Obesitas Anak dan Remaja i

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

(Faktor Risiko, Pencegahan, dan Isu Terkini)

Andi Imam Arundhana

Asriadi Masnar

Penerbit: CV. Edugizi Pratama Indonesia

 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja
(Faktor Risiko, Pencegahan, dan Isu Terkini)

Penulis:
Andi Imam Arundhana
Asriadi Masnar

ISBN: 978-623-96430-0-3

Penyunting: Asriadi Masnar

Desain Sampul dan Tata Letak:

Firdania Oktaviany Hidayah

Penerbit:
CV. Edugizi Pratama Indonesia

Redaksi:
Villa Mas Kukusan Blok i, Depok, Jawa Barat

Phone: (021) 27805125

Email: edugizi.id@gmail.com, info@edugizi.id

Website: https://www.edugizi.id/

Cetakan pertama, Januari 2021

Hak Cipta dilindungi Undang-undang

Dilarang memperbanyak karya tulis dalam bentuk dan dengan cara apapun tanpa
ijin tertulis dari penerbit
 KATA PENGANTAR

Puja dan puji syukur saya haturkan kepada Allah Subhanahu Wata’ala yang telah memberikan
banyak nikmat, taufik dan hidayah. Sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan buku yang berjudul
“Obesitas Anak dan Remaja (Faktor Risiko, Pencegahan, dan Isu Terkini)” dengan lancar.

Karya ini telah kami selesaikan dengan maksimal berkat kerjasama dan bantuan dari berbagai
pihak. Oleh karena itu kami sampaikan banyak terima kasih kepada segenap pihak yang telah
berkontribusi secara maksimal dalam penyelesaian makalah ini.

Diluar itu, tim penulis sebagai manusia biasa menyadari sepenuhnya bahwa masih banyak
kekurangan dalam penulisan makalah ini, baik dari segi tata bahasa, susunan kalimat maupun
isi. Oleh sebab itu dengan segala kerendahan hati , kami selaku penyusun menerima segala kritik
dan saran yang membangun dari pembaca.

Dengan karya ini kami berharap dapat turut berkontribusi dalam mencerdaskan kehidupan
bangsa Indonesia melalui kampanye hidup sehat dan konsumsi gizi seimbang untuk mencegah
obesitas pada generasi muda.

Demikian yang bisa kami sampaikan, semoga buku ini dapat menambah khazanah ilmu
pengetahuan dan memberikan manfaat nyata untuk masyarakat luas.

Jakarta, 18 Januari 2021

Tim penulis
 DAFTAR ISI

KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................................................ iii

DAFTAR ISI ............................................................................................................................iv
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................................................v
DAFTAR TABEL ......................................................................................................................vi
BAB 1 PENGANTAR TENTANG OBESITAS ANAK DAN REMAJA
A. Definisi, Klasifikasi, dan Pengukuran ................................................................................................... 2
B. Obesitas di Indonesia ................................................................................................................................ 6
C. Menjadi Gemuk Bukanlah Sebuah Pilihan! ....................................................................................... 8
D. Banyak Anak Obes Tidak Bahagia ......................................................................................................... 10
BAB 2 PENYEBAB OBESITAS ANAK DAN REMAJA
A. Faktor Determinan Obesitas pada Anak dan Remaja .................................................................... 12
B. Patofisiologi Obesitas ............................................................................................................................... 17
C. Self-efficacy dan Self-awarness Orang Tua ....................................................................................... 20
D. Fetal Programming obesitas .................................................................................................................. 21
E. Faktor Hormonal ......................................................................................................................................... 24
BAB 3 KONSEKUENSI OBESITAS TERHADAP ANAK-ANAK DAN REMAJA
A. Memicu Berbagai Komplikasi ................................................................................................................ 28
B. Komplikasi Psikososial dan Kesehatan Mental ................................................................................ 28
C. Sistem Imun dan Obesitas ...................................................................................................................... 31
D. Konsekuensi Biaya ...................................................................................................................................... 32
BAB 4 OBESITAS DALAM PERSEPEKTIF KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT
A. Obesitas dan Kemiskinan ........................................................................................................................ 38
B. Obesitas dan Westernization ................................................................................................................... 38
C. Pendekatan Budaya Ciptakan Lingkungan Sehat bagi Anak ..................................................... 39
BAB 5 PENANGGULANGAN OBESITAS OBESITAS ANAK DAN REMAJA
A. Pencegahan Obesitas Anak-anak dan Remaja ................................................................................ 44
B. Pengobatan Obesitas Anak-anak dan Remaja ................................................................................. 46
C. Pembatasan Kalori (calorie restriction) ................................................................................................ 49
BAB 6 OBESITAS ANAK: PERAN MULTI-PIHAK
A. Peran Stakeholer dan Pencegahan Obesitas Anak Berbasis Populasi ..................................... 52
B. Peran Sekolah dan Pencegahan Obesitas Berbasis Komunitas ................................................. 57
C. Peran Orang Tua dan Pencegahan Obesitas Anak Berbasis Keluarga ..................................... 60

iv Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

BAB 7 ISU TERKINI PENELITIAN OBESITAS ANAK DAN REMAJA
A. Pola sedentari anak usia sekolah dasar .............................................................................................. 66
B. Fruktosa dan Obesitas .............................................................................................................................. 69
C. Gangguan Citra Tubuh (Body Image Disturbance) .......................................................................... 71
D. Mikrobiota usus (gut microbiota) dan obesitas anak .................................................................... 74
E. Pandemik COVID-19 dan Tantangan Pencegahan Obesitas Anak dan Remaja ................... 76
BAB 8 PENGARUH INDUSTRI PERIKLANAN DAN MEDIA
A. Konsumsi Produk ........................................................................................................................................ 82
B. Fakta Konsumsi Dan Perkembangan Produk ................................................................................... 83
C. Iklan Dan Waralab ....................................................................................................................................... 84
BAB 9 EDUKASI DAN REKOMENDASI KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK
A. Kondisi Dan Kebijakan Publik Terkait Obesitas Di Indonesia ..................................................... 88
B. Akses Terhadap Makanan Dan Munuman Sehat ............................................................................ 88
C. Pemasaran Dan Pelebelan Makanan ................................................................................................... 91
D. Harga Makanan, Pajak, Dan Kebijakan Pertanian ........................................................................... 93
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................................................................................................................94
LAMPIRAN ............................................................................................................................................................ 104

