dy dy 2 dy 3 dy 4 dy n
F {x, y, , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , … … … , ( ) } = 0
dx dx dx dx dx
atau
F{x, y, p, p2 , p3 , p4 … … … , pn } = 0
dy = pdx
dy d2 y
dimana ∶ p= , 2 ≠ p2
dx dx
dy
dx =
p
1
y = 6x + c1 → y − 6x = c1 → y − 6x − c1 = 0
dy
p = −1 → = −1 → dy = −dx
dx
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 → y = −x + c2 → y + x − c2 = 0
∴ PUPD: (y − 6x − c1 )(y + x − c2 ) = 0
Jika harga p sulit dicari, maka misalkan dahulu.
dy 3 dy 2 dy
Contoh: ( ) + 5 ( ) + + 6 = 0
dx dx dx
Penyelesaian ∶ p3 + 5p2 + p + 6 = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑀𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑎𝑛 ∶ 𝑝 = 𝑎 → = 𝑎 → 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
y−c
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑎𝑑𝑥 → y = ax + c → a = =p
x
y−c 3 y−c 2 y−c
( ) + 5( ) +( )+6=0
x x x
.
II. 𝐏𝐃 𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐲𝐚 𝐦𝐞𝐦𝐮𝐚𝐭 𝐱 𝐝𝐚𝐧 𝐩 → 𝐱 𝐝𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐩𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐡𝐤𝐚𝐧
F(x, p) = 0 → x = f(p)
′(
dy
dx = f p)dp → = f ′ (p)dp → dy = pf ′ (p)dp
p
∫ dy = ∫ pf ′ (p)dp → y = ∫ pf ′ (p)dp + c
2
y = ∫ pf ′ (p)dp + c
p dieliminasi terdapat PUPD
x = f(p)
dy
Contoh ∶ Selesaikan x = +3
dx
Penyelesaian ∶ x = p + 3 → dx = dp
pdp = dy
dy dy
= p → dx =
dx p
1
∫ dy = ∫ pdp → y = 𝑝2 + 𝑐
2
1
y = (x − 3)2 + c
2
x=p+3 →p=x−3
1
∴ PUPD y = (x − 3)2 + c
2
atau
dy dy
x= +3 → = x − 3 → (x − 3)dx = dy
dx dx
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ x − 3 dx → y = (x − 3)2 + 𝑐
( )
2
dy 3 dy 2
Contoh ∶ 2). x = ( ) + ( )
dx dx
Penyelesaian ∶ x = p3 + p2 → dx = 3p2 dp + 2pdp
2
dy
dx = (3p + 2p)dp → = (3p2 + 2p)dp
p
3
dy = (3p3 + 2p2 )dp → ∫ dy = ∫(3p3 + 2p2 )dp
3 2
y = p4 + p3 + c dan x = p3 + p2
4 3
Karena p sulit/tidak bisa dieliminer, maka PUPD disajikan
dalam bentuk parameter.
