MOMENTUM

BALANCE (2)

Ver. 11.06
ALIRAN STEADY DALAM PIPA BENGKOK
PENAMPANG MENGECIL

v1
2
y W
v2
q
x

• MENENTUKAN C.V.
• ANALISIS GAYA-GAYA YANG BEKERJA
PADA C.V.
 CONTROL VOLUME 1

GAYA-GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA FLUIDA :

(1) GAYA TEKANAN PADA C.S.: P1, P2
(2) GAYA KARENA BERAT FLUIDA : W
(3) GAYA TEKANAN DAN TEGANGAN GESER THD FLUIDA KARENA
DINDING PIPA : Pw, tw
(4) RESULTAN GAYA KARENA GAYA oleh TEKANAN DAN
TEGANGAN GESER : Bx , By

P1 W
tw

y P2
Pw 2 q
x
 Pw

P1 W
tw

y P2
2 q
x

GAYA-GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA FLUIDA :

Fx = P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos q + Bx
Fy = P2 A2 sin q − W + By
 =0
Fx = c.s v x  (v.n) dA +  c.v v x  dV

Fx = P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos q + B x = c.s. v x  ( v.n)dA

= (v2 cosq )( 2 v2 A2 ) + (v1 )(− 1v1 A1 )
=0
Fy = c.s v y  (v.n) dA +  c.v v y  dV

Fy = P2 A2 sin q − W + By = c.s. v y  ( v.n)dA

= (− v2 sin q )( 2 v2 A2 )
GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA FLUIDA :
Bx = (v2 cos q )( 2 v2 A2 ) + (v1 )(− 1v1 A1 ) − P1 A1 + P2 A2 cos q
By = (− v2 sin q )( 2 v2 A2 ) − P2 A2 sin q + W
GAYA YANG BEKERJA PADA PIPA → GAYA REAKSI
terhadap Bx dan By :
Rx = − Bx = (− v2 cos q )( 2 v2 A2 ) + (v1 )(1v1 A1 ) + P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos q
Ry = −By = (v2 sin q )(2v2 A2 ) + P2 A2 sin q − W
UNTUK ALIRAN TUNAK (Steady State):
(1v1 A1 ) = (2v2 A2 ) = m = laju aliran massa
Rx = m(v1 − v2 cos q ) + P1 A1 − P2 A2 cos q
Ry = m (v2 sin q ) + P2 A2 sin q − W
 CONTROL VOLUME 2

By

P1 Bx

W P2
1 2 q

• CV dibatasi hanya oleh bidang-bidang datar yang memotong pipa

pada bidang datar CS1 dan CS2
• Hasil-hasil dari proses rumit dalam CV dapat dianalisis cukup
dengan memperhatikan kuantitas-kuantitas transfer yang
melalui CS
 1 By

P1
Bx 2

W
P2
q

B X + P1 A1 − P2 A2 cosq = (v2 cosq )( 2 v2 A2 ) + (v1 )(− 1v1 A1 )

By + P2 A2 sin q − W = (− v2 sin q )(2v2 A2 )

• Gaya yang mempunyai komponen Bx dan By adalah gaya-gaya yang

diberikan CV oleh bagian yang dipotong di bagian CS1 dan CS2
• Tekanan pada CS1 dan CS2 adalah tekanan gage, karena tekanan
atmosferik yang bekerja pada semua permukaan saling meniadakan
 FRICTION LOSS
IN SUDDEN EXPANSION

• Mechanical energy loss occurs when a 1 2 3

fluid flows from small pipe to a large
pipe through in abrupt expansion
• Use the MomBal and MEB to obtain an v1 v2 v3
expression for the ME loss
• Assume that p1=p2 and v1=v2; steady
state flow and incompressible fluid
• Assume that p2 and p3 are uniform
over CS2 and CS3
• Boundaries selected are at point 2 and 3, does not include the
pipe wall → force acting on pipe wall = 0
• The frictional drag force will be negleted and all loss is assumed to
be from eddies
 FRICTION LOSS
IN SUDDEN EXPANSION

• Making momentum balance between point 2 and 3

p2 A3 − p3 A3 = mv 3 − mv1  p2 − p3   A1  A1   A 
  =  v1  v1 −  v1 1 v1
    A3  A3   A3 
m = v1 A1 = v3 A3
A1  A   p − p2   p3 − p1 
1 − 1  =  3
v3 =  A1 v1
v12  =  
A3  A3       
 A3 
• Making energy balance between point 1 and 3
v12 − v32  p − p1 
− F =  3  1
v 1−
2
( ( ) )− F = v (1 − )
A1 2 2 A1 A1

  
2 1 A3 1 A3 A3
2 2 2
v12  A1  v12  d12 
2 A1  A1   p3 − p1  F = 1 −  = 1 − 2 
v1 
 1 −  =   2  A3  2  d3 
A3  A3    
2 2
 A1   d12 
Expansion-loss ke = 1 −  = 1 − 2 
coefficient  A3   d 3 
 FRICTION LOSS
IN SUDDEN CONTRACTION

• The velocity profile is fully developed as

the fluid flows in the large section
• The sharp edged contraction causes the
fluid to accelerate as it enters the small
section → The fluid actually contracts to
an area smaller than the area of small
section → This well-known phenomenon
is termed the “vena contracta”