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja v

 DAFTAR GAMBAr

Gambar 1.1 Anak laki-laki dengan berat badan 10 kg dan panjang badan 63 cm.................... 3
Gambar 1.2 Pengukuran berat badan dan tinggi badan..................................................................... 5
Gambar 1.3 Prevalensi obesitas pada orang dewasa di Indonesia berdasarkan data Riskesdas
tahun 2007 dan 2013................................................................................................................ 6
Gambar 1.4 Beban ganda masalah gizi anak di Indonesia berdasarkan data Riskesdas
tahun 2007, 2013, dan 2018................................................................................................... 7
Gambar 1.5 Prevalensi obesitas anak menurut wilayah tahun 2013............................................... 7
Gambar 1.6 Ilustrasi: Anak-anak justru dilatih untuk menjadi gemuk oleh para orang tua.... 9
Gambar 2.1 Peta terjadinya obesitas...........................................................................................................13
Gambar 2.2 Mekanisme keseimbangan energi secara sederhana...................................................18
Gambar 2.3 Tren Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) yang tergantung pada kondisi awal janin.......... 22
Gambar 4.1 Pendekatan ke-5 bidang kesehatan masyarakat............................................................ 40
Gambar 5.1 Domain target program pencegahan obesitas anak.................................................... 45
Gambar 5.2 Anjuran Hidup Sehat Cegah Kegemukan pada Anak................................................... 48
Gambar 5.3 Diet rendah lemak vs rendah karbohidrat........................................................................ 50
Gambar 6.1 Pencegahan obesitas dengan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis populasi... 53
Gambar 6.2 catatanseorangahligizi. wordpress.com adalah blog penulis yang memuat
informasi mengenai obesitas................................................................................................. 55
Gambar 6.3 Potensi stakeholder apabila mereka sebagai resistor maupun enablers.............. 57
Gambar 6.4 Makanan dan minuman manis kerap kali menjadi pilihan anak-anak
di sekolah....................................................................................................................................... 58
Gambar 6.5 Kantin di depan salah satu SD favorit di Kota Makassar.............................................. 58
Gambar 7.1 Besar risiko aktifitas berbasis layar (screen-based).......................................................... 67
Gambar 7.2 Perbedaan aktifitas sedentari di hari sekolah dan hari libur...................................... 68
Gambar 7.3 Minuman manis menjadi kegemaran anak-anak........................................................... 70
Gambar 7.4 Keseimbangan mikroba usus dan implikasinya terhadap kesehatan..................... 75
Gambar 7.5 Dampak respons masyarakat terhadap pandemic......................................................... 77
Gambar 7.6 Fokus perubahan perilaku dalam pendampingan anak obes

vi Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

 DAFTAR tabel

Tabel 1.1 Indikator Pertumbuhan Anak-anak..........................................................................................4

Tabel 2.1 Bahaya Obesitas Pada Ibu............................................................................................................23
Tabel 3.1 Analisis cost effective berdasarkan jenis intervensi.............................................................35
Tabel 6.1 Pencegahan obesitas dengan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis populasi .......53
Tabel 6.2 Kandungan minuman manis......................................................................................................59
Tabel 6.3 Kandungan gula dan siklamat per produk menurut jenis minuman manis.............59
Tabel 7.1 Aktifitas sedentari Yogyakarta (urban) vs Bantul (rural/sub-urban).............................66
Tabel 7.2 Fungsi organ yang terganggu akibat anoreksia nervosa..................................................73
Tabel 8.1 Daftar Top 10 Perusahaan Restoran Cepat Saji di Indonesia Tahun 2015..................84

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja vii

 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Abdelmalek, M.F., Diehl, A.M., 2007. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a complication of insulin resistance.
Med. Clin. North Am. 91, 1125–49, ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2007.06.001

Alshihri, A.A., Rogers, H.J., Alqahtani, M.A., Aldossary, M.S., El Tantawi, M., 2019. Association between
Dental Caries and Obesity in Children and Young People: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Dent. 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9105759

Ard, J.D., 2007. Unique perspectives on the obesogenic environment. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 22, 1058–1060.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0243-z

Arundhana, A.I., 2013. Kebiasaan sarapan dan risiko obesitas remaja. Bul. Gizi DIY 13, 56–64.

Arundhana, A.I., Hadi, H., Astiti, D., Muqni, A.D., 2017a. Does duration of sedentary behaviour of school-
age children in weekend is high risk of obesity compared to weekday? Unpublished.

Arundhana, A.I., Hadi, H., Julia, M., 2013. Perilaku sedentari sebagai faktor risiko kejadian obesitas pada
anak sekolah dasar di Kota Yogyakarta dan Kabupaten Bantul. J. Gizi dan Diet. Indones. 1, 71–80.

Arundhana, A.I., Jaya, A.M., Rachmat, M., Ulfa, N., Arundhana, A.I., Jaya, A.M., Rachmat, M., Ulfa, N.,
Turisno, T., 2018a. KADER POSYANDU HARI INI : URGENSI PENYEGARAN KADER DI DESA
POPO KABUPATEN TAKALAR. J. Din. Pengabdi. 4, 148–154.

