
= 148,721 lb + 148,721 lb
= 297,442 lb
Dimana:
D : diameter poros pengaduk = 0,07 m = 0,2295 ft
L : panjang poros pengaduk = 2,0259 m = 6,6423 ft
π : 3,14
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝜋
V = 4 𝑥 𝐷2 𝑥 𝐿
3,14
= 𝑥 (0,2295 ft)2 𝑥 6,6423 ft
4
= 1,099 ft3
Wp =V x ρ
Dimana:
V : Volume poros pengaduk = 1,099 ft3
ρ : Densitas dari bahan konstruksi = 489 lb/ft3
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
Wp =V x ρ
= 1,099 ft3 x 489 lb/ft3
= 537,222 lb
e. Berat impeller
Mencari Volume total dari blades
𝐷𝑎
V =2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑊𝑏 𝑥 𝑡𝑏 (Brownell and young, 1959)
2
Dimana:
Da : diameter pengaduk = 2,2382 ft
Wb : lebar pengaduk = 0,2238 ft
tb : tebal pengaduk = 0,4476 ft
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝐷𝑎
V =2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑊𝑏 𝑥 𝑡𝑏
2
2,2382 ft
=2 𝑥 𝑥 0,2238 ft 𝑥 0,4476 ft
2
= 0,224 ft3
Wi =V x ρ
Dimana:
V : Volume total dari blades = 0,224 ft3
ρ : Densitas dari bahan konstruksi = 489 lb/ft3
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
Wi =V x ρ
= 0,224 ft3x 489 lb/ft3
= 242,758 lb
Beban terletak didalam ruangan sehingga beban tekanan angin tidak terkontrol,
sehingga berlaku rumus :
∑𝑊
P = 𝑛
12858,847 lb
= 4
= 3214,712 lb
= 9,420 ft
= 93,107 in
b. Trial ukuran I beam
Untuk trial ukuran I beam digunakan panduan pada App. G item 2, Brownel and
Young
Dimensi I beam pada trial = 24 in
Kedalaman beam (h) = 24 in
Lebar flange (b) = 8,048 in
Web thickness = 0,798 in
Tebal flange rata-rata = 1,102 in
Area section (A) = 35,13 in2 = 0,244 ft2
Berat per ft = 120 lb
= 5,524 in
1
y =2 𝑥 𝑏
1
= 2 𝑥 8,048 in
= 4,024 in
𝐼
Z = y
3010,8 𝑖𝑛4
= 4,024 in
= 748,211 in3
𝑃 𝑥 𝑎
Beban eksentrik = (Brownell and young, 1959, pers. 10.98)
Z
Dimana:
P : Beban tiap kolom = 3214,712 lb
a : Jarak center line kolom dengan center line shell = 5,524 in
Z = 748,211 in3
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝑃 𝑥 𝑎
Beban eksentrik = Z
3214,712 lb 𝑥 5,524 in
= 748,211 𝑖𝑛3
= 353,887 lb/in2
Sumbu 2-2
l : tinggi penyangga (leg) = 9,420 ft
= 93,107 in
r = 1,56 in
93,107 in
l/r : = 59,6842
1,56 in
= 5,524 in
1
y =2 𝑥 𝑏
1
= 2 𝑥 8,048 in
= 4,024 in
𝐼
Z = y
84,9 𝑖𝑛4
= 4,024 in
= 21,098 in3
𝑃 𝑥 𝑎
Beban eksentrik = (Brownell and young, 1959, pers. 10.98)
Z
Dimana:
P : Beban tiap kolom = 3214,712 lb
a : Jarak center line kolom dengan center line shell = 5,524 in
Z = 21,098 in3
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝑃 𝑥 𝑎
Beban eksentrik = Z
3214,712 lb 𝑥 5,524 in
= 21,098 𝑖𝑛3
= 1221,373 lb/in2
Karena beban eksentrik yang didapat oleh sumbu 2-2 > sumbu 1-1 yaitu 1221,373
lb/in2 > 353,887 lb/in2, maka dipilih I beam dengan sumbu 1-1.
