PENCEGAHAN
KECELAKAAN KERJA
Oleh :
Nasrul Sjarief, SE. ME.
nsjarief@yahoo.com
PENDAHULUAN
PENGERTIAN PELAKSANAAN
KESELAMATAN DAN
KESEHATAN KERJA (K3)
Adalah :
• Segala kegiatan untuk menjamin dan melindungi
keselamatan dan kesehatan tenaga kerja melalui
upaya pencegahan kecelakaan kerja dan penyakit
akibat kerja; (PP 50/2012)
• mengendalikan atau meniadakan potensi bahaya
untuk mencapai tingkat risiko yang dapat diterima
dan sesuai dengan standard yang ditetapkan.
(Konsep Manajemen Risiko)
3
KECELAKAAN
(Industrial Accident)
• Tidak direncanakan (unplanned)
• Terjadinya tiba-tiba (suddenly)
• Menghentikan proses yg direncanakan
• Tidak diinginkan (undesired)
• Mengakibatkan :
– Meninggal
– Penyakit akibat kerja
– Cidera
– Kerusakan asset
– Kerusakan lingkungan
– Peningkatan liabilitas
ACCIDENT
NEAR MISS
Near Misses
(nyaris / hampir cidera)
I njury
D amage
CAUSES
L oss
E motion P lant, Processes, Premises
E quipment
All of which could not
E nvironment
happen without
P EOPLE
REMOVE THE CAUSES S ystems of work
A B C D E
PERSYARATAN PENGENDALIAN :
~ MENGENDALIKAN DAN MENIADAKAN
PERBUATAN/KONDISI BERBAHAYA
TEORI DOMINO
Konsep Pencegahan Kecelakaan
• KURANG PENGETAHUAN
• KURANG TERAMPIL/ PENGALAMAN
• TIDAK ADA KEMAUAN
• FAKTOR KELELAHAN
• JENIS PEKERJAAN YG TIDAK SESUAI
• GANGGUAN MENTAL
• KESALAHAN DALAM SIFAT DAN
TINGKAH LAKU MANUSIA
KONDISI BERBAHAYA
(UNSAFE CONDITION)
ENERGY MATERIAL
KONDISI
BERBAHAYA
SITE &
STRUCTURE MACHINERY
DISEBABKAN OLEH :
-Environmental Stress
-Failures
-Design Characteristics
THE ACCIDENT TRIANGLE
Minor injury
Damage only
No injury accidents
RESULT 300 (90,90%)
Incident with
NO VISIBLE injury or
600 damage (near misses
and close call)
FINDING ROOT CAUSE
S3-6
II. SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES
SINGLE FACTOR THEORIES
MAN
• USIA • PENDIDIKAN/
• JENIS KELAMIN LATIHAN
• FISIK • KOMPETENSI
• SKILL • MOTIVASI
• SIKAP/PERILAKU • EMOSIONAL
• PENGALAMAN • INFORMASI
• RISK PERCEPTION • DSB
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
MACHINE
• UKURAN (size) • KONSTRUKSI
• BERAT • MATERIAL
• BENTUK • TYPE OF ACTION/
• SUMBER/POTENTIAL MOTION
ENERJI • SPESIFIKASI TEHNIK
• PENGAMAN MESIN • SPEED
(machine guarding) • AUTOMATION
• STABILITY • POWER
• HUMAN-MACHINE • MAINTENANCE
INTERFACE • DSB.
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
MEDIA
• SUHU • KEBISINGAN
• LINGKUNGAN • DEBU
PADAT/KUMUH • EMISI GAS
• KELEMBABAN • UAP/KABUT
• SIRKULASI • ASAP
UDARA • GELAP/PENGAP
• PENERANGAN/ • DSB.
PENCAHAYAAN
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
MANAGEMENT
• MANAGEMENT • BUDAYA
STYLE PERUSAHAAN
• STRUKTUR • TUGAS POKOK
ORGANISASI DAN FUNGSI UNIT
• SUMBERDAYA ORGANISASI
(RESOURCES) • KEBIJAKAN DAN
• ALIRAN PROSEDUR
KOMUNIKASI • INSTRUKSI KERJA
• LEADERSHIP • URAIAN TUGAS
• MANUAL/JUKLAK/ • DSB.