Arundhana, A.I., Najamuddin, U., Ibrahim, W., Semba, G., Muqni, A.D., Haning, M.T., 2017b. Why
consumption pattern of sugar-sweetened beverage is potential to increase the risk of overweight in
school age children? Unpublished.

Arundhana, A.I., Utami, A.P., Muqni, A.D., Thalavera, M.T., 2018b. Regional difference in obesity
prevalence and associated factors among Indonesian adults. Malays. J. Nutr. 24.

Bacchini, D., Licenziati, M.R., Garrasi, A., Corciulo, N., Driul, D., Tanas, R., Fiumani, P.M., Di Pietro, E.,
Pesce, S., Crino, A., Maltoni, G., Iughetti, L., Sartorio, A., Deiana, M., Lombardi, F., Valerio, G., 2015.
Bullying and Victimization in Overweight and Obese Outpatient Children and Adolescents: An Italian
Multicentric Study. PLoS One 10, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142715

Baker, P.R., Patinkin, Z., Shapiro, A.L.B., De La Houssaye, B.A., Woontner, M., Boyle, K.E., Vanderlinden,
L., Dabelea, D., Friedman, J.E., 2017. Maternal obesity and increased neonatal adiposity correspond
with altered infant mesenchymal stem cell metabolism. JCI Insight 2. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.
insight.94200

Barker, D.J.P., 1997. Maternal nutrition, fetal nutrition, and disease in later life. Nutrition 13, 807–813.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(97)00193-7

Barlow, S.E., Expert, 2007. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and
treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: Summary report, Pediatrics.

Barnes, M., team, 2010. Solving the problem of childhood obesity within a generation.

Barsh, G.S., Schwartz, M.W., 2002. Genetic approaches to studying energy balance: perception and
integration. Nat. Rev. Genet. 3, 589–600. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg862

Ben-Sefer, E., Ben-Natan, M., Ehrenfeld, M., 2009. Childhood obesity: Current literature, policy
and implications for practice. Int. Nurs. Rev. 56, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-
7657.2008.00708.x

94 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

Bjarnadottir, A., 2016. 9 Reasons Why Obesity is Not Just a Choice [WWW Document]. Auth. Nutr. URL
https://authoritynutrition.com/9-reasons-obesity-is-not-a-choice/

Bjornsson, A.S., Didie, E.R., Phillips, K.A., 2010. Body dysmorphic disorder. Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 12,
221–32.

Bouchard, L., Thibault, S., Guay, S.-P., Santure, M., Monpetit, A., St-Pierre, J., Perron, P., Brisson, D., 2010.
Leptin gene epigenetic adaptation to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Diabetes Care 33,
2436–41. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1024

Bramley, A.M., Reed, C., Finelli, L., Self, W.H., Ampofo, K., Arnold, S.R., Williams, D.J., Grijalva,
C.G., Anderson, E.J., Stockmann, C., Trabue, C., Fakhran, S., Balk, R., McCullers, J.A., Pavia,
A.T., Edwards, K.M., Wunderink, R.G., Jain, S., 2017. Relationship between Body Mass Index and
Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 215,
1873–1882. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix241

Brehm, B.J., Seeley, R.J., Daniels, S.R., D’Alessio, D.A., 2003. A randomized trial comparing a very low
carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in
healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 1617–1623. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021480

Buijsse, B., Feskens, E.J.M., Schulze, M.B., Forouhi, N.G., Wareham, N.J., Sharp, S., Palli, D., Tognon, G.,
Halkjaer, J., Tjønneland, A., Jakobsen, M.U., Overvad, K., Van Der A, D.L., Du, H., Sørensen, T.I.A.,
Boeing, H., 2009. Fruit and vegetable intakes and subsequent changes in body weight in European
populations: Results from the project on Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 90,
202–209. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27394

Carey, F.R., Singh, G.K., Brown III, H., Wilkinson, A. V, 2015. Educational outcomes associated with
childhood obesity in the United States: cross-sectional results from the 2011–2012 National Survey of
Children’s Health. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 12, S3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-12-S1-S3

Carter, R., Moodie, M., Markwick, A., Magnus, A., Vos, T., Swinburn, B., Haby, M.M., 2009. Assessing
Cost-Effectiveness in Obesity (ACE-Obesity): an overview of the ACE approach, economic methods
and cost results. BMC Public Health 9, 419. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-419

Chan, H. T. (2020). Obesity Prevention Source.

Clément, K., Ferré, P., 2003. Genetics and the pathophysiology of obesity. Pediatr. Res. https://doi.
org/10.1203/01.PDR.0000059753.61905.58

Crawford, L., Howard, J., Karmali, R., 2013. Childhood obesity and Possible Policy Interventions.

Crockett, L. dkk. 2003. Adolescent Sexuality: Behavior and Meaning. Lincoln: Faculty Publications,
Department of Psychology

Davies, S.C., Winpenny, E., Ball, S., Fowler, T., Rubin, J., Nolte, E., 2014. For debate: A new wave in public
health improvement. Lancet 384, 1889–1895. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62341-7

de Heredia, F.P., Gómez-Martínez, S., Marcos, A., 2012. Obesity, inflammation and the immune system.
Proc. Nutr. Soc. 71, 332–338. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665112000092

Deglaire, A., Méjean, C., Castetbon, K., Kesse-Guyot, E., Hercberg, S., Schlich, P., 2015. Associations
between weight status and liking scores for sweet, salt and fat according to the gender in adults (The
Nutrinet-Santé study). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 69, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.139

Deivert, S.F., Fleetwood, M.K., 2001. Obesity and the Immune System 1–4.

