Bahan Ajar Speaking For General Purposes BA Speaking For General Purposes

KEMENTERIAN RISET, TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG (UNNES)

Kantor: Komplek Simpang 5 Unnes Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229
Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Website: www.unnes.ac.id - E-mail: unnes@unnes.ac.id
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No. Dokumen No. Revisi Hal Tanggal Terbit
FM-01-AKD-07 05 1 dari 51 21 Januari 2020
BAHAN AJAR/DIKTAT
Speaking for General Purposes

Kode MK: 15J00201
Jumlah SKS: 2
PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI UNIVERSITAS NEGERI
SEMARANG
2021
Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh
atau seluruh isi dokumen tanpa ijin
Prayudias Margawati tertulis dari BPM UNNES Fatma hetami

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VERIFIKASI BAHAN AJAR
Pada hari ini Jumat 18 Februari 2021, Bahan Ajar Mata Kuliah Speaking for
General Purposes Program Studi Sastra Inggris Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni telah
diverifikasi oleh Ketua Jurusan/ Ketua Program Studi Sastra Inggris.
Semarang, 18 Februari 2021
Mengetahui
Ketua Program Studi Sastra Inggris Dosen Pengampu/ Penanggungjawab MK
Fatma Hetami, S.S, M.Hum Prayudias Margawati, M.Hum.

NIP 197708272008122002 NIP 198103162008122002


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PRAKATA
Berbicara (Speaking) dapat diartikan sebagai suatu penyampaian maksud (ide, pikiran, isi hati)
seseorang kepada orang lain dengan menggunakan bahasa lisan sehingga maksud tersebut dapat
dipahami orang lain. Dengan pengertian tersebut dapat dikatakan bahwa tujuan berbicara yang
utama ialah untuk berkomunikasi. Sedangkan tujuan berbicara secara umum ialah untuk
memberitahukan atau melaporkan informasi kepada penerima informasi, meyakinkan atau
mempengaruhi penerima informasi, untuk menghibur, serta menghendaki reaksi dari pendengar
atau penerima informasi.
Berbicara di depan umum merupakan salah satu teknik atau seni berbicara yang harus
dimiliki oleh pembicara untuk mampu menarik perhatian audiens. Untuk menarik perhatian
audiens, pembicara harus melakukan persiapan materi yang matang.
Bahan ajar ini disusun untuk memberikan gambaran yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal yang
perlu dikuasai pembicara saat berbicara di depan umum seperti penguasaan materi, penguasaan
diri, penguasaan metode, penguasaan audiens, serta penguasaan medan.
Bahan akan membahas topik tentang Group Discussion, Oral Presentation, dan Speech.
Diharapkan dengan mempelajari buku ajar ini, mahasiswa akan bertambah ilmu serta keterampilan
dalam berbicara, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan diskusi kelompok tentang isu-isu terkini, cara
presentasi serta berpidato yang baik dan benar sehingga mampu menarik perhatian audiens.
Selanjutnya, masukan dan tanggapan terhadap bahan ajar ini akan sangat membantu untuk
mengembangkan dan menyempurnakan isi dalam bahan ajar ini. Semoga bahan ajar ini dapat
berguna bagi dosen maupun mahasiswa yang mempelajari mata kuliah Speaking for General
Purposes.


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DESKRIPSI MATA KULIAH
Mata kuliah Speaking for General Purposes mengajarkan bagaimana berbicara dengan
menggunakan Bahasa Inggris yang berterima pada Group Discussion, Oral Presentation, dan
Speech. Mahasiswa akan bertambah ilmu serta keterampilan dalam berbicara, khususnya yang
berkaitan dengan diskusi kelompok tentang isu-isu terkini, cara presentasi serta berpidato yang
baik dan benar sehingga mampu menarik perhatian audiens. Mahasiswa juga akan banyak berlatih
saat berbicara di depan umum seperti penguasaan materi, penguasaan diri, penguasaan metode,
penguasaan audiens, serta penguasaan medan.


