Kurikulum 2013 Revisi

Kelas X
BAHASA INGGRIS WAJIB
Narrative Text (Legends)

Tujuan Pembelajaran

Setelah mempelajari materi ini, kamu diharapkan memiliki kemampuan berikut.

1. Memahami fungsi sosial dari teks narrative (legends).
2. Memahami struktur umum dari teks narrative (legends).
3. Memahami unsur-unsur kebahasaan dari teks narrative (legends).
4. Memahami isi teks narrative (legends).
5. Menyusun teks narrative (legends).

Jika kamu berwisata ke Danau Toba di Sumatera Utara, kamu pasti akan mendengar
banyak informasi tentang danau tersebut. Kamu tidak hanya mendengar tentang
sejarah terbentuknya tempat itu, tetapi juga cerita-cerita rakyat yang ada di sana atau
biasa juga disebut sebagai legenda terbentuknya Danau Toba. Apa bedanya informasi
sejarah dengan legenda (legends)? Di sesi ini, kamu akan belajar lebih lanjut tentang teks
narrative khususnya legends.

Gambar 1. Salah Satu Ilustrasi Legenda Danau Toba

A. Overview
Legends merupakan salah satu jenis teks naratif. Ingat bahwa teks naratif merupakan
jenis teks yang menceritakan cerita fiksi atau khayalan untuk menghibur pembacanya.
Lalu, bagaimana dengan legends? Apakah memiliki fungsi yang sama?

1. Definition
Legend atau legenda adalah sebuah cerita rakyat yang diwariskan secara turun-
temurun dan terkadang disangkutpautkan dengan asal-usul suatu tempat. Oleh
sebab itu, legenda pada umumnya dianggap sebagai kisah sejarah namun tidak
otentik. Maksud dari tidak otentik adalah tidak adanya bukti material atau bukti ilmiah
yang menunjukkan kebenaran dari kejadian yang diceritakan. Selain itu, legends
sering mengisahkan tentang kekuatan supranatural sehingga sulit untuk dibuktikan
kebenarannya. Teks legends juga sering memiliki versi yang berbeda saat dituturkan
oleh orang yang berbeda.

2. Social Function
Fungsi sosial legends adalah untuk menghibur pembaca atau pendengarnya. Selain
itu, legends terkadang disampaikan untuk memberi pesan moral kepada pembacanya
agar melakukan atau tidak melakukan perbuatan tertentu.

3. Comparison between Scientific History and Legend

Agar kamu bisa lebih memahami tentang legend, bandingkan teks sejarah
terbentuknya Danau Toba (How Toba Lake Was Created) dan legenda terbentuknya
Danau Toba (Legend of Toba Lake) berikut.

Teks 1

How Toba Lake Was Created

Danau Toba, was formed about 100,000 to 75.000 years ago during one of the
most powerful volcanic eruptions known to humankind; a tremendous disaster,
which caused a layer of ashes of 600 meters to fall down.

About 30,000 years ago, a new series of explosions formed a volcano inside the
old one. The caldera lake that was formed by these explosions measures 100
km by 40 km, its odd elongate shape is a result of the interactions between the
magma chamber and the shearing forces of the Sumatran Fault along the west
that has stretched it out. The pressure from the dormant magma, which has not
erupted, caused Samosir Island to emerge.
Taken from: earthstoriez.com

Narrative Text (Legends) 2

Teks 2

The Legend of Toba Lake

Once upon a time, there was a young farmer named Toba. He lived in a fertile
valley. Therefore, he was able to support his lonely, humble life with the crops
he grew.

One day, he went fishing at a river not far from his house. The river was usually
rich with fish, but today he did not catch any fish. So hungry, he decided to go
home. Just as he was preparing to leave, his rod caught a big fish. As he lifted
the big fish, it suddenly talked. The golden fish cried and begged him to release
it.

Surprised to see a talking fish, he released it to the river, but suddenly the fish
transformed into a beautiful young woman. The woman said that she was a
princess cursed to be a fish. She thanked the farmer for breaking her curse and
to show her gratitude, she was willing to be his wife under the condition that
the farmer should not tell anybody about her being a fish or a terrible disaster
would come. So, the farmer and the woman got married and after a year, they
were blessed with a baby boy, named Samosir. The boy grew up to be a child of
great appetite. He had a fierce appetite and would eat all the food on the table
without leaving anything for his family.