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja 95

 Dockray, S., Susman, E.J., Dorn, L.D., 2009. Depression, cortisol reactivity, and obesity in childhood and
adolescence. J. Adolesc. Health 45, 344–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.014

Donaldson, E., 2015. Advocating for sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: a case study of Mexico 40.

Dorsey, K.B., Mauldon, M., Magraw, R., Yu, S., Krumholz, H.M., 2011. Do Self- or Parent-Reported Dietary,
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Predict Worsening Obesity in Children? Pediatrics 157,
566–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.062.Do

Ebbeling, C., Feldman, H., Osganian, S., Chomitz, V., Ellenbogen, S., Ludwig, D., 2006. Effects of
Decreasing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption on Body Weight in Adolescents: A Randomized,
Controlled Pilot Study. Pediatrics 117, 673–680. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0983

Ekelund, U., Besson, H., Luan, J., May, A.M., Sharp, S.J., Brage, S., Travier, N., Agudo, A., Slimani, N.,
Rinaldi, S., Jenab, M., Norat, T., Mouw, T., Rohrmann, S., Kaaks, R., Bergmann, M.M., Boeing, H.,
Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Overvad, K., Jakobsen, M.U., Johnsen, N.F., Halkjaer,
J., Gonzalez, C.A., Rodriguez, L., Sanchez, M.J., Arriola, L., Barricarte, A., Navarro, C., Key, T.J.,
Spencer, E.A., Orfanos, P., Naska, A., Trichopoulou, A., Manjer, J., Lund, E., Palli, D., Pala, V., Vineis,
P., Mattiello, A., Tumino, R., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Van Den Berg, S.W., Odysseos, A.D., Riboli,
E., Wareham, N.J., Peeters, P.H., 2011. Physical activity and gain in abdominal adiposity and body
weight: Prospective cohort study in 288,498 men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93, 826–35. https://
doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.006593

Emery, C., Olson, K., Lee, V., Habash, D., Nasar, J., Bodine, A., 2015. Home environment and psychosocial
predictors of obesity status among community-residing men and women. Int J Obes (Lond). 39,
1401–1407. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.70.

Erickson, S.J., Robinson, T.N., Haydel, K.F., Killen, J.D., JK, E., L, A., 2000. Are Overweight Children
Unhappy? Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 154, 931. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.9.931

Eriksson, J.G., Osmond, C., Kajatie, E., Forsen, T.J., Barker, D.J., 2006. Patterns of growth among children
who later develop type 2 diabetes or its risk factors. Diabetologia 49, 2853–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00125-006-0459-1

Falkner, N., French, S., Jeffery, R., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Sherwood, N., Morton, M., 1999. Mistreatment
due to weight: prevalence and sources of perceived mistreatment in women and men. Obes. Res. Clin.
Pract. 7, 572–6.

Fields, D., Higgins, P., 2008. Physiological Mechanisms Impacting Weight Regulation, in: Jelalian, E.,
Steele, R.G. (Eds.), Handbook of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. Springer, New York, USA, p.
108.

Fikawati, S., Syafiq, A., Veratamala, A., 2017. Gizi Anak dan Remaja. Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta,
Indonesia.

Flodmark, C.E., 2005. The happy obese child. Int. J. Obes. 29, S31–S33. https://doi.org/10.1038/
sj.ijo.0803060

French, S.A., Story, M., Perry, C.L., 1995. Self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents: a literature
review. Obes. Res. 3, 479–490.

Fuada, N., Salimar, S., Irawati, A., 2014. Kemampuan Kader Posyandu Dalam Melakukan Pengukuran
Panjang/Tinggi Badan Balita. J. Ekol. Kesehat. 13, 229–239. https://doi.org/10.22435/jek.
v13i3Sep.5118.229-239

Fulgoni, V.L., Keast, D.R., Lieberman, H.R., 2015. Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US
adults: 2001-2010. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101, 1081–1087. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.080077

96 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

Gable, S., Chang, Y., Krull, J.L., 2007. Television watching and frequency of family meals are predictive of
overweight onset and persistence in a national sample of school-aged children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 107,
53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.10.010

Gan, G.L., Pang, J., 2012. Obesity in singapore, prevention and control. Obes. Prev. Manag. 38, 8–13.

Geier, A.B., Foster, G.D., Womble, L.G., McLaughlin, J., Borradaile, K.E., Nachmani, J., Sherman, S.,
Kumanyika, S., Shults, J., 2007. The Relationship Between Relative Weight and School Attendance
Among Elementary Schoolchildren*. Obesity 15, 2157–2161. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.256

Gerards, S.M., Hummel, K., Dagnelie, P.C., De Vries, N.K., Kremers, S.P., 2013. Parental self-efficacy in
childhood overweight: validation of the Lifestyle Behavior Checklist in the Netherlands. Int. J. Behav.
Nutr. Phys. Act. 10, 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-7

Gleason, P.M., Dodd, A.H., 2009. School Breakfast Program but Not School Lunch Program Participation
Is Associated with Lower Body Mass Index. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 109, S118–S128. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.058

Goisis, A., Sacker, A., Kelly, Y., 2016. Why are poorer children at higher risk of obesity and overweight? A
UK cohort study. Eur. J. Public Health 26, 7–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv219

González Jiménez, E., 2013. Obesity: Etiologic and pathophysiological analysis. Endocrinol. y Nutr. (English
Ed. 60, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endoen.2013.01.005

Goodman, E., Whitaker, R.C., 2002. A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and
persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics 110, 497–504.

Gortmaker, S., Long, M., Wang, Y.C., 2009. The negative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on children’s
health: A research synthesis.

Griffiths, J., Maggs, H., George, E., 2008. Stakeholder Involvement: Background paper prepared for the
WHO/WEF Joint Event on Preventing Noncommunicable Diseases in the Workplace (Dalian/ China,
September 2007), WHO Publication.