JUKNIS
KHARAKTERISTIK 4M`S
CONTROL MEASURES
CONTROL STRATEGY
1. MENGHINDARKAN PENGGUNAAN ENERJI
BERPOTENSI BAHAYA TINGGI
2. MENEKAN JUMLAH ENERJI YANG
DIGUNAKAN
3. MENCEGAH TERLEPASNYA ENERJI
4. MERUBAH TINGKAT ENERJI YANG
TERLEPAS DARI SUMBERNYA
5. MEMISAHKAN ENERJI YANG DILEPASKAN
SESUAI DENGAN WAKTU/ TEMPAT
ENERGY THEORY
CONTROL STRATEGY
1. IMMEDIATE CAUSES
(penyebab langsung)
2. CONTRIBUTING CAUSES
(penyebab penyumbang)
IMMEDIATE CAUSE
(PENYEBAB LANGSUNG)
1. UNSAFE ACTS
(perbuatan berbahaya)
2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS
(kondisi berbahaya)
CONTRIBUTING CAUSES
(PENYEBAB PENYUMBANG)
KASUS CONTRIBUTING
IMMEDIATE KECELAKAAN
CAUSES
CAUSES
1.Manajemen
1.PERBUATAN AKIBAT dan Supervisi
BERBAHAYA KECELAKAAN
(Unsafe Acts)
2.Kondisi Mental
2.KONDISI -Cidera Pekerja
-Kerusakan Asset
BERBAHAYA -Kerusakan Lingkungan
(Unsafe Conditions) -Berpengaruh thd :
3. Kondisi Fisik
-Produktivitas, Kualitas, Pekerja
Effisiensi Biaya, Loss
BASIC
CAUSES
UNPLANNED
DIRECT RELEASE OF
CAUSES ENERGY
ACCIDENT
STRUCTURE OF ACCIDENT
INFLUENCES ON ACCIDENT CAUSATION
(Caruana,S.A.- 2004)
PPE
Safety helm/
shoes/
Harness
etc
VI. SWISS CHEESE
MODEL OF DEFENCE
SWISS CHEESE MODEL OF DEFENCE
The Concept of Accident Causation
Third Stage Control :
First Stage Control : Control of Outputs :
Control of Input : -Products and Services
- Physical Resources -By Products
- Human Resources Organisation -Information
- Information Objective :
Objective: To minimise risks
People
To minimise outside the organi-
hazards entering sation from work
the organisation activities, products
and services
Procedures
The Job
Second Stage Control :
Control of Work Activities : People, Procedures, Plant&Substances, Premises.
Objectives : To Eliminate and minimise risks inside the organisation.
To create a supportive organisational culture.
No Accident
Defences
Safe Acts
Preconditions
Line Management
Decision Makers
Unsafe Acts
Preconditions
Line Management
Decision Makers
REASON’S Defences
MODEL
Unsafe Acts
Preconditions
Window
Line Management of Opportunity
Decision Makers
Unsafe Acts
and Latent
Unsafe Conditions
Unsafe Acts
and Latent
Unsafe Conditions
Active Failures
Unsafe
Acts
Failed or
Absent Defenses
Accident &
Injury
Reason’s (1990)
Concept of Latent and Active Failures
(Human Factors Analysis and Classification System)