One day, the boy was asked to bring rice to his father who was working in the
field. But on the way, the boy ate up everything. His father was very hungry and
tired after the hard work, but there was no food left for him to eat. This made
the farmer lose his temper. In anger, he hit the boy and said, “You son of a fish!”
Crying, the boy ran home and asked his mother if he really was a son of a fish.
Shocked and sad to hear this, the princess told the boy to run to the hill near
their house and to climb to the top of the tallest tree. She herself hurried up to
the river where she met the young farmer the first time and disappeared.

The sky turned black and thunder and lightning roared and heavy rain fell onto
the valley. It rained so hard and so long that the valley began to flood. The water
got higher and higher until the valley was no more, it had turned into a lake. The
lake is what is known as Toba Lake.
Adapted from: earthstoriez.com

Narrative Text (Legends) 3

 Setelah kamu membaca kedua teks di atas, kamu bisa pahami bahwa kedua teks
tersebut memberikan informasi yang cenderung berbeda tentang bagaimana
terbentuknya Danau Toba. Pada teks: How Toba Lake Was Created, kamu mendapatkan
informasi tentang proses alam yang menyebabkan terbentuknya Danau Toba dan
informasi mengenai ukurannya. Informasi yang ada pada teks pertama ini dibuat
berdasarkan penelitian para ahli yang menunjukkan fakta tentang Danau Toba.
Informasi mengenai ukuran Danau Toba pun didapatkan dari hasil pengukuran yang
saksama.

Sementara itu, pada teks: The Legend of Toba Lake, kamu mendapatkan informasi
bahwa Danau Toba terbentuk karena sebuah malapetaka yang terjadi karena seorang
pria membongkar rahasia istrinya yang pernah dikutuk menjadi ikan. Berdasarkan
uraian ini, kamu bisa pahami bahwa teks legenda menceritakan sisi supranatural dari
terbentuknya danau ini dengan menyertakan cerita tentang kutukan. Teks kedua ini
belum tentu kebenarannya dan cenderung merupakan cerita imajinatif.

B. Structures
Oleh karena legend termasuk kategori teks narrative, pada dasarnya, struktur utamanya
terdiri dari orientation, complication, dan resolution.

1. Orientation
Bagian teks ini biasanya berada di paragraf pertama dan berisi latar belakang cerita.
Informasi yang disampaikan biasanya berisi tentang pengenalan tokoh-tokoh,
tempat, dan waktu cerita itu terjadi.

2. Complication
Complication merupakan bagian di mana konflik atau permasalahan dalam cerita
terjadi. Konflik atau permasalahan ini membuat cerita menjadi menegangkan.
Complication terdiri dari beberapa kejadian yang kemudian membentuk sebuah
urutan kejadian atau plot. Beberapa kejadian dalam sebuah plot adalah sebagai
berikut.
a. Action: kejadian yang menjadi pencetus atau awal mula konflik utama dalam cerita.
b. Rising action: ketika konflik dalam cerita semakin memanas.
c. Climax: puncak konflik, biasanya ditandai dengan adanya pertempuran atau
bencana besar dalam cerita.

Narrative Text (Legends) 4

3. Resolution
Bagian ini merupakan bagian ketika konflik mereda dan mungkin berisi solusi dari
konflik tersebut. Perlu dipahami juga bahwa dalam legenda ada kemungkinan
terdapat beberapa resolution. Hal ini tergantung pada jumlah complication pada teks
cerita. Misalnya, dalam satu cerita, tokoh utama mengalami masalah bertubi-tubi.
Dengan demikian, cerita tersebut bisa memiliki beberapa resolution.

Pada beberapa teks narrative (legends), setelah resolution bisa juga terdapat re-
orientation/coda. Bagian ini bersifat optional atau tidak harus ada dalam teks narrative
(legends). Re-orientation/coda merupakan bagian teks yang menceritakan tentang
perubahan dari tokoh dalam cerita dan pelajaran apa yang bisa pembaca petik dari
pengalamannya atau pesan moral dari cerita.

Setelah memahami struktur umum legend, pahami ilustrasi berikut ini. Jika digambarkan,
struktur dari teks legenda dapat berbentuk seperti setengah lingkaran di mana puncak
cerita adalah klimaks.

Gambar 2. Ilustrasi Struktur Teks Legenda

Agar pemahamanmu tentang struktur teks legend lebih mantap, baca lagi teks The Legend
of Toba Lake dan perhatikan penjelasan strukturnya pada tabel berikut ini.

Excerpts from the text Parts of the text Explanations

Once upon a time there was

• Information about the time
a young farmer named Toba.
when the event took place,
He lived in a fertile valley.
Orientation who the main character is,
Therefore, he was able to
and the condition of the
support his lonely, humble life
main character
with the crops he grew.