Guertin, K.A., Loftfield, E., Boca, S.M., Sampson, J.N., Moore, S.C., Xiao, Q., Huang, W.Y., Xiong, X.,
Freedman, N.D., Cross, A.J., Sinha, R., 2015. Serum biomarkers of habitual coffee consumption
may provide insight into the mechanism underlying the association between coffee consumption and
colorectal cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 101, 1000–1011. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.096099

Hadi, H., Nurwanti, E., Gittelsohn, J., Arundhana, A.I., Astiti, D., West, K.P., Dibley, M.J., 2020. Improved
understanding of interactions between risk factors for child obesity may lead to better designed
prevention policies and programs in indonesia. Nutrients 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010175

Haning, M.T., Arundhana, A.I., Muqni, A.D., 2016. The government policy related to sugar-sweetened
beverages in Indonesia. Indian J. community Heal. 28, 222–227.

Harriger, J.A., Thompson, J.K., 2012. Psychological consequences of obesity: Weight bias and body image in
overweight and obese youth. Int. Rev. Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2012.678817

Hay, P.J., Claudino, A.M., 2010. Bulimia nervosa. Clin. Evid. (Online). 7, 1–42.

Hebl, M.M.R., Mannix, L.M.L., 2003. The weight of obesity in evaluating others: a mere proximity effect.
Pers. Soc Psychol Bull 29, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202238369

Heerwagen, M.J.R., Miller, M.R., Barbour, L.A., Friedman, J.E., 2010. Maternal obesity and fetal metabolic
programming : a fertile epigenetic soil. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. https://doi.

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja 97

 org/10.1152/ajpregu.00310.2010.

Houde, A., Hivert, M., Bouchard, L., 2013. Fetal epigenetic programming of adipokines. Adipocyte 41–46.

Ibarra-Reynoso, L. del R., Pisarchyk, L., Pérez-Luque, E.L., Garay-Sevilla, M.E., Malacara, J.M., 2015.
Dietary restriction in obese children and its relation with eating behavior, fibroblast growth factor
21 and leptin: a prospective clinical intervention study. Nutr. Metab. (Lond). 12, 31. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s12986-015-0027-0

Indiani, C.M.D.S.P., Rizzardi, K.F., Castelo, P.M., Ferraz, L.F.C., Darrieux, M., Parisotto, T.M., 2018.
Childhood Obesity and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio in the Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review.
Child. Obes. 14, 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2018.0040

IOM, 2004. Communities Can Play a Role in Preventing Childhood Obesity.

Jelalian, E., Steele, R.G., 2008. Handbook of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity. Springer. https://doi.
org/10.1007/978-0-387-76924-0

Joseph Mercola, 2010. Sugar May Be Bad, But Fructose is Far More Deadly, Part 1 of 2. Mercola.com 1–5.

Kant, A.K., Whitley, M.I., Graubard, B.I., 2015. Away from home meals: Associations with biomarkers of
chronic disease and dietary intake in American adults, NHANES 2005-2010. Int. J. Obes. 39, 820–827.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.183

Karnik, S., Kanekar, A., 2012. Childhood Obesity: A Global Public Health Crisis. Int. J. Prev. Med. 3, 1–7.

Karvonen, A.M., Sordillo, J.E., Gold, D.R., Bacharier, L.B., O’Connor, G.T., Zeiger, R.S., Beigelman, A.,
Weiss, S.T., Litonjua, A.A., A.M., K., J.E., S., D.R., G., L.B., B., G.T., O., R.S., Z., A., B., S.T., W.,
Litonjua A.A. AO - Karvonen, A.M.. O. http://orcid. org/000.-0003-2257-2934, 2019. Gut microbiota
and overweight in 3-year old children. Int. J. Obes. 43, 713–723. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.
org/10.1038/s41366-018-0290-z

Kiess, W., Reich, A., Müller, G., Meyer, K., Galler, A., Bennek, J., Kratzsch, J., 2001. Clinical aspects of
obesity in childhood and adolescence—diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Int. J. Obes. 25, S75–S79.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801704

Klok, M.D., Jakobsdottir, S., Drent, M.L., 2007. The role of leptin and ghrelin in the regulation of food
intake and body weight in humans: A review. Obes. Rev. 8, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-
789X.2006.00270.x

Koliada, A., Syzenko, G., Moseiko, V., Budovska, L., Puchkov, K., Perederiy, V., Gavalko, Y., Dorofeyev, A.,
Romanenko, M., Tkach, S., Sineok, L., Lushchak, O., Vaiserman, A., 2017. Association between body
mass index and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in an adult Ukrainian population. BMC Microbiol. 17,
4–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-1027-1

Kopelman, P.G., Caterson, I.D., Dietz, W.H., 2010. Clinical Obesity in Adults and Children, third. ed. Wiley-
Blackwell.

Lanningham-Foster, L., Jensen, T.B., Foster, R.C., Redmond, A.B., Walker, B. a, Heinz, D., Levine, J. a,
2006. Energy expenditure of sedentary screen time compared with active screen time for children.
Pediatrics 118, e1831–e1835. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-1087

Lanningham-Foster, L., Nysse, L.J., Levine, J.A., 2003. Labor saved, calories lost: The energetic impact of
domestic labor-saving devices. Obes. Res. 11, 1178–1181. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2003.162

Leach Scully, J., 2004. What is a disease? EMBO Rep. 5, 650–653. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.7400195

98 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

Lee, H., Andrew, M., Gebremariam, A., Lumeng, J.C., Lee, J.M., 2014. Longitudinal associations between
poverty and obesity from birth through adolescence. Am. J. Public Health 104, 70–76. https://doi.
org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301806

Lehnert, T., Sonntag, D., Konnopka, A., Riedel-Heller, S., König, H.-H., 2013. Economic costs of overweight
and obesity. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27, 105–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
beem.2013.01.002

Levine, J.A., 2004. Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT): environment and biology. Am. J. Physiol.
Endocrinol. Metab. 286, E675-85. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00562.2003

Litbangkes, 2014. Laporan Nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) tahun 2013. Jakarta. https://doi.
org/Q

Lobstein, T., Baur, L., Uauy, R., Obesity, I., 2004. Obesity in children and young people : a crisis in. Obes.
Rev. 5, 4–85.