Making momentum balance between point 2 and 3

p2 A2 − p3 A3 = mv 3 − mv 2
This equation contains the vena contracta area A2, which is unknown
→ It is impossible to factor out A2 and/or A3 from this equation
→ kc is obtained from experimental data
 A3 
k c = 0.551 − 
 A1 
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
IN LAMINAR FLOW

• Analisa MomBal menggunakan macroscopic CV → Total

Perubahan Momentum yang melewati CS (Tidak perlu
mengetahui apa yang terjadi dalam CV secara detail)
• Microscopic CV (Control Volume kecil) → Differential
Size
• Flow system dari geometri sederhana dalam aliran
laminer pada steady state, dengan konsep MomBal dan
definisi viskositas → diperoleh persamaan velocity
profile dan pressure drop
• Dalam Rekayasa :
• Complete Velocity Profile tidak diperlukan
• → Maximum Velocity (vmax), Average Velocity (vav)
atau Shear Stress (t)
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
INSIDE A PIPE

• Aliran dalam pipa sering dijumpai dalam aplikasi

• Asumsi-asumsi :
• incompressible fluid
• aliran laminer
• 1-D
• steady state
• fully developed
• Control volume :
• shell silindris
• inside radius r
• thickness Dr
• length Dx
 VELOCITY PROFILE
NEAR PIPE ENTRANCE FOR LAMINAR FLOW (FIGURE 2.10-6)
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
INSIDE A PIPE
At steady state the conservation of
momentum :
Sum of force Rate of
=
acting on CV momentum out
Rate of
-
momentum in

Net convective momentum flux across

annular surface at x and x+Dx is zero,
pressure force = pA x − pA x + Dx since the flow is fully developed

= p(2 r Dr ) x − p(2 r Dr ) x + Dx
shear force = (t rx 2 r Dx ) r + Dr − (t rx 2 r Dx ) r rate of
momentum efflux
drag force acting on shear stress (transfer in r direction
the cylindrical surface as a results of x vel. component)
at radius r
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
INSIDE A PIPE
(
r p x − p x + Dx ) = (rt )
rx r + Dr − (rt rx ) r
Dx Dr
 Dp  d (rt rx )
 r = Letting Dr
 L  dr approach
 Dp 
( )
zero
d rt rx =   rdr
In fully developed flow, pressure  L 
gradient (Dp/Dx) = constant →  Dp  r C1
(Dp/L) where Dp=pressure drop t rx =   +
for pipe length L  L 2 r
 Dp  p0 − p L
t rx =   r = r
 2L  2L
Momentum flux profile
Velocity profile

 Dp  p0 − p L
t rx =   r = r
 2L  2L
dvx
t rx = − 
dr Newton’s law dvx p0 − p L
of viscosity = r
dr 2 L
p0 − pL
dvx = rdr
2 L
at r=R
vx=0

p0 − pL 2  r 
2

vx = R 1 −   
4 L   R  
Parabolic velocity profile
Average Velocity

1 1 2 R 1 R
vx av =  vx dA = v rdrdq =
2   x
v 2 rdr
2  x
AA R 0 0 R 0
p0 − pL 2  r 
2

vx = R 1 −   
4 L   R  

v x av =
p0 − p L
r=
( p0 − pL )R 2 ( p0 − p L )D 2
=
2L 8L 32 L

v x max =
( p0 − p L )R 2 Hagen-Poiseuille
Equation
4 L

vx max
vx av =
2
SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
FALLING FILM
Falling Film :
• thickness Dx and length L
• vz(x) seragam sepanjang L
• W jarak pada arah y

Momentum flux :
• Moleculer transport
• Convective transport

Momentum flux by Moleculer

Transport:

net efflux = LW (t xz ) x + Dx − LW (t xz ) x
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
FALLING FILM

Momentum flux by Convective Transport:

Rate of momentum entering the Rate of momentum leaving the
area DxW at z=L
- area DxW at z=0

net efflux = DxWvz (vz ) z = L − DxW (vz ) z =0  0

Gravity force :

gravity force = DxWL(g )

DxWL(g ) = LW (t xz ) x + Dx − LW (t xz ) x + 0
t xz − t xz
x + Dx x
= g
Dx
 SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE
FALLING FILM

Linear momentum
t xz − t xz flux profile
x + Dx x
= g
Dx
d
t xz =  g t xz = gx
dx dvz  g 
dvz = −  x
Integrasi dengan BC: t xz = −  dx   
dx
at x=0 →txz=0;  g  2
at x= → txz= txz vz = −  x + C1
parabolic
velocity profile
 2 

Newton’s law of
viscosity
g  2 g 2   x 2 
v z max = vz = 1 −   
2 2     
Average velocity :

1 1 W W 
vz av =  vz dA = 0  vx dxdy =  vz dx
AA W 0 W 0
g  2
g 22 
x 
2
v z av =
vz = 1 −    3
2     
g  2
v z av =
3 2
vz av =   vz max
g  2
 3
v z max =
2 Mass flow rate/
unit width
Volumetric flow rate : Reynolds number :
g  2  =  vz av
v z av = g 3W
3 q=
q = vx av  W 3 4 4 dvzav
N Re = =
 