∴ PUPD ∶ x = p3 + p2
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑟, 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡
3 2
y = p4 + p3 + c
4 3
∴ 𝑃𝑈𝑃𝐷 ∶ 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦, 𝑝)
p = parameter
𝜑(𝑦, 𝑝, 𝑐 )
Kalau memungkinkan p dieliminasi
∂h
dp
∂p
dx = → mrpk PD orde 1 derajat 1
∂h
(p − )
∂x
∴ 𝑃𝑈𝑃𝐷 ∶ 𝑦 = ℎ(𝑥, 𝑝)
p = parameter
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑝, 𝑐 )
Kalau memungkinkan p dieliminasi
Contoh ∶ 1). 3x 4 p2 − xp − y = 0
Penyelesaian ∶ 3x 4 p2 − xp − y = 0 → y = 3x 4 p2 − xp
dy 3 2 4
dp dp dy
= 12x p + 6x p − p − x → =p
dx dx dx dx
dp
p − 12x 3 p2 + p = (6x 4 p − x)
dx
3 2 4
dp
(2p − 12x p ) = (6x p − x)
dx
3 3
dp
2p(1 − 6x p) = x(6x p − 1)
dx
9
3 3 3
dp
2p(1 − 6x p) = −x(6x p1 − 6x p)
dx
dp dp dx dp
2p = −x → 2p + x =0→2 + =0
dx dx x p
dx dp
∫2 + ∫ = ∫ 0 → 2 ln x + ln p = ln c
x p
x 2 p = c → p = x −2 c → masuk ke pers semula
4 2 4 ( −2
c
)2
y = 3x p − xp = 3x x c − x(x c ) = 3c − −2 2
x
c
∴ 𝑃𝑈𝑃𝐷 ∶ 𝑦 = 3c 2 − atau yx = 3c 2 x − c
x
Contoh ∶ 2). p2 − xp + y = 0
𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑎𝑛 ∶ p2 − xp + y = 0 → y = px − p2
𝑃𝐷 𝐶𝐿𝐴𝐼𝑅𝑈𝑇 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝)
dy
2
dp dp dy
y = px − p → =p+x − 2p dan =p
dx dx dx dx
dp dp dp
p=p+x − 2p → (x − 2p) =0
dx dx dx
dp
1). = 0 → dp = 0 → [p = c]
dx
y = px − p2 → y = cx − c 2
∴ PUPD ∶ y = cx − c 2
1
2). (x − 2p) = 0 → x = 2p → p = x
2
10
2
2
1 1 1 2
y = px − p → y = x x − ( x) = x
2 2 4
1
∴ y = x 2 → Penyelesaian Singulir (P. S)
4
d
OPERATOR D =
dx
𝑑𝑦
1). 𝑦 = sin 𝑎𝑥 → 𝐷𝑦 = = 𝑎 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2 3
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
𝐷2 𝑦 = 2 = −𝑎2 sin 𝑎𝑥 ; 𝐷3 𝑦 = 3 = −𝑎3 cos 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2). (𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 3)(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) = ?
𝐷(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) = (cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 )
𝐷2 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) = (− sin x + cos 𝑥 )
(𝐷2 − 𝐷 + 3)(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) = (− sin x + cos 𝑥 )
−(cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 ) + 3(sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥
1 1 1−D 1−D
3). =( )( )=
1+D 1+D 1−D 1 − D2
1
4). 2
= 1 + D − D3 + ⋯
1−D+D
suku banyak = polinomial derajat n dalam D
1 1 3D 7D2
5). 2
= − + −⋯
2 + 3D + D 2 4 8
6). (D + 1)(x) = D(x) + x = 1 + x
11
1
7). 2
x = y → x = (D2 − D + 1)y
(D − D + 1)
d2 y dy
− + y = x → PD orde 2 derajat 1
dx 2 dx
8). D(D − 1)(x 2 − x + 1) = (D2 − D)(x 2 − x + 1)
= D2 (x 2 − x + 1) − D(x 2 − x + 1)
= 𝐷{𝐷(x 2 − x + 1)} − D(x 2 − x + 1)
= 𝐷(2𝑥 − 1) − (2𝑥 − 1) = 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 3 − 2𝑥
9). (𝐷 − 5)𝑦 = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
D(D − 5)y = D(x + cos x) = 1 − sin x
D2 (D − 5)y = D{D(D − 5)y} = D(1 − sin x)
= − cos x
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑃0 (𝑥) 𝑛 + 𝑃1 (𝑥) 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 (𝑥) + 𝑃𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
PD lengkap
Contoh :
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
a). 𝑥 2 +4 − 𝑥𝑦 = cos 𝑥 PD linier tidak homogen
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
orde 2 dng koefisien variabel
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
b). 𝑥 2 +4 − 𝑥𝑦 = 0 PD linier homogen orde 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