Luppino, F.S., de Wit, L.M., Bouvy, P.F., Stijnen, T., Cuijpers, P., Penninx, B.W.J.H., Zitman, F.G., 2010.
Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67, 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2

Lustig, R.H., 2014. Fat Chance: Beating the odds againts sugar, processed food, obesity, and disease. Penguin
Group.

Lustig, R.H., 2009. Sugar — the bitter truth, in: American Journal of Public Health. pp. 2401–2405. https://
doi.org/Fructose...

Lustig, R.H., 2006. Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the First
Law of Thermodynamics. Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab. 2, 447–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/
ncpendmet0220

Ma, R.C.W., Schmidt, M.I., Tam, W.H., McIntyre, H.D., Catalano, P.M., 2016. Clinical management of
pregnancy in the obese mother: before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum. Lancet Diabetes
Endocrinol. 4, 1037–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30278-9

Maffeis, C., Bonadonna, R., Maschio, M., Aiello, G., Tommasi, M., Marigliano, M., Fornari, E., Morandi, A.,
2013. Metabolic and hormonal consequences of two different meals after a moderate intensity exercise
bout in obese prepubertal children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 67, 725–731. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.86

Magnusson, M.B., Sjöberg, A., Kjellgren, K.I., Lissner, L., 2011. Childhood obesity and prevention
in different socio-economic contexts. Prev. Med. (Baltim). 53, 402–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ypmed.2011.09.019

Majalah SWA Edisi: XXVII| 8-12 September 2015

Menezes, I.H.C.F., Borges Neutzling, M., De Aguiar Carrazedo Taddei, J.A., 2009. Risk factors for
overweight and obesity in adolescents of a Brazilian university: A case-control study. Nutr. Hosp. 24,
17–24. https://doi.org/S0212-16112009000100003 [pii]

Mohammadkhah, A.I., Simpson, E.B., Patterson, S.G., Ferguson, J.F., 2018. Development of the Gut
Microbiome in Children, and Lifetime Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. Children
5, 160. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5120160

Morigny, P., Houssier, M., Mouisel, E., Langin, D., 2016. Adipocyte lipolysis and insulin resistance.
Biochimie 125, 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.024

Murakami, K., Livingstone, M.B.E., 2014. Eating frequency in relation to body mass index and waist

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja 99

 circumference in British adults. Int. J. Obes. 38, 1200–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.1

Murray, S., Tulloch, A., Gold, M.S., Avena, N.M., 2014. Hormonal and neural mechanisms of food
reward, eating behaviour and obesity. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 10, 540–552. https://doi.org/10.1038/
nrendo.2014.91

Naska, A., Orfanos, P., Trichopoulou, A., May, A.M., Overvad, K., Jakobsen, M.U., Tjønneland, A., Halkjær,
J., Fagherazzi, G., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.-C., Rohrmann, S., Hermann, S., Steffen,
A., Haubrock, J., Oikonomou, E., Dilis, V., Katsoulis, M., Sacerdote, C., Sieri, S., Masala, G., Tumino,
R., Mattiello, A., Bueno-de-Mesquita, H.B., Skeie, G., Engeset, D., Barricarte, A., Rodríguez, L.,
Dorronsoro, M., Sánchez, M.-J., Chirlaque, M.-D., Agudo, A., Manjer, J., Wirfält, E., Hellström, V.,
Shungin, D., Khaw, K.-T., Wareham, N.J., Spencer, E.A., Freisling, H., Slimani, N., Vergnaud, A.-C.,
Mouw, T., Romaguera, D., Odysseos, A., Peeters, P.H.M., 2011. Eating out, weight and weight gain. A
cross-sectional and prospective analysis in the context of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Int. J. Obes. 35,
416–426. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.142

Naude, C.E., Visser, M.E., Nguyen, K.A., Durao, S., Schoonees, A., 2018. Effects of total fat intake on
bodyweight in children. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd012960.
pub2

NEDA, 2005. Bulimia Nervosa.

Nielsen, J., 2002. Metabolic Turnover. eLS 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/npg.els.0000635

Nyaradi, A., Li, J., Hickling, S., Foster, J., Oddy, W.H., 2013. The role of nutrition in children’s
neurocognitive development, from pregnancy through childhood. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 7, 97. https://
doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00097

Ogden, C.L., Lamb, M.M., Carroll, M.D., Flegal, K.M., 2010. Obesity and socioeconomic status in children
and adolescents: United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief 127, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1001/
archsurg.138.4.354

Ohkuma, T., Hirakawa, Y., Nakamura, U., Kiyohara, Y., Kitazono, T., Ninomiya, T., 2015. Association
between eating rate and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. 39, 1589–1596.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.96

Pachucki, M.A., 2012. Food pattern analysis over time: Unhealthful eating trajectories predict obesity. Int J
Obes (Lond). 36, 686–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040

Paisi, M., Kay, E., Kaimi, I., Witton, R., Nelder, R., Potterton, R., Lapthorne, D., 2018. Obesity and caries in
four-to-six year old English children: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 18, 1–9. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s12889-018-5156-8

Pesa, J.A., Syre, T.R., Jones, E., 2000. Psychosocial differences associated with body weight among female
adolescents: the importance of body image. J. Adolesc. Health 26, 330–337.

