SISTEM SARAF
Key points
The central nervous system (CNS) is protected from the
adverse effects of many potential toxicants by an anatomical
blood–brain barrier.
Neurons are highly dependent on aerobic metabolism
because this energy is needed to maintain proper ion
gradients
Individual neurotoxic compounds typically target the
neuron, the axon, the myelinating cell, or the
neurotransmitter system.
Key points
Neuronopathy is the toxicant-induce irreversible loss of neurons,
including its cytoplasmic extensions, dendrites, and axons, and the
myelin ensheathing the axon.
Neurotoxicants that cause axonopathies cause axonal degeneration,
and loss of the myelin surrounding that axon; however, the neuron
cell body remains intact.
Numerous naturally occurring toxins as well as synthetic chemicals
may interrupt the transmission of impulses, block or accentuate
transsynaptic communication, block reuptake of neurotransmitters,
or interfere with second - messenger systems.
Blood Brain Barrier/Sawar Darah Otak
Mechanisms
• Menganggu transmisi impuls
• Memblokir komunikasi transinaptik
• Memblokir pengambilan kembali neurotransmitter
• Mengganggu system second messenger
Neurotransmission-associated neurotoxicity
Nicotine
• Berikatan dengan reseptor kolinergik nikotinik
• Merokok : menstimulasi system saraf simpatis mempercepat detak
jantung, meningkatkan tekanan darah, & kontriksi pembuluh darah
• Overdosis akut stimulasi berlebihan terhadap reseptor kolinergik
nikotinik→ kelumpuhan ganglion mual, detak jantung cepat,
berkeringat. Somnolen dan kebingungan bisa terjadi, diikuti dengan koma.
Bisa menyebabkan kematian: sebagai hasil dari paralisis/kelumpuhan otot-
otot pernafasan jarang terjadi
• Kronik: penyakit kardiovaskuler; kanker (paru-paru dan saluran pernafasan
atas); penyakit paru kronik; berefek pada fetus attention deficit disorder
(pada ibu hamil yang merokok)
Neurotransmission-associated neurotoxicity