1. Unsafe Acts;
2. Preconditions for Unsafe Acts;
3. Unsafe Supervision; and
4. Organizational Influences.
Categories of Unsafe Acts
UNSAFE
ACTS
Errors Violations
Substandard Substandard
Condition of Practices of
Operators Operators
PHYSICAL/MENTAL LIMITATION :
• Insufficient reaction time
• Visual limitation
• Incompatible intelligence/aptitude
• Incompatible physical capability
Preconditions of Unsafe Acts
Substandard Practice of Operators
PERSONAL READINESS :
UNSAFE
SUPERVISION
SUPERVISORY VIOLATION :
ORGANIZATIONAL
INFLUENCES
RESOURCE/ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT :
• Human Resources :
– Selection
– Staffing/manning
– Training
• Monetary/budget resources :
– Excessive cost cutting
– Lack of funding
• Equipment/facility resources :
– Poor design
– Purchasing of unsuitable equipment
Categories of
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
ACCIDENTS
ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE :
• Structure : • Culture :
– Chain-of-command – Norms and rules
– Delegation of authority – Values and benefits
– Communication – Organizational justuce
– Formal accountability for actions
• Policies :
– Hiring and firing
– Promotion
– Drug and alcohol
Categories of
ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENCING
ACCIDENTS
ORANIZATIONAL PROCESS :
• Operations : • Procedures :
– Operational tempo – Standards
– Time pressure – Clearly defined objectives
– Production quotas – Documentations
– Incentives – instructions
– Measurement/ appraisal • Oversight :
– Schedules – Risk management
– Deficient planning – Safety programs
ACCIDENT MODEL
HUMAN
FAILURE Unsafe acts
INCIDENT
Fail to
recover situation
ORGANISATION
PERSON JOB
Failure of ACCIDENT
mitigation
HUMAN FAILURE TYPES
SLIP
OF ACTIONS
SKILL BASED
ERRORS
LAPSE OF
MEMORY
ERRORS
RULE BASED
MISTAKE MISTAKE
HUMAN
FAILURE KNOWLEDGE
BASED MISTAKE
ROUTINE
VIOLATIONS SITUATIONAL
EXCEPTIONAL
VII. The ILCI Loss Caution Model
The ILCI
Loss Causation Model
Lack of Basic Immediate
INCIDENT LOSS
Control Causes Causes
People, Property,Process
Inadequate
Personal
Contact
Factors Substandard
with
Program Acts
Energy
and/or
or
Job Conditions
Substance
Factors
Standards
Compliance
LOSS
Dalam bentuk :
• Kerusakan :
– Peralatan dan sarana
– Material/bahan.
• Cidera pada manusia
• Pencemaran lingkungan
• Gangguan proses
INCIDENT
Terdiri dari :
• Perbuatan berbahaya
(Substandard acts/practice)
• Kondisi berbahaya
(Substandar condition)
BASIC CAUSES
Terdiri dari :
• Factor manusia
(Personal factors)
• Factor pekerjaan
(Job factors)
FAKTOR MANUSIA
(personal factors)
Faktor manusia a.l :
• Kurang kemampuan (Inadequate capability)
• Kurang pengetahuan (lack of knowledge)
• Kurang keterampilan (lack of skill)
• Kurang motivasi (improper motivation)
• Mengalami stres (stress)
FAKTOR PEKERJAAN
(job factors)
Faktor pekerjaan a.l :
• Kurang kepemimpinan/pengawasan (Inadequate
leadership/supervision)
• Kelemahan perekayasaan (inadequate engineering)
• Kelemahan pengadaan (inadequate purchasing)
• Kurang pemeliharaan/perawatan (inadequate
maintenance)
• Kurang peralatan, sarana kerja, material
(inadequate tools, equipment, materials)
• Kurang standar kerja (inadequate work standard)
• Aus atau salah penggunaan ( wear and tear, abuse or
misuse)
KELEMAHAN PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN
(Lack of Management Control)
HUMAN
FACTOR
(Health & Safety Executive -1999)
JOB
LATENT FAILURE
(KESALAHAN TERSEMBUNYI)
LATENT CONDITION
(K0NDISI TERSEMBUNYI)
ACTIVE FAILURE
(KESALAHAN AKTIF)
JOB FACTORS
(Mempengaruhi perilaku individu)
• Illegal design of equipment and
instruments;
• Constant disturbances and interruptions;
• Missing or unclear instructions;
• Poorly maintained equipment;
• High workload;
• Noisy and unpleasant working conditions.
ORGANIZATION and
MANAGEMENT FACTORS
(Mempengaruhi perilaku individu)
ENGINEERING
• SUBSITUSI
• MODIFIKASI PROSES
• MENEKAN/MENGURANGI JUMLAH
INVENTORI
• DISAIN
• ALAT PENGAMAN/PELINDUNG
• WARNING SYSTEM
• DLL
MELALUI 4E`S
EDUCATION
ENFORCEMENT
ENTHUSIASM
E ngineering
E ducation Traditional Safety
E nforcement
E motion
E mphaty People Based Safety
E mpowerment
IX. STRATEGI PENCEGAHAN
KECELAKAAN KERJA
STRATEGI PENCEGAHAN
KECELAKAAN KERJA
• DIDASARKAN KEPADA :
– FREQUENCY (KEKERAPAN)
– SEVERITY (KEPARAHAN)
– COST (BIAYA)
– KOMBINASI
PENDEKATAN DALAM
PENCEGAHAN KECELAKAAN
1. PENDEKATAN REAKTIF
2. PENDEKATAN PROAKTIF
ANALYSIS OF
PREVENTIVE
POTENTIAL ACCIDENT
PROGRAM
ACCIDENTS
SEKIAN