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DAFTAR ISI
Prakata
Deskripsi mata kuliah
Daftar Isi
Unit I Group Discussions
Deskripsi Singkat
Unit II Panel Discussion
Deskripsi Singkat
Unit III Oral Presentation
Deskripsi Singkat
Unit IV Speech
Deskripsi Singkat
Daftar Pustaka


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UNIT I
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
Deskripsi Singkat
The course is designed to provide the students in understanding and practicing of English speaking
skills for general purposes, especially those related to group discussion on recent issues on contextualizing
politeness and tolerable values.
Capaian Pembelajaran Pertemuan (Sub-CPMK)

At the end of the meeting, 75 % of the students are able to:
1. explain the definition and techniques of group discussion correctly.
2. explain the group discussion skills correctly though not completely.
3. exemplify some utterances of group discussion skills.
4. conduct discussion in a proper way.
5. apply the discussion skills in their discussion correctly.
A. Discussion Techniques
A discussion is an argument for the sake of arriving at a decision.
The discussion techniques or procedures, according to Dobson (1983), are as follows.

1. The class is split into small groups consisting of three to six members each.
2. A different discussion topic or the same topic of discussion can be assigned to each group.
3. The assigned topic is discussed by each group for about 10 minutes prior to class discussion.
4. For the class discussion, a spokesperson of each group is supposed to express or report the
group’s opinion/viewpoint to the entire class. The spokesperson should be of a different person.
5. To conduct the discussion, some suggested seating arrangements are needed.
B. Task of Each Act Role

There are five act roles involved in a small group discussion. Each of them has its own task/function.
A Group Leader - S/he should:
1. Meet with other members of the leadership group and talk about the functions and operations of
the group.
2. Help the group define the problem clearly.
3. Help the group to come to the objective.
4. Encourage members’ opinions.
5. Refer questions back to the group.
6. See that facts are made available when necessary.
7. Ask questions and make summaries. Try not to intrude personal views.

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8. See that all aspects of the problem are explored.

9. Assist the group to distinguish arguments from prejudice.
10. Ask the note taker for progress frequently and help him/her make summaries.
11. Encourage an informal, cooperative and permissive group climate.
12. Keep the discussion on the subject and keep it progressing toward the objective made by the
group.
13. Make suggestions and it is better not to direct them.
14. Maintain a spontaneous exchange of ideas and thinking.
Members – they will:

1. Do preparation before the discussion starts.
2. Participate and help the group define the objective.
3. Encourage a permissive atmosphere.
4. Find facts when needed by the group.
5. Not dominate.
6. Try to understand what other members say and also what they mean.
7. Try to promote a feeling of “we-ness”.
8. Accept the group consensus if a democratic process is adopted.
9. Confine opinions to two-three minutes (the maximum time for a contribution).
10. Not wait for others to express their ideas.
Note Taker – S/he should:

1. Ask for the function of a note-taker.
2. Write down the main points only.
3. Record the issues and questions discussed, the decisions made, the proportion of the group in
agreement and prominent minority opinions.
4. Ask for clarification of decisions.
5. Help the leader keep the discussion on the subject.
6. Help the leader poll the group if an idea is in doubt.
7. Assist the leader in reporting the discussion progress when needed.
8. Jot down a summary of some disagreements and agreements when the discussion is through.
9. Edit a copy of the discussion notes.
An Observer – S/he will:

1. View the group in action and report his/her findings.
2. Before it starts, find the function and operation of each member of the team.
3. Examine how the group work rather than what it does (objective view).

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4. Give a feedback by supplying insights into the operations of the group process.
5. Keep away from participation in the discussion.
6. Make an oral report to the group (describing and summarizing how the group is operating) with
the permission of the leader.
7. Ask the group to evaluate its patterns of operations in order to work toward more efficient
operation.
A Consultant – S/he will:

1. Contribute relevant facts, points of views, and experiences to the group if necessary.
2. Not state a final thought on the ideas under discussion.
3. Help the group at the close of a discussion to provide the results and record of their discussion.
4. Suggest further steps to the group to take as a follow-up action at the close of the discussion.


