LAPAROSKOPI OPERATIF
Wachyu Hadisaputra, Farid Anfasa Moeloek
P E N D A H U L U A N
m e l a k u k a n h a l - h a l k h u s u s t e r s e b u t d i atas. O k u l e r l a p a r o s k o p dapat d i h u b u n g k a n d e -
n g a n m o n i t o r , seperti ia m e l a k u k a n hal y a n g sesungguhnya pada pasien. B a h a n jaringan
y a n g d i g u n a k a n , biasanya plasenta segar d e n g a n selaput a m n i o n n y a , y a n g d i l e t a k k a n d i
d a l a m pelvic-trainer. Pada jaringan plasenta d a n selaput a m n i o n tersebut dapat d i l a k u -
k a n berbagai t i n d a k a n seperti m e l a k u k a n t i n d a k a n y a n g sesungguhnya. A p a b i l a hal-hal
t e r s e b u t t e l a h dikuasai d e n g a n baik, m a k a ia t e l a h siap u n t u k m e l a k u k a n operasi lapa-
r o s k o p i o p e r a t i f y a n g s e s u n g g u h n y a pada pasien.'-^
A k h i r n y a , sewaktu akan melaksanakan operasi laparoskopik perlu dipertimbangkan
benar-benar apakah akan m e n g u n t u n g k a n penderita. T i n d a k a n operasi laparoskopik juga
masih m e m p u n y a i keterbatasan. Mage d a n k a w a n - k a w a n m e n g e m u k a k a n keberhasilan
dalam h i s t e r e k t o m i hanya mencapai 7 5 % sedangkan u n t u k m i o m e k t o m i masih lebih
k u r a n g lagi d a n m e r e k a m e n g e m u k a k a n m a s i h d i p e r l u k a n n y a alat-alat y a n g l e b i h cang-
gih. H a n y a dengan mengadakan penilaian ilmiah yang benar d a n cermat dalam tata
cara p e m a k a i a n operasi l a p a r o s k o p i k t e k n i k tersebut a k a n m e n e m u i h a r a p a n y a n g
lebih cerah.i
Indikasi
Indikasi Diagnostik^'^
Indikasi Terapi''
Kontraindikasi
Kontraindikasi Absolut'''^
• K o n d i s i pasien y a n g t i d a k m e m u n g k i n k a n d i l a k u k a n n y a anestesi.
• Diatese h e m o r a g i k sehingga mengganggu fungsi p e m b e k u a n darah.
• P e r i t o n i t i s a k u t , t e r u t a m a y a n g m e n g e n a i a b d o m e n bagian atas, disertai d e n g a n dis-
tensi d i n d i n g perut, sebab kelainan i n i m e r u p a k a n k o n t r a i n d i k a s i u n t u k m e l a k u k a n
pneumoperitoneum.
Kontraindikasi Relatif'^
• T u m o r a b d o m e n y a n g s a n g a t b e s a r , s e h i n g g a sulit u n t u k m e m a s u k k a n t r o k a r k e d a l a m
r o n g g a p e l v i s o l e h k a r e n a t r o k a r d a p a t m e l u k a i tumor tersebut.
• H e r n i a a b d o m i n a h s , d i k h a w a t i r k a n dapat m e l u k a i u s u s pada saat m e m a s u k k a n t r o k a r
k e d a l a m r o n g g a pelvis, a t a u m e m p e r b e r a t h e r n i a p a d a saat d i l a k u k a n p n e u m o -
p e r i t o n e u m . K i n i k e k h a w a t i r a n i n i dapat d i h i l a n g k a n d e n g a n m o d i f i k a s i alat p n e u m o -
peritoneum otomatlk.
• K e l a i n a n atau insufisiensi paru-paru, j a n t u n g , hepar, atau kelainan p e m b u l u h darah
v e n a p o r t a , goiter, atau k e l a i n a n m e t a b o l i s m e l a i n y a n g sulit m e n y e r a p gas C O 2 .