Popkin, B.M., 2010. The World Is Fat: The Fads, Trends, Policies, and Products That Are Fattening the
Human Race. Penguin Group, New York, USA.

Puder, J., Munsch, S., 2010. Psychological correlates of childhood obesity. Int. J. Obes. 34, 37–43. https://
doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.238

Puhl, R., Andreyeva, T., Brownell, K., 2008. Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and
comparison to race and gender discrimination in America. Int J Obes 32, 992 – 1000.

Rangan, A.M., Schindeler, S., Hector, D.J., Gill, T.P., Webb, K.L., 2009. Consumption of ‘extra’ foods by
Australian adults: types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr.

100 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

 63, 865–871. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2008.51

Rizzo, A.C.B., Goldberg, T.B.L., Silva, C.C., Kurokawa, C.S., Nunes, H.R.C., 2013. Metabolic syndrome
risk factors in overweight , obese , and extremely obese brazilian adolescents 1–7. https://doi.
org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-19

Rogge, M., Greenwald, M., Golden, A., 2004. Obesity, stigma, and civilized oppression. Adv Nurs 27,
301–315.

Rolland-Cachera, M.F., 2011. Childhood obesity: current definitions and recommendations for their use. Int.
J. Pediatr. Obes. 6, 325–331. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2011.607458

Ruel, M.T., Alderman, H., 2013. Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help
to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet 382, 536–551. https://doi.
org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60843-0

Ruiz, A., Cerdó, T., Jáuregui, R., Pieper, D.H., Marcos, A., Clemente, A., García, F., Margolles, A., Ferrer,
M., Campoy, C., Suárez, A., 2017. One-year calorie restriction impacts gut microbial composition but
not its metabolic performance in obese adolescents. Environ. Microbiol. 19, 1536–1551. https://doi.
org/10.1111/1462-2920.13713

Rundle, A.G., Park, Y., Herbstman, J.B., Kinsey, E.W., Wang, Y.C., 2020. COVID-19–Related School
Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children. Obesity 00, 18–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/
oby.22813

Sato, T., Ida, T., Nakamura, Y., Shiimura, Y., Kangawa, K., Kojima, M., 2014. Physiological roles of ghrelin
on obesity. Obes. Res. Clin. Pract. 8, e405–e413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2013.10.002

Schwartz, M.B., Puhl, R., 2003. Childhood obesity: A societal problem to solve. Obes. Rev. 4, 57–71. https://
doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2003.00093.x

Shreiner, A.B., Kao, J.Y., Young, V.B., 2016. The gut microbiome in health and in disease. Curr Opin
Gastroenterol. 31, 69–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0000000000000139.The

Simpson, L., Alendy, C., Cooper, J., Murphy, C.G., COAN, 2008. Childhood Obesity: The Role of Health
Policy.

Song, M., Fung, T.T., Hu, F.B., Willett, W.C., Longo, V.D., Chan, A.T., Giovannucci, E.L., 2016. Association
of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. JAMA Intern. Med. 176,
1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182

Srivastava, N., Lakhan, R., Mittal, B., 2007. Pathophysiology and genetics of obesity. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 45,
929–936.

Stallmann-Jorgensen, I., Harris-Davis, E., 2011. Addressing Overweight in Children: A Public Health
Perspective, in: Edelstein, S. (Ed.), Nutrition in Public Health. Jones & Bartlett Learning, pp. 79–104.

Steinbeck, K., 2010. Childhood obesity: consequences and complications, in: Clnical Obesity in Adult and
Children. pp. 392–407.

Stout, S.A., Espel, E. V, Sandman, C.A., Glynn, L.M., Davis, E.P., 2015. Fetal Programming of Children’s
Obesity Risk. Psychoneuroendocrinology 53, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412473755.
Surging

Sumarsono, Sonny.2009.Manajemen Bisnis Waralaba Sonny Sumarsono

Tammelin, T., Laitinen, J., Näyhä, S., 2004. Change in the level of physical activity from adolescence
into adulthood and obesity at the of 31 years. Int. J. Obes. 28, 775–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja 101

 sj.ijo.0802622

Teff, K.L., Elliott, S.S., Tschöp, M., Kieffer, T.J., Rader, D., Heiman, M., Townsend, R.R., Keim, N.L.,
D’Alessio, D., Havel, P.J., 2004. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates
postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.
89, 2963–2972. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031855

Tiggemann, M., Rothblum, E., 1988. Gender differences in social consequences of perceived overweight in
the United States and Australia. Sex Roles 18, 75–86.

Trandafir, L.M., Anton-Paduraru, D.T., Miron, I., Indrei, L.L., 2015. Psychosocial implications of childhood
obesity. Rev. Cercet. si Interv. Soc. 49, 205–215.