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UNIT II
GROUP DISCUSSIONS
Deskripsi Singkat
skills for general purposes, especially those related to panel discussion on recent issues on contextualizing

1. explain the definition and techniques of panel discussion correctly.
2. explain the panel discussion skills correctly though not completely.
3. exemplify some utterances of panel discussion skills.
4. conduct discussion in a proper way.
5. apply the discussion skills in their discussion correctly.
A. Definition
What is a panel discussion?
A panel discussion usually formal discussion of a subject or topic of public interest by a group of persons
forming a panel. It usually has some audience (Oxford, 2000).
A panel is a group of people gathered to plan or discuss an issue. The activity of a panel discussion usually
is led by a moderator, the one who moderates or holds moderate views/opinions. The moderator acts as a
medium between the panel members and the audience.
B. What to Prepare
Some discussions may have a secretary who writes minutes (= a written record of statements or actions
during the activity).
The minutes contain:
• The name of the activity
• The place, date, and time
• The names of the persons involved
• A record of attendance/the number of audience
• An account of statements, motions, questions or resolutions made.


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UNIT III
ORAL PRESENTATION
Deskripsi Singkat
skills for general purposes, especially those related to oral presentation on recent issues on
contextualizing politeness and tolerable values.

1. Conduct oral presentation in a proper way.
2. Apply the presentation skills in their individual oral
Preparing Your Oral Presentation

1. Resist agreeing to make a presentation or speech that you don’t want to make. Ask for time to
think about the request – do you have the expertise to speak on the topic and the time to prepare
well for it?
2. Organize your information in a straightforward, logical pattern that the audience can easily
understand.
3. Use a mix of types of material – examples, stories, statistics, quotes – to maintain audience
interest.
4. Use your introduction to set the audience’s expectations.
5. Have a special conclusion ready that you can go straight into if you run out of time. Never omit a
conclusion.
6. Anticipate the questions you may be asked and have answers ready.
7. Practice, practice, practice your presentation or speech out loud as many times as you can.
Perfecting the Delivery of Your Presentation

What use is perfect preparation without a dynamic delivery? Print out and pin up these top tips to help
keep your audience engaged throughout your presentation from beginning to end.
1. Try to establish eye contact with your entire audience.
2. Vary the rate, pitch and volume of your voice, as well as its tone.
3. Avoid fidgeting with your hands. But, at the same time, use your hands to gesture instead of

keeping them clasped in front of you.


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4. Look at the audience more than your notes (and if you don’t feel comfortable looking at your
audience, you need to practise your presentation a few more times until you do).
5. Avoid showing your nervousness through tics such as pacing back and forth, jingling change in
your pocket, or playing with your hair.
6. Stand behind a podium if it makes you feel more comfortable.
7. Convey enthusiasm for your subject – it’s contagious.
Readying the Room for Your Presentation

When you’re ready to deliver your well-prepared speech, follow these simple steps to make sure that your
room is in order, too. These checks will be sure to eliminate any last minute surprises.
1. Get to the room early so that you have time to make changes if the set up doesn’t suit you.
2. Check the laptop and the projector for your PowerPoint presentation or other technical
equipment to make sure you know exactly how it all works.
3. Control audience seating. Make sure that chairs and tables are arranged in the configuration that
you want. Remove extra chairs.
4. Check the microphone and sound system while you’re standing exactly where you’ll be using
them.
5. Make sure that the room isn’t too cold or too stuffy for your audience.
6. Familiarise yourself with the venue and where the toilets are!
Speaking in Public with Confidence

Speaking in public is many people’s idea of a nightmare. Here are some easy hints on how to speak
confidently and make an impact with your audience.
Stand well. Stand to your full height, with feet a bit apart, and put your weight evenly on both feet. Feel
yourself grow taller and wider, so that you fill your space. Enjoy feeling how tall, broad and flexible you
can be without effort.
Relax. Without slumping, feel every part of your body relax and melt, from the top of your head down
through your body to your feet, while your skeleton stands tall and flexible. This is confident relaxation –
the perfect way to produce your best from your voice.
Breathe. A strong voice depends on air, so you need to breathe well. The first step is to get rid of your old
air. Blow all your air out and, without collapsing your body, just relax – as you relax, your body fills with
fresh air naturally. Practise relaxation and good breathing frequently.