c. Perancangan Lug
Jumlah baut pada setiap penyangga = 4 buah
Stress maksimum yang didapat setiap baut (f bolt) = 12000 psi
𝑃
P baut =n (Brownell and young, 1959, pers. 10.35)
Dimana:
P : Beban tiap kolom = 3214,712 lb
n : jumlah baut =4
= 803,678 lb
𝑃 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑡
A baut = f baut
803,678 lb
= 12000 psi
= 0,067 in2
Dari Brownell and Young tabel 10-4 hal. 188 didapatkan dimensi baut:
Ukuran baut = 5/8 in = 0,625 in
Jarak antar baut =1 1/2 = 1,5 in
Edge distance (E) = ¾ in
Nut dimension =1 1/16 = 1,0625 in
Jarak radial minimum = 15/16 = 1,3125 in
Radius fillet maximum = 5/16 in = 0,3125 in
= 0,531 in
𝑏
γ1 : konstanta dari tabel 10.6 B&Y = 𝑙
8,625 in
= 6 in
= 1,438
Diperoleh γ1 = 0,125
= 63,9871 lb x 10,4426 in
= 668,1935 lb.in
Dimana:
My : bending momen = 668,1935 lb.in
f : Stress maksimum yang didapat setiap baut = 12000 psi
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
6 𝑀𝑦
thp =√ 𝑓
6 𝑥 668,1935 lb.in
=√ 12000 psi
= 0,578 in
Diambil = 3/8 in (Ukuran standart)
= 0,375 in
= 12,7389 lb
Beban ditanggung oleh base plate = berat leg + berata tiap kolom
= 12,7389 lb + 3214,712 lb
= 3227,4509 lb
Dimana:
Abp : Luas base plate (in2)
Abp : Luas base plate (in2)
P : beban tiap kolom = 3214,712 lb
Fbp : Stress yang diterima (bearing capasity) dari beton = 600 lb/in2
= 5,3579 in2
p = 2m + 0,95 h
l = 2n + 0,8 b
Asumsi:
m = n
b : lebar flange = 8,048 in
h : kedalaman beam = 24 in
= 183,6250 in
Karena harga m < n yaitu 175,4442 in < 183,6250 in in, maka yang digunakan
adalah harga n.
Dimana:
F : bearing capasity (lb/in2)
P : beban tiap kolom = 3214,712 lb
A : Luas base plate baru (Abp baru) = 373,6876 in2
= 8,6027 lb/in2
Karena F < Fbp yaitu 8,6027 lb/in2< 600 lb/in2, maka dimensi yang dicoba
memenuhi.
d. Pondasi Tanah
Gaya yang bekerja pada pondasi dinggap sebagai gaya vertikal berat total kolom,
sedangkan bidang kerja dianggap bujur sangkar dengan perencanaan ukuran:
ρ beton = 140 lb/ft3
Luas tanah bagian atas pondasi (a) = Asumsi (Sisi = 20 in = 1,667 ft)
Maka a = 1,667 ft x 1,667 ft
= 2,778 ft2
Luas tanah bagian bawah pondasi (b) = Asumsi (Sisi = 25 in = 2,083 ft)
Maka b = 2,083 ft x 2,083 ft
= 4,340 ft2
1
1
Volume pondasi (V) = 𝑥 𝑡 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏) 𝑥 (𝑎 + 𝑏)2
3
1
1
= 𝑥 2,5 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 (2,778 𝑓𝑡 2 + 4,340 𝑓𝑡 2 ) 𝑥 (2,778 𝑓𝑡 2 + 4,340 𝑓𝑡 2 )2
3
= 15,826 ft3
e. Tekanan Tanah
Pondasi didirikan di atas semen dan gravel, dengan asumsi :
- Save bearing minimum = 5 ton/ft2
- Save bearing maximum = 10 ton/ft2
(tabel 12.2, hesse, hall. 327)
𝑃
Tegangan tanah karena beban (T) =𝐹
Dimana:
P : Wtotal = 2,6965 ton
F :b : Luas tanah bagian bawah = 4,340 ft2
Sehingga dapat dihitung:
𝑃
Tegangan tanah karena beban (T) =𝐹
1,1734 ton
= 4,340 𝑓𝑡 2
= 0,270 ton/ft2
Tegangan tanah karena beban (T) diatas merupakan harga untuk 1 penyangga. Jika
ditotal untuk semua penyangga maka didapatkan:
T = 4 x 0,270 ton/ft2
= 1,081 ton/ft2
Karena ketegangan tanah < 10 ton/ft2,maka pondasi yanng digunakan memenuhi.