Narrative Text (Legends) 5

 Excerpts from the text Parts of the text Explanations

• The cursed princess wants

... she was willing to be his
to be Toba’s wife and they
wife under the condition
had a son, which later
that the farmer should not
became the trigger of a big
tell anybody about her being
problem.
a fish or a terrible disaster
would come. So, the farmer
and the woman got married
Complication
and after a year, they were
(action)
blessed with a baby boy,
named Samosir. The boy
grew up to be a child of great
appetite. He had a fierce
appetite and would eat all
the food on the table without
leaving anything for his family.

• Toba’s son made him lose

One day the boy was asked
his temper and broke his
to bring rice to his father who
promise of not revealing his
was working in the field. But
wife’s past curse.
on the way, the boy ate up
• Toba’s wife was sad after
everything. His father was
finding out that Toba broke
very hungry and tired after
his promise.
the hard work, but there was
no food left for him to eat.
This made the farmer lose his
temper. In anger, he hit the
Complication
boy and said, “You son of a
(rising action)
fish!”

Crying, the boy ran home and

asked his mother if he really
was a son of a fish. Shocked
and sad to hear this, the
princess told the boy to run
to the hill near their house
and to climb to the top of the
tallest tree.

Narrative Text (Legends) 6

 Excerpts from the text Parts of the text Explanations

The sky turned black and • Catastrophe caused by the

thunder and lightning roared broken promise took place

and heavy rain fell onto the Complication

valley. It rained so hard and (climax)
so long that the valley began
to flood.

The water got higher and • The catastrophe ended and

higher until the valley was the area became Toba Lake.

no more, it had turned into a Resolution

lake. The lake is what is known
as Toba Lake.

Tabel 1. Generic Structure dari teks legenda berjudul The Legend of Toba Lake

C. Language Features
Apabila kamu ingin menulis teks legends, kamu harus memahami unsur kebahasaan
untuk jenis teks ini. Unsur kebahasaan pada teks legends cenderung sama dengan
unsur kebahasaan pada teks narrative. Unsur kebahasaan ini digunakan agar penulis
bisa mengungkapkan maksudnya dengan tepat. Beberapa unsur kebahasaan pada teks
legends pada umumnya adalah sebagai berikut.

1. Past Tenses
Meskipun isi cerita dalam legends biasanya adalah cerita fiksi, kejadian dalam cerita
tersebut diasumsikan sebagai sebuah kejadian yang telah terjadi di masa lampau.
Oleh sebab itu, kalimat-kalimat yang dipakai dalam legends menggunakan past tenses.
Beberapa jenis past tenses adalah simple past tense, past continuous tense, dan past
perfect tense.

Berdasarkan jenis kata yang muncul setelah subjek, kalimat dengan simple past tense
bisa dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu verbal sentence dan nominal sentence. Verbal
sentence adalah kalimat di mana kata kerja yang mengikuti subjek adalah kata kerja
yang mengungkapkan kegiatan atau disebut juga sebagai action verb. Sementara itu,
nominal sentence adalah kalimat di mana kata kerja yang mengikuti subjek adalah
kata kerja bantu (auxiliary) yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan subjek dengan
adjective, adverb, atau noun. Penjelasan tentang struktur kalimat keduanya dengan
masing-masing tense adalah sebagai berikut.

Narrative Text (Legends) 7

a. Simple past tense
Jenis tense ini berfungsi untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian atau kegiatan yang
terjadi di waktu yang spesifik di masa lampau.
1.) Verbal sentence
Struktur kalimat verbal dalam simple past tense adalah sebagai berikut.

Positive Subject + Verb 2 +….

Negative Subject + did not/didn’t + Verb 1 + ….

Interrogative:
Wh Question Wh Question + did + Subject + Verb 1 + …?
Yes/No Question Did + Subject + Verb 1 + …?

Tabel 2. Struktur Umum Verbal Sentence pada Simple Past Tense

Contoh:
• He lived in a fertile valley.
• He did not catch any fish.
• What did the man find in the lake?
• Did the man take the fish home?

2.) Nominal Sentence

Apabila kata kerja dalam sebuah kalimat tidak menunjukkan kegiatan (action
verb), kalimat itu harus menggunakan struktur nominal. Struktur kalimat
nominal dalam simple past tense adalah sebagai berikut.

Positive Subject + was/were + complement

Negative Subject + was not/were not + complement

Interrogative:
Wh Question Wh Question + was/were + Subject + complement?
Yes/No Question Was/were + Subject + complement?