Posisi Pasien
P o s i s i p a s i e n p a d a saat o p e r a s i l a p a r o s k o p i b e r l a i n a n d e n g a n p o s i s i p a s i e n p a d a o p e r a s i
g i n e k o l o g i k lazimnya. Pada u m u m n y a pasien dalam posisi T r e n d e l e n b u r g , dengan sudut
552 LAPAROSKOPI OPERATIF
Gambar 25-1. P o s i s i p a s i e n .
LAPAROSKOPI OPERATIF 553
Akses Masuk k e K a v u m A b d o m e n
Peralatan
G a m b a r 2 5 - 3 . B e r b a g a i u k u r a n t r o k a r , j a r u m V e r e s s , d a n a k s e s o r i l a i n n y a . {Foto WH)
Peralatan Khusus
Insuflator Elektronik
Endokoagulator
Endoloop
Endosuture
Morselator
M o r s e l a t o r m e r u p a k a n alat k h u s u s y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e r u s a k j a r i n g a n padat d a n
k e m u d i a n jaringan tersebut dapat d i k e l u a r k a n dari rongga pelvis. Jaringan padat seperti
m i o m , ovarium, dengan m u d a h diperkecil v o l u m e n y a oleh morselator ini, dan k e m u d i -
an d i k e l u a r k a n dari r o n g g a pelvis m e l a l u i laparoskop. D e n g a n m o r s e l a t o r , seolah-olah
jaringan padat tersebut digigit sedikit d e m i sedikit d a n k e m u d i a n ditarik k e luar dari
r o n g g a pelvis; seperti h a l n y a m e n g u n y a h b u a h apel.'*''^ ( G a m b a r 25-4.)
556 LAPAROSKOPI OPERATIF
Gambar 25-4. Alat morselator clcktrik, mesm dan tangkai morselator. {Foto WH)
Alat-alat Lain
Kistektomi Kista O v a r i u m
Miomektomi
T a b e l 25-1. P e r b a n d i n g a n m i o m e k t o m i p e r l a p a r o s k o p i d e n g a n l a p a r o t o m i . '
Histerektomi'*
Kehamilan Ektopik
Anestesi Lokal
Anestesi Regional
Anestesi U m u m
ROBOTIK LAPAROSKOPI
D i p e r k e n a l k a n n y a t e k n o l o g i r o b o t i k d a p a t m e n j e m b a t a n i gap y a n g a d a a n t a r a l a p a r o s -
k o p i dengan l a p a r o t o m i . Terdapat tiga b e n t u k t e k n o l o g i r o b o t yang digunakan pada
p e m b e d a h a n g i n e k o l o g i . P e r t a m a a d a l a h a u t o m a t e d endoscopic system for optimal po-
sitioning ( A E S O P ) m e r u p a k a n t e k n o l o g i r o b o t pertama yang disetujui oleh badan a d -
ministrasi pangan dan obat A m e r i k a ( F D A ) . T e k n o l o g i robot i n idikendahkan melalui
suara. S i s t e m r o b o t y a n g k e d u a adalah S i s t e m P e m b e d a h a n Z e u s y a n g m e n y e d i a k a n
lapang penglihatan d u a d i m e n s i dengan pengendalian jarak j a u h lengan r o b o t pada m e j a
operasi. A k a n tetapi, s i s t e m i n i s u d a h t i d a k d i p r o d u k s i lagi. S i s t e m r o b o t y a n g t e r a k h i r
adalah S i s t e m operasi da V i n c i . A l a t i n i dapat juga d i k e n d a l i k a n jarak j a u h tetapi d e n g a n
lapang p a n d a n g tiga d i m e n s i y a n g asli d a n d i l e n g k a p i t e k n o l o g i p e r e d a m t r e m o r . S i s t e m
ini m e m i l i k i k e u n t u n g a n pembedahan potensial l a p a r o t o m i disertai dengan k e u n t u n g a n
laparoskopi.23'24
560 LAPAROSKOPI OPERATIF
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