Kesimpulan Rancangan:
1. Perhitungan Mixer
do = 54 in = 1,3716 m
di = 53,7162 in = 1,3643 m
icr = 3 1/4 in = 3,25 in = 0,082 m
r = 54 in = 1,3716 m
ts = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in = 0,0047 m
ls = 6,75 ft =81 in = 2,0547
tha = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in = 0,0047 m
thb = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in = 0,0047 m
ha =0
hb = 0,7552 ft = 9,0626 in = 0,2301
H mixer = 90,9626 ft = 7,5052 ft = 2,2891 m
Lls = 6,7145 ft = 11.602,698 in = 294,7085 m
Vliq dalam shell = 105,6168 ft3 = 182.505,76 in3
Pi (tekanan design) = 17,642 psi
τ (Waktu tinggal) = 1,25 jam = 75 menit
2. Perhitungan Pegaduk
Diameter (Di) = 2,238 ft = 26,858 in = 0,6821 m
Jarak dari dasar (Zi) = 1,1191 ft = 13,4290 in = 0,3410 m
Panjang daun (L) = 2,6858 ft = 32,2297 in = 0,8186 m
Lebar baffle (W) = 0,2238 ft = 2,6858 in = 0,068 m
Tebal baffle (J) = 0,3581 ft = 4,2973 in = 0,1091
Jumlah pengaduk (N) = 2 buah
Tebal Pengaduk (Tb) = 0,4476 ft = 5,3716 in = 0,1364 m
Lebar Pengaduk (Wb) = 0,5595 ft = 6,7145 in = 0,1705
Kecepatan putar (N) = 269,409 rpm = 269 rpm = 4,49 rps
Nre = 1.117.595,824 (turbulen)
Daya Pengaduk (P) = 40 HP = 29,828 kW
Momen Putar (Tc) = 106,5517 Kg.m
Panjang poros (l) = 6,6423 ft = 2,0259 in
Diameter poros (d) = 2,0829 in = 0,1736 cm =17,36 m
3. Perhitungan Noozle
Nozzle NaCl masuk mixer:
Diameter optimum = 0,6232 ft = 7,479 in
Pemilihan diameter nozzle didasarkan pada referensi :
Petter & Timmerhaus App. D, Tabel 15 didapatkan ukuran standart:
- Ukuran ppa nominal (NPS) = 8 in
- Schedule (NSC) = 40
- Diameter dalam (ID) = 8,625 in
- Diameter luar (OD) = 7,981 in
- Flow area per pipa = 50,0 in2
Berdasarkan hal. 221, Brownel & Young didapatkan dimensi flange:
- Ukuran pipa nominal (NPS) = 8 in
- Diameter luar flange (A) = 13 ½ in
- Tebal flange minimum (T) = 1 2/8 in
- Diameter luar bagian menonjol (R) = 10 5/8 in
- Diameter hub. pada dasar flange (E) = 9 11/16 in
- Diameter hub. pada titik pengelasan (K) = 8,63 in
- Panjang flange (L) = 4 in
- Standart diameter dalam pipa (B) = 7,98 in
- Jumlah lubang baut = 8 in
- Diameter lubang baut = 7/8 in
- Dimeter baut = 3/4 in
- Bolt circle = 11 3/4 in
Bolting
Luas minimal bolting area (Am1) = 2,066 in2
Bolt optimum dari tabel 10.4, hal. 188 Brownell & Young,
Ukuran baut = 5/8 in = 0,625 in
Root area = 0,202 in2
Bolt spacing distance preferance (Bs) = 3 in
Minimum radial distance (R) = 15/16 in = 0,9375 in
Edge distance (E) = 3/4 in = 0,75 in
go = tebal shell = 3/16 in = 0,1875 in
Minimum No. of bolt = 37,6
Actual No. of bolt (N) = 40
Jumlah bolting minimum = 10 buah
Bolting circle diameter (C) = 55,184 in
Dimeter Luar flange (A) = 56,684 in
Lebar gasket minimal (nmin) = 0,013 in
Perhitungan moment
Beban design (W) = 40856,062 lb
Tahanan radial circle (hG) = 0,517 in
Moment flange (Ma) = 21115,483 lb.in
Beban design saat operasi = 41312,124 lb
HD = 40519,916 lb
hD = 0,547 in
Moment (MD) = 22146,666 lb.in
HG = 703,057 lb
Moment flange (MG) = 363,358 lb.in
HT = 89,151 lb
hT = 1,063 in
Momen komponen (MT) = 94,802 lb.in
Moment total saat operasi (Mo) = 22604,827 lb.in
6. Perancangan Lug
Jumlah baut pada setiap penyangga = 4 buah
Dari Brownell and Young tabel 10-4 hal. 188 didapatkan dimensi baut:
Ukuran baut = 5/8 in = 0,625 in
Jarak antar baut = 1,5 in
Edge distance (E) = ¾ in
Nut dimension = 1,0625 in
Jarak radial minimum = 1,3125
Radius fillet maximum = 5/16 in = 0,3125 in
Pondasi Tanah
Luas tanah bagian atas pondasi (a) = 2,778 ft2
Luas tanah bagian bawah pondasi (b) = 4,340 ft2
Tinggi pondasi (t) = 30 in = 2,5 ft
Volume pondasi (V) = 15,826 ft3
Berat Pondasi (Wo) = 2215,587 lb
W total diterima tanah = 2587,392 lb = 1173,421 kg
= 1,1734 ton