Tremblay, L., Limbos, M., 2009. Body Image Disturbance and Psychopathology in Children: Research
Evidence and Implications for Prevention and Treatment. Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 5, 62–72. https://doi.
org/10.2174/157340009787315307

Tremmel, M., Gerdtham, U.-G., Nilsson, P., Saha, S., 2017. Economic burden of obesity: A systematic
literature review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14, 435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040435

Tschop, M., Weyer, C., Tataranni, P.A., Devanarayan, V., Ravussin, E., Heiman, M.L., 2001. Circulating
ghrelin levels are decreased in obesity. Diabetes 50, 707–709. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.50.4.707

Valdes, A.M., Walter, J., Segal, E., Spector, T.D., 2018. Role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health.
BMJ 361, k2179. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2179

Vergnaud, A.C., Norat, T., Romaguera, D., Mouw, T., May, A.M., Travier, N., Luan, J., Wareham, N.,
Slimani, N., Rinaldi, S., Couto, E., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Boutron-Ruault, M.C., Cottet, V., Palli, D.,
Agnoli, C., Panico, S., Tumino, R., Vineis, P., Agudo, A., Rodriguez, L., Sanchez, M.J., Amiano, P.,
Barricarte, A., Huerta, J.M., Key, T.J., Spencer, E.A., Bueno-de-Mesquita, B., Büchner, F.L., Orfanos,
P., Naska, A., Trichopoulou, A., Rohrmann, S., Hermann, S., Boeing, H., Buijsse, B., Johansson, I.,
Hellstrom, V., Manjer, J., Wirfält, E., Jakobsen, M.U., Overvad, K., Tjonneland, A., Halkjaer, J., Lund,
E., Braaten, T., Engeset, D., Odysseos, A., Riboli, E., Peeters, P.H.M., 2010. Meat consumption and
prospective weight change in participants of the EPIC-PANACEA study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 92, 398–
407. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.28713

Videon, T.M., Manning, C.K., 2003. Influences on adolescent eating patterns: the importance of family
meals. J. Adolesc. Health 32, 365–373.

Wang, X., Lacza, Z., Sun, Y.E., Han, W., 2014. Leptin resistance and obesity in mice with deletion of
methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 ( MeCP2 ) in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin ( POMC ) neurons.
Diabetologia 2, 236–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-013-3072-0

Warschburger, P., 2005. The unhappy obese child. Int. J. Obes. (Lond). 29, S127-9.

Welsh, J.A., Lundeen, E.A., Stein, A.D., 2013. The sugar-sweetened beverage wars: public health and
the role of the beverage industry. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes. Obes. 20, 401–6. https://doi.
org/10.1097/01.med.0000432610.96107.f5

Wertheim, E.H., Paxton, S.J., Blaney, S., 2004. Risk Factors for the Development of Body Image
Disturbances, in: Thompson, J.K. (Ed.), Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity. John Wiley &
Sons, pp. 463–494.

Whitaker, R.C., Wright, J.A., Pepe, M.S., Seidel, K.D., Dietz, W.H., 1997. Predicting obesity in young
adulthood from childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 337, 869–873.

WHO, 2012. Prioritizing areas for action in the field of population-based prevention of childhood obesity: A

102 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja

 set of tools for member states to determine and identify priority areas for action.

WHO, 2008. WHO child growth standards : training course on child growth assessmen, WHO Publication.
https://doi.org/http://www.who.int/childgrowth/training/module_b_measuring_growth.pdf

Yang, W., Kelly, T., He, J., 2007. Genetic epidemiology of obesity. Epidemiol. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1093/
epirev/mxm004

Yates, T., Wilmot, E.G., Davies, M.J., Gorely, T., Edwardson, C., Biddle, S., Khunti, K., 2011. Sedentary
behavior: What’s in a definition? Am. J. Prev. Med. 40, e33–e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
amepre.2011.02.017

Yen, C., Hu, S., 2013. Association between dental caries and body mass in preschool children. Eur. Arch.
Paediatr. Dent. 14, 185–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40368-016-0222-3

Zametkin, A.J., Zoon, C.K., Klein, H.W., Munson, S., 2004. Psychiatric aspects of child and adolescent
obesity: a review of the past 10 years. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 43, 134–150. https://doi.
org/10.1097/00004583-200402000-00008

Zipfel, S., Giel, K.E., Bulik, C.M., Hay, P., Schmidt, U., 2015. Anorexia nervosa: Aetiology, assessment, and
treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00356-9

Obesitas Anak dan Remaja 103

 Andi Imam Arundhana Thahir
Salah satu founder EduGizi ini adalah alumni pertama Prodi Ilmu Gizi FKM
Unhas sejak 2010. Ia memperoleh gelar Magisternya di Prodi Ilmu Kesehatan
Masyarakat FK UGM pada tahun 2013. Sejak tahun 2015, Imam aktif sebagai
Dosen di Departemen Gizi FKM Unhas. Selain aktif dalam publikasi artikel jurnal,
Imam juga telah menulis beberapa buku bahan ajar yang digunakan di tempat ia
mengajar, diantaranya adalah Ilmu Gizi Dasar, Penulisan Ilmiah Gizi. Saat ini Imam
tengah menempuh Pendidikan Doktor di Central Clinical School, The University
of Sydney Australia dengan dukungan beasiswa Australia Awards.

Asriadi Masnar
Adi adalah dosen dan peneliti di Politeknik Negeri Media Kreatif di Program
Studi Teknik Kemasan dan Seni Kuliner. Dia menyelesaikan kuliah Master
dan Graduate Diplomanya di bidang Food Science and Technology di Curtin
University, Australia. Peraih beasiswa LPDP dan AAS ini menyelesaikan jenjang
sarjananya di Universitas Hasanuddin di Bidang Ilmu Gizi. Selain itu dia aktif
sebagai konsultan membina UMKM yang bergerak di bidang pangan dalam hal
kemasan, reformulasi rasa dan e-marketing. Dia tertarik dalam bidang pangan
fungsional, kemasan pangan cerdas, molekular gastronomi. Di waktu senggang,
Adi, menekuni hobinya membaca dan menonton hal terkait Internet of things,
kemasan, desain dan regulasi pangan.

Baca Juga
Terbitan Kami
yang Lain di

CV. Edugizi Pratama Indonesia

Villa Mas Kukusan Blok i, Depok, Jawa Barat
Phone: (021) 27805125
Email: edugizi.id@gmail.com, info@edugizi.id
Website: https://www.edugizi.id/

118 Obesitas Anak dan Remaja