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Lower your tone firmly at the end of a sentence. Lowering your tone may seem a minor adjustment, but
makes a surprisingly big difference to how you come across. As a general rule, a falling tone at the end of a
sentence is used for statements and commands, and sounds final – as if you mean business. A rising tone
indicates incompleteness or uncertainty, and is used in all types of questions. End low and you sound as if
you’re confident of your own opinions.
Keep up your energy to the end. If your voice tails off at the end of a sentence, you sound as if you lack
confidence in what you’re saying. If you speak with clear emphasis and keep up the energy in your voice to
the end of your statement, people believe what you’re saying – simple as that.
Avoid weak additions to sentences. Try to avoid saying ‘okay’, ‘like’, ‘actually’, ‘kind of’, and of course
‘um’ and ‘er’. People put in the useless little extra words because they think it buys them thinking time.
But you don’t need them. Take your time to think of the next thing you want to say and be happy with
silence. You then sound confident.
Speak long phrases well. If you want to sound confident, you need to be able to speak long phrases as
well as short ones. Practice speaking long phrases in a loud, energetic way. Doing so builds up your ability
to breathe well and you sound as if you really mean what you say.
Believe in yourself. Self-belief isn’t so much about thinking you’re fantastic as about giving yourself
permission to be you. When you’re uncertain about your speech, you tend to tightly control your delivery.
But giving yourself permission to be you means allowing yourself to falter on occasion, say the wrong
thing or show unexpected emotion. When you give yourself permission to be human, mistakes are much
less likely to occur. You come across as someone who’s at ease.
Handling Problems during a Presentation

Problems can occur at any time during a presentation that involves an audience. Visual aids can get
screwed up; loud sounds can interfere with the audience’s understanding of your point; or you might just
make a mistake in what you say — or how you say it — during your presentation.
The time to think of a witty line to deal with a problem in your presentation is before the problem occurs,
because more than likely, you’ll be too nervous at that moment. Using humor shows your audience that
you’re not upset and that you’re still in control. Staying on your toes at all times is important, because
unfortunately, lots of problems can occur when you’re giving a presentation.
Visual-aid Problems
Those pesky slides, overheads, or writing tools never seem to work right when you want them to. Take a
look at some annoying issues with visual aids and what you can say in response to operational hangups:
A slide or overhead is projected upside down.

• I’ll get another one; this one must be defective.
• It looks good no matter how you look at it.


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• For those of you sitting on your heads.
Someone points out a spelling error on a slide.

• As a famous author once said, “I never respected anyone who couldn’t spell a word more than one
way.”
You’re writing on a flip chart, and the highlighter runs out of ink.
• Obviously, I’ve come to the dry part of my presentation.
Distracting noises
Loud noises have a way of occurring just when you’re in the middle of an important point. Take a look at
some distracting noises and things you can say in response:
Your microphone emits an ear-busting squeal.

• It must have been something I ate.
A police, fire, or ambulance siren disturbs your presentation.

• [Name of someone the audience knows] is late again.
• I told them not to pick me up for another hour.
A cell phone rings in the audience.

• Tell them I’m busy right now.
You Make a Mistake

Nobody is perfect. Unfortunately, many of us realize this truth while giving a presentation. Take a look at
some possible mistakes you can make and things you can say in response:
You make a point that no one understands.

• I can explain your difficulty understanding my (last point, chart, plan, whatever): In my previous job, I
wrote instructions for putting together children’s toys.
You mispronounce a word or say something stupid.

• I feel like the javelin thrower who won the coin toss and elected to receive.
Don’t Apologize for Nervousness

Many presenters feel compelled to apologize for being nervous. Don’t apologize for making a mistake,
flub, or goof-up. Just let it go. You don’t want to draw additional attention to your nervousness. As Allatia
Harris says, “Never apologize to the audience unless you’ve injured someone.”