Tabel 3. Struktur Umum Nominal Sentence pada Simple Past Tense

Penggunaan to be: were/was bergantung pada subjek kalimat. Kata: were

digunakan untuk subjek berjumlah jamak atau subjek yang bisa digantikan
dengan kata ganti: you, they, atau we sedangkan kata: was digunakan untuk
subjek tunggal atau yang bisa digantikan dengan kata ganti: he, she, atau it.

Contoh:
• The river was usually rich with fish.
• They weren’t very hungry.
• Why was the woman angry with the man?
• Was the boy sad?

Narrative Text (Legends) 8

b. Past continuous tense
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menjelaskan suatu kejadian yang sedang
berlangsung di masa lampau. Biasanya, kalimat dengan past continuous tense
digunakan bersamaan dengan simple past tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa ada
suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi di masa
lampau. Struktur kalimat dalam past continuous tense adalah sebagai berikut.

Positive Subject + was/were + verb-ing + ….

Negative Subject + was/were not + verb-ing + ….

Interrogative:
Wh Question Wh Question + was/were + Subject + verb-ing + …?
Yes/No Question Was/were + Subject + verb-ing + …?

Tabel 4. Struktur Umum Past Continuous Tense

Contoh:
• They were trying to escape the earthquake.
• Toba wasn’t fishing when Samosir came.
• What was the man doing when he met the woman?
• Were they staying at home when the earthquake happened?

c. Past perfect tense

Jenis tense ini berfungsi untuk menunjukkan suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa yang
sudah terjadi sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di masa lampau. Selain itu, kalimat
dengan tense ini juga bisa dipakai untuk mengungkapkan durasi suatu kegiatan
atau kejadian.
1.) Verbal sentence
Struktur kalimat verbal past perfect tense adalah sebagai berikut.

Positive Subject + had + Verb 3 +….

Negative Subject + had not/hadn’t + Verb 3 + ….

Interrogative:
Wh Question Wh Question + had + Subject + Verb 3 + …?
Yes/No Question Had + Subject + Verb 3 + …?

Tabel 5. Struktur Umum Verbal Sentence pada Past Perfect Tense

Tabel 5 menyebutkan bahwa baik kalimat positif maupun negatif, past perfect
tense sama-sama menggunakan struktur umum had + verb 3. Untuk kalimat
negatif, penanda negatif: not perlu disisipkan setelah had. Perhatikan contoh-
contoh berikut ini.

Narrative Text (Legends) 9

 Contoh:
• By February, they had lived together for 5 years.
• They hadn’t married before the catastrophe came.
• Why had the man thrown his food away?
• Had the boy known his mother’s story?

2.) Nominal sentence

Selain kalimat verbal, past perfect tense dapat membentuk kalimat nominal
menggunakan been dengan struktur sebagai berikut.

Positive Subject + had + been + complement

Negative Subject + had not/hadn’t + been + complement

Interrogative:
Wh Question Wh Question + had + Subject + been + complement?
Yes/No Question Had + Subject + been + complement?

Tabel 6. Struktur Umum Nominal Sentence pada Past Perfect Tense

Contoh:
• The princess had been a fish for many years before Toba found her.
• The boy hadn’t been in the village since the earthquake.
• Where had the man been after the earthquake?
• Had the man been in the lake?

2. Adverbs of time
Keterangan waktu selalu muncul dalam sebuah teks narrative. Keterangan waktu
bisa muncul dalam bentuk kata, frasa, atau klausa. Fungsinya adalah untuk memberi
informasi tentang waktu di mana suatu kejadian dalam cerita terjadi. Teks legends
biasanya menggunakan keterangan waktu untuk mengungkapkan kejadian di masa
lampau atau urutan kejadian di masa lampau. Perhatikan beberapa contoh adverb of
time dalam tiap level bahasa berikut ini.
• Kata: yesterday, then.
• Frasa: once upon a time, one day, a few days later.
• Klausa: just as he was preparing to leave, as he lifted the big fish.

3. Proper Nouns
Kata benda dalam bentuk nama spesifik sering muncul dalam teks legends. Proper
noun bisa berupa nama orang ataupun nama tempat yang ada di dalam cerita. Dalam
teks The Legend of Toba Lake, bisa ditemukan penyebutan spesifik seorang petani
bernama Toba dan putranya yang bernama Samosir.

Narrative Text (Legends) 10

 4. Adjectives
Dalam teks legends, adjective atau kata sifat digunakan untuk memberi informasi
tambahan tentang tokoh atau situasi dalam cerita. Adjective bisa muncul sebagai
modifier dalam frasa benda atau sebagai pelengkap (complement) dalam kalimat.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
• Modifier: a young farmer, a beautiful girl.
• Complement: The sky is dark.

