Normal:
- Within normal range.
- Able to withstand a contingency without constraint violation.
Alert:
- System variables are within acceptable range, all constraints are
satisfied.
- Contingency may causes overload
Emergency:
- Violation of system constraints
- May be restored to Alert using emergency actions
In extremis
Restorative
- Reconnection of system facilities and load
Kendali Daya Aktif-Frekuensi
Frekuensi sistem tergantung pada keseimbangan daya aktif.
Perubahan permintaan daya aktif mengakibatkan perubahan frekuensi di seluruh sistem.
Armature Current
Limit
End Region
Heating Limit
Kendali Daya Reaktif-Tegangan
Sistem Eksitasi
Kendali Daya Reaktif-Tegangan
Klasifikasi peralatan kendali tegangan:
Sumber atau penyerap Q: kapasitor shunt, reaktor shunt, synchronous condenser,
SVC
Kompensator reaktansi saluran: kapasitor seri
Transformator pengatur tegangan: tap-changing transformer
Kendali Daya Reaktif-Tegangan
Static var System