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UNIT IV
SPEECH
Deskripsi Singkat
skills for general purposes, especially those related to speech on recent issues on contextualizing

At the end of the meeting, 75 % of the students are:
1. Aware of definition and techniques of speech presentation.
2. Aware of some skills involved in speech presentation.
3. Able to conduct speech presentation in a proper way on a specific situation.
4. Able to apply the speech presentation skills correctly.
Successfully preparing a speech involves gathering and organizing your information and practicing your
delivery. When you’re speaking in public, use visual aids to help get your message across to the audience,
make sure your speaking location is prepared ahead of time, and get a handle on stage fright.
How to Deliver an Effective Presentation or Speech

Effective, confident public speaking should look effortless. In reality most people need considerable time
and practice before they can talk confidently in front of an audience. You can use a number of techniques
to overcome stage fright, present yourself confidently and keep your audience engaged.
Remember!
The audience is on your side. People want you to succeed; they don’t want to waste their time listening to
a boring presentation. You are in a position of power: you have the knowledge that everyone wants to
acquire.
Avoid Signs of Nerves during your Speech

Think of yourself as someone who is sharing valuable information with willing listeners. Don’t get so
worked up about how you will come across in your nervous state: Audiences can rarely detect anxiety in a
speaker who claims to be very nervous. It seems much worse to you than your listeners.


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As long as you appear calm, it doesn’t really matter that you’re feeling nervous. Avoid these telltale signs
of worry:
Fidgeting: Avoid touching your face or playing with jewellery. Keep your hands in front of you. If using a
lecturn, place your hands on either side of it.
Pacing: Rather than pace in a random, panicky manner, move strategically. Move a few steps and then
stop. This can help keep an audience engaged, and you can use it to emphasise the message you’re
communicating.
Hands shaking: Use cards rather than sheets of paper for your notes. This will make your shakiness much
less apparent.
Develop Good Body Language

The most important facial expression is the smile. This creates an instant rapport and will make your
audience warm to you. Use facial expressions to help convey key points: This will help to make your
speech seem more convincing.
Posture is crucial: Stand up straight with your feet slightly apart and your arms loose. Avoid placing your
hands on your hips and avoid swaying while you talk. Looking rooted will make you appear more confident
and believable. “Closed” gestures to avoid include crossing your arms or legs and standing with your arms
behind your back. This creates a mental barrier between you and your audience.
Gesticulate for Success

Use your hands and arms to help your audience follow your speech. Effective, confident gestures
command attention from listeners. When your body and words work together, they create a powerful
message. Make sure that you vary gestures so that you don’t look like a robot.
Adjust your body language to fit the size of the space you’re working with to emphasize points effectively.
When delivering a speech, use bold gestures! Tentative, half-hearted actions can make you appear unsure
and unconvincing.
Make Eye Contact to Engage People
Engage your audience (and look as if you’re interested in them) by making eye contact with as many
people as possible. Don’t just fixate on one friendly face. You should ensure that you engage all parts of
the audience, so scan the sides and back as well as the people at the front. Spend more time looking at the
audience than your notes. Notes should be a prompt, and not something you read from.
How to Prepare Your Speech

When you speak in public, you have to prepare your speech by selecting and organizing material, and
writing a clear message. Once you’ve written the perfect speech, you need to prepare for the delivery.

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Writing your Speech

These guidelines will help you organize your material and write a speech.
1. Resist making a speech that you don’t want to make.
2. Organize your information in a simple pattern that the audience can easily recognize.
3. Use various types of material — examples, stories, statistics, quotes — to maintain audience
interest.
4. Use your introduction to set the audience’s expectations.
5. Have a special conclusion ready that you can go right into if you run out of time. Never omit a
conclusion.
6. Anticipate the questions you’ll be asked and have answers ready.
7. Practice out loud.
Delivering your Speech

