Kelompok 10 :
Overview (Gambaran)
Objectives ( Tujuan )
Introduction ( Pendahuluan )
Pengantar
Fungsi utama system saraf adalah komunikasi. Akson melakukan aksinya potensi dari
satu tempat ke tempat yang lain. Seringkali akson memiliki cabang sehingga potensial aksinya
adalah dilakukan ke beberapa tempat pada waktu yang hamper bersamaan. Di ujung setiap
cabang, ada wilayah di sebut terminal akson yang dikhususkan untuk melepaskan paket
neurotransmitter kimiawi dari vesikel kecil yang terkait membrane intraseluler (diameter -30nm )
yang disebut vesikula sinaptik. Neurotransmitter adalah molekul sinyal ekstraseluler yang
bekerja pada target local sebagai parakrin agen, di neuron melepaskan chemical sebagai autokrin,
dan terkadang sebagai hormone. (agen endokrin ) yang mencapai targetnya melalui sirkulasi.
Bahan kimia ini dilepaskan oleh oksositosis dan berdifusi melintas ruang ekstraseluler kecil (
disebut celah sinaptik, atau sinaptik cekatan ) ke target ( paling sering ujung penerima neuron
lain atau otot atau kelenjar ) itu molekul neurotransmitter sering mengikat protein reseptor
membrane pada target gerakan urutan peristiwa molekuler yang dapat membuka atau menutup
saluran ion dan membrane menyebabkan potensi membrane di sel target berubah. Wilayah ini
tempat neurotransmitter dilepaskan dari satu neuron dan berikatan dengan reseptor pada sel
target yang disebut sinapsis kimiawi, dan perubahan potnsial membrane pada target di sebut
sinaptik potensi, atau potensi postsynaptic.
Dalam aktivitas ini anda akan mengeksplorasi beberapa langkah dalam pelepasan
neurotransmitter dari akson terminal. Eksositosis vesikula sinaptik biasanya di picu oleh
peningkatan ion kalsium terminal akson. Kalsium masuk dari luar sel melalui membrane kalsium
saluran yang dibuka oleh depolarisasi potensi aksi. Terminal akson memiliki telah sangat
diperbesar dalam aktivitas ini sehingga anda dapat memvisualisasikan pelepasan
neurotransmitter. Berbeda dari kegiatan lain dalam latihan ini, prosedur melihat langsung ini
pelepasan neurotransmitter tidak mudah dilakukan dilabolatorium, sebaliknya biasanya
neurotransmitter terdeteksi oleh potensi postsynaptic yang dipicunya atau dengan
mengumpulkan dan menganalisis benda-benda kimia di sinaps setelah stimulasi neuron yang
kuat.
Neuron ( in vitro ) –sebuah neuron besar, terdisosiasi ( atau berbudaya ) dengan sumbu
terminal yang diperbesar.
Empat larutan ekstrasel-kontrol Ca2t, tanpa Ca? +, Ca “rendah, dan Mg2 +
Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: You have just observed that each action potential in a burst can
trigger additional neurotransmitter release. If calcium ions are removed from the
extracellular solution, what will happen to neurotransmitter release at the axon terminal?
Your answer : c. There will be less neurotransmitter release.
Predict Question 2: What will happen to neurotransmitter release when low amounts of
calcium are added back to the extracellular solution?
Your answer : b. Neurotransmitter release will increase a small amount.
Why is there no neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal when there are no
calcium ions in the extracellular solution?
You correctly answered: c. Exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles is calcium dependent.
Why did the high intensity stimulation fail to trigger the same amount of neurotransmitter
release in the presence of extracellular Mg2+ as in the control extracellular solution? You
correctly answered: a. Mg2+ blocks the calcium channels in the axon terminal.
Experiment Data:
1. Click the control Ca2+ extracellular solution to fill the petri dish with the control
extracellular solution.
2. Click Low Intensity on the stimulator and then click stimulate to stimulate the neuron
(axon) with a threshold stimulus that generates a low frequency of action potentials and
observe the release of neurotransmitter.
3. Click High Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
with a longer, more intense stimulus to generate a burst of action potentials and observe
the release of neurotransmitter.
4. Click no Ca2+ extracellular solution to fill the petri dish with an extracellular solution that
does not contain calcium.
5. Click Low Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
(axon) with a threshold stimulus that generates a low frequency of action potentials and
observe the release of neurotransmitter.
6. Click High Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
with a longer, more intense stimulus to generate a burst of action potentials and observe
the release of neurotransmitter.
7. Click the low Ca2+ extracellular solution to fill the petri dish with an extracellular
solution in which the calcium concentration has been reduced from that in the control
solution.
8. Click Low Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
(axon) with a threshold stimulus that generates a low frequency of action potentials and
observe the release of neurotransmitter.
9. Click High Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
with a longer, more intense stimulus to generate a burst of action potentials and observe
the release of neurotransmitter.
10. The magnesium ion (Mg2+) is another divalent ion, and it can compete with calcium and
block its role in neurotransmitter release.
Click the Mg2+ extracellular solution to fill the petri dish with an extracellular solution
that contains Mg2+. Note tha this solution also contains the same amount of Ca 2+ as the
control solution.
11. Click Low Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
(axon) with a threshold stimulus that generates a low frequency of action potentials and
observe the release of neurotransmitter.
12. Click High Intensity on the stimulator and then click Stimulate to stimulate the neuron
with a longer, more intense stimulus to generate a burst of action potentials and observe
the release of neurotransmitter
Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. How is the neurotransmitter stored in the axon terminal before it is released?
You correctly answered: c. contained in synaptic vesicles
2. Are neurotransmitter molecules released one at a time or in packets?
You correctly answered: b. in packets
3. With the normal extracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+ ], when the action
potential reaches the axon terminal it triggers
You correctly answered: b. release of neurotransmitter by exocytosis.
4. Comparing the low intensity stimulus to the high intensity stimulus, the high
intensity stimulus causes
You correctly answered: b. more synaptic vesicles to undergo exocytosis