c). 5 𝑑𝑥3 + 7 𝑑𝑥2 − 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 𝑥2 PD linier tidak hom orde
3 dengan koefisien konstanta
3 2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
d). 5 𝑑𝑥3 + 7 𝑑𝑥2 − 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0 PD linier homogen orde
3 dengan koefisien konstanta
𝑑𝑦 2
3
𝑑 𝑦
e). 𝑦 𝑑𝑥3 + (𝑑𝑥) + 𝑥2 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 PD tdk linier orde 3
13
PD linier homogen orde 2 dengan koefisien konstanta
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃2 𝑦 = 0 bisa dituliskan sebagai :
𝑑𝑥 2
2 d 2 d2
(𝐷 + 𝑃1 𝐷 + 𝑃2 )𝑦 = 0 dengan D = ,D =
dx dx2
𝐹 (𝐷 )𝑦
Kita lakukan substitusi : 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0 , maka :
dy d2 y
= Dy = m𝑒 𝑚𝑥
dan = D2 y = m2 𝑒𝑚𝑥
dx dx2
(𝐷2 + 𝑃1 𝐷 + 𝑃2 )𝑦 = 0 → 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 (m2 + 𝑃1 m + 𝑃2 ) = 0
Karena 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0, maka (m2 + 𝑃1 m + 𝑃2 ) = 0
14
1. PD linier homogen orde n dengan koefisien
konstanta
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑛 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑛
𝐹 (𝐷 )𝑦=0
d 2 d2 n dn
Dengan D = ,D = ,……,D =
dx dx2 dxn
15
Contoh :
1). 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0 → (𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 0
Pers karakteristiknya : 𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 3 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
(𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑘𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑐 ∶ 𝑚1,2 = )
2𝑎
1 ± √1 + 12. 1 1
𝑚1,2 = = ± √13
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
𝑚1 = + √13 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑚2 = − √13
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
( + √13)𝑥 ( − √13)𝑥
∴ 𝑃𝑈𝑃𝐷 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2 2
𝑦 ′′′ + 3𝑦 ′′ = 0 → 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ + 5𝑦 = 0
1
− 𝑥 1 1
𝑦 = 𝑒 2 (𝐶1 cos √19 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin √19 𝑥)
2 2
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑛−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑃0 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
PD lengkap
Atau
17
(𝑃0 𝐷𝑛 + 𝑃1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑃𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑃𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝐹(𝐷 )𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑃𝑈𝑃𝐷 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑝 = 𝑦𝑘 + 𝑦𝑝
18
1 1
cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝐹(𝐷2 ) 𝐹(−𝑎2 )
→ 𝐹(−𝑎2 ) ≠ 0
1 𝑥
4. sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝐷2 +𝑎2 2𝑎
1 𝑥
2 2
cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝐷 +𝑎 2𝑎
1 1
5. 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑉(𝑥)
𝐹(𝐷) 𝐹(𝐷+𝑎)
1 1 𝐹 ′ (𝐷)
6. 𝑥 𝑉 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 ( ) 𝑉 (𝑥 ) − {𝐹(𝐷)}2
𝑉 (𝑥 )
𝐹(𝐷) 𝐹 𝐷
21
Contoh 2 : Cari PUPD lengkap dari 𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 = sin(𝑥 √3)
Penyelesaian : (𝐷2 + 3)𝑦 = sin(𝑥 √3) 𝛼=0
P.K : 𝑚2 + 3 = 0 → 𝑚2 = −3 𝑚1,2 = √−3 = ±𝑖√3 𝛽 = √3
1 −𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 2 sin(𝑥√3) = cos (𝑥√3)
{𝐷2 + (√3) } 2√3
∴ 𝑃𝑈𝑃𝐷 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑘𝑎𝑝 ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑘 + 𝑦𝑝
−𝑥
𝑦 = {𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥√3) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥√3)} + cos (𝑥√3)
2√3
22