Practice these tips to deliver a speech that wows your audience:
1. Try to establish eye contact with your entire audience.
2. Vary the rate, pitch, and volume of your voice, as well as its tone.
3. Use your hands to gesture instead of keeping them clasped in front of your crotch.
4. Look at the audience more than your notes.
5. Don’t pace back and forth, jingle change in your pocket, or play with your hair.
6. Stand behind a podium if it makes you feel more comfortable.
7. Convey enthusiasm for your subject — it’s contagious.
Using Visual Aids in Your Speech


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Good visual aids will highlight your speech. To avoid mistakes and display your information efficiently
when using the appropriate visual aids, follow these guidelines:
1. Make slides and overheads easy to read by avoiding too many words per line, too many colors,
and designs that are too busy or too small.
2. Check text for spelling errors.
3. Take advantage of computer software templates that help you design visual aids.
4. You know you need time to design slides and overheads.
5. Number all your slides and overheads.
6. You can’t check the working condition of the slide or overhead projector too many times.
7. Bring an extension cord and adapter.
Managing Stage Fright when Speaking

After you’ve worked hard preparing a fantastic speech, you don’t want to freeze up at the podium. Use
these methods to confidently deal with stage fright:
1. Avoid alcohol and pills — they don’t work. If they wear off before you speak, you’ll be even more
nervous. If they don’t, you’ll be incoherent.
2. Channel nervous tension into your performance.
3. Work off nervous energy by taking a few deep breaths.
4. Leave time to go to the bathroom shortly before you speak.
5. Remember that the audience wants you to succeed.


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DAFTAR REFERENSI
Alberding, Mark (et al). Spring 2006. Level 48 Academic Listening and Speaking Skills. San Fransisco:
American Language Institute at San Francisco State University.
Dale, Paulette and James C. Wolf. 1988. Speech Communication for International Students. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
RELO, English for Presentations.1999. England: York Associates Templeton, Melody. Public Speaking and
Presentations Demystified.NewYork: Mc GrawHill.
Templeton, Melody. Public Speaking and Presentations Demystified. New York: Mc GrawHill.
Suyanto, Kasihani K.E. & Rachmajanti, Sri. 2003. Let’s Communicate in English. Malang: Bayumedia
Publishing.
http://www.dummies.com/careers/business-communication/public speaking/avoiding-stage-fright/


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KEMENTERIAN RISET, TEKNOLOGI DAN PENDIDIKAN TINGGI

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG (UNNES)

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Speaking for General Purposes

PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA INGGRIS

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

VERIFIKASI BAHAN AJAR

Semarang, 18 Februari 2021

Fatma Hetami, S.S, M.Hum Prayudias Margawati, M.Hum.

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

DESKRIPSI MATA KULIAH

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Capaian Pembelajaran Pertemuan (Sub-CPMK)

The discussion techniques or procedures, according to Dobson (1983), are as follows.

B. Task of Each Act Role

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

8. See that all aspects of the problem are explored.

Members – they will:

Note Taker – S/he should:

An Observer – S/he will:

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

A Consultant – S/he will:

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Capaian Pembelajaran Pertemuan (Sub-CPMK)

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

Rektor: (024)8508081 Fax (024)8508082, Purek I: (024) 8508001

Capaian Pembelajaran Pertemuan (Sub-CPMK)

Preparing Your Oral Presentation

Perfecting the Delivery of Your Presentation

Dibuat Oleh Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian Diperiksa Oleh

keeping them clasped in front of you.

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Readying the Room for Your Presentation

Speaking in Public with Confidence

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Handling Problems during a Presentation

A slide or overhead is projected upside down.

• It looks good no matter how you look at it.

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• For those of you sitting on your heads.

Someone points out a spelling error on a slide.

Your microphone emits an ear-busting squeal.

A police, fire, or ambulance siren disturbs your presentation.

A cell phone rings in the audience.

You Make a Mistake

You make a point that no one understands.

You mispronounce a word or say something stupid.

Don’t Apologize for Nervousness

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Capaian Pembelajaran Pertemuan (Sub-CPMK)

How to Deliver an Effective Presentation or Speech

Avoid Signs of Nerves during your Speech