5. Personification
Bahasa kias personification biasanya muncul dalam teks legends untuk memberi
gambaran tentang situasi yang terjadi dalam cerita. Hal ini membuat cerita terkesan
lebih hidup. Personification adalah memberikan sifat atau karaktetristik manusia
untuk benda atau objek bukan manusia.
Contoh: Lightning roared.

6. Direct speech
Direct speech juga terkadang muncul dalam teks legends. Direct speech merupakan
tuturan yang disampaikan secara langsung oleh tokoh dalam cerita. Kalimat langsung
ditandai dengan tanda petik (“) di awal dan akhir tuturan.
Contoh:
… he hit the boy and said, “You son of a fish!”.

D. Practice
Read the text below then answer the questions accordingly.

Once upon a time in Sindureja Kingdom, King Sidareja was talking to his vice
regent, his name was Patih Sidapaksa. The King asked Patih Sidapaksa to give him
the flesh of a young deer.

Patih Sidapaksa took the mission. When he arrived at the jungle, he saw a young
deer. He pointed his arrow to the deer. Unfortunately, he missed the target. He
ran after the deer. He was running and running until he arrived at a hut. Patih
Sidapaksa knocked the door. A young and beautiful girl opened the door. She was
very beautiful. Patih Sidapaksa fell in love at the first sight. “How can I help you
Sir?” asked the girl.

"I...I...am looking for a young deer,” Patih Sidapaksa was speechless.

Narrative Text (Legends) 11

"You can find a lot of deer in the jungle. But it’s already late and it will be dark
soon. You can continue hunting tomorrow morning. You can come and spend the
night here. Both my father and I are happy to welcome you," said the girl.

Patih Sidapaksa accepted the offer. He introduced himself. The girl’s name was
Sri Tanjung and her father’s name was Ki Buyut. In the morning, Patih Sidapaksa
continued his hunting and after he got a young deer he returned to the hut.

He came back because he wanted to marry Sri Tanjung. Luckily, Sri Tanjung also
loved him. Later, Patih Sidapaksa asked them to join him to the palace. The King
was very happy because Patih Sidapaksa brought him a young deer. However, he
was also amazed by the beauty of Sri Tanjung.

The King also fell in love with her. The King had a bad plan. He wanted to marry Sri
Tanjung. So, he gave Patih Sidapaksa a very difficult mission. The King asked Patih
Sidapaksa to give him three golden rings from Indran Kingdom. Patih Sidapaksa
knew the mission was more difficult than hunting a young deer. Indran Kingdom
was not an ordinary kingdom. It was a kingdom of criminals! No one ever came
back after going there. However, he still accepted the mission. And before he left,
he asked Sri Tanjung to wait for him.

After Patih Sidapaksa left, the King approached Sri Tanjung. He proposed Sri
Tanjung to marry him. He promised Sri Tanjung to be a queen. She did not accept
the proposal. She loved Patih Sidapaksa and she already promised to wait for him.
The King was angry and put her in jail.

Luckily, Patih Sidapaksa could do the mission and came back to the palace. Sadly,
he could not meet Sri Tanjung. The King lied. He said Sri Tanjung was in jail because
she asked the King to marry her. The King said Sri Tanjung wanted to be a queen.
At first, Patih Sidapaksa believed the King. But Sri Tanjung then said, “Throw me
to the river. If the river smells good, it means I’m innocent. However, if the river
smells bad, then I am lying,” said Sri Tanjung.

Patih Sidapaksa then threw her into the river. Amazingly, the river smelled good.
Patih Sidapaksa was very sorry. Sri Tanjung died. He regretted not to believe her.
When the river smelled good, people instantly said Banyuwangi. Banyu means
water and Wangi means good smell. Since then, the place has been named
Banyuwangi.
Adapted from: indonesialegend.blogspot.com

Narrative Text (Legends) 12

 Latihan Soal 1

1. The language features you can find in paragraph 1 are ....

2. The story took place in ....
3. King Sidareja sent Patih Sidapaksa on a mission to Indran Kingdom to give him three
golden rings because ....
4. The inspiration of the name “Banyuwangi” came from ....

Latihan Soal 2

HOTS

Circle the correct statements about Patih Sidapaksa.

A. He wanted to be the king of Sindureja Kingdom.
B. He was prisoned in Indran Kingdom.
C. He saved Sri Tanjung from the river.
D. He was loyal to King Sidareja.
E. He had an affair with Sri Tanjung.
F. He helped the King rule the kingdom.
G. He brought Sri Tanjung and his father to meet the king.

Narrative Text (Legends) 13