DO – BOD – COD

Dr. Sunardi, SKM, M.Kes

Prodi Kesmas FKM Univet Bantara Sukoharjo
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

TINGKAT JENUH (SATURASI) OKSIGEN

TERLARUT:
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/i
mages/50_composition_of_the_earth.gif

http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/slides/climate/gas_comp.gif
 FAKTOR KELARUTAN / TINGKAT SATURASI OKSIGEN:
 Efek ketinggian (altitude) :
ketinggian bertambah,  tekanan parsial gas menurun,  kelarutan
gas berkurang
ketinggian tingkat berkurangnya kelarutan
 0 - 600 m 4 % per 300 m
 600 - 1500 m 3 % per 300 m
 1500 - 3000 m 2,5 % per 300 m

 Efek temperatur : temperatur meningkat -- kelarutan berkurang

 Efek salinitas : adanya berbagai mineral terlarut -- menurunkan

kelarutan gas.
 tk. kejenuhan gas dalam air laut, 18 - 20 % lebih rendah daripada dalam akuades.
 TINGKAT SATURASI
O2 DI PERAIRAN LAUT

Kandungan chloride (Cl) dihitung

berdasarkan nilai salinitas :

S %o = 0,030 + 1,805 Cl (%o)

atau
S (ppm) = 30 + 1,805 Cl (ppm)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Oksigen adalah gas terlarut dalam air
• bila sampel terekspose ke udara  DO bisa berkurang
atau bertambah dari seharusnya
• pengambilan sampel utk titrasi  perlu alat khusus

DISTRIBUSI VERTIKAL O2
dipengaruhi oleh:  kondisi kelarutan
 hidrodinamika -- pergerakan air
 input fotosintesis
 penggunaan oleh biota &
proses-proses kimia

Bottle train sampler

 Prinsip penentuan DO (metode Winkler/Iodometri):


endapan coklat
• bila tidak ada Oksigen:

endapan putih


proporsional dg jumlah O2 yang ada
penambahan asam


biru
indikator tak berwarna
Modifikasi metode Winkler/Iodometri:

 Flokulasi alum : 10% K2SO4Al2(SO4)3 & 35% NaOH

 bila air keruh

 Sulfamic acid : NH2SO2OH  bila kadar nitrit tinggi

 azide alsterberg : NaN3  bila kadar nitrit & bhn organik tinggi

 Pomeroy – Kirscman – Alsterberg : penggunaan NaI (6 N)

dan NaOH (10N) sbg pengganti NaOH + KI
 bila kadar oksigen lewat jenuh (over saturated)
 Pengukuran dgn DO-meter:

1. Warming up (on & biarkan bbrp menit)

2. Kalibrasi alat pada angka nol (zero adjustment)
3. Kalibrasi alat pada “red line” (red line adjusment)
4. Kalibrasi alat thd kadar O2 udara pada temperatur
dan tekanan udara (atau ketinggian tempat)
 Standardisasi dgn metode Winkler pd sampel yg sama (scr periodik)

Prinsip Pengukuran:

Jarum penunjuk skala

Tekanan O2 Sensor/ arus / digital
dlm air membran
Botol BOD
probe DO-meter
 (Biological)
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand):
( DOi - DO5 ) mg/L
 Inkubasi sampel dlm botol BOD pada 20oC selama 5 hari
 shg O2 terlarut pd hari ke-5 masih ada & terukur
 Perlu pengenceran yg cermat & aerasi

Botol gelap
DOi Inkubasi 20oC
5 hari

DO5
 Senyawa pengganggu:
 Bahan beracun: Hg, Cr6+, Cl2
 Kurangnya nutrien
 Kurangnya mikroorganisme/bakteri
 pH < 6½ atau pH > 8½
BOD decomposition rates vary widely
Decaying phytoplanton
biomass
BOD5
Municipal,
industrial
DO
Consumed BOD loads
(mg/l)
Black water
organic matter
Time 5 days
 BOD decomposition rates vary widely
Black water
organic matter

Municipal,
DO industrial
Consumed BOD loads
(mg/l)
Decaying phytoplanton
biomass

5 days Time 50 days

Pre – treatment:
Penambahan
Nutrien
&
Pengenceran
 BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand):

BOD3  inkubasi pada 30 oC selama 3 hari (Tropik)

Nilai BOD :
 Jenis dan jumlah bahan organik terlarut & tersuspensi (koloid)
 Jenis dan jumlah (komposisi) mikroorganisme pengurai
 kecukupan oksigen

 upayakan nilai DO5(end) sekitar 1 mg/L

 sebaiknya selisih DO berkisar 5 – 7 mg/L

Pengenceran:
 mengubah pH, seluruh aktivitas
ionik lingkungan fisik-
 mengubah aktivitas organik kimia-
 mengubah salinitas biologi air sampel
From: DHV Consultants BV & DELFT HYDRAULICS, 1999. Training module # WQ - 15
Understanding biochemical oxygen demand test. Hydrology Project Technical Assistance. New Delhi
 COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand):
potassium dichromate
 Bhn organik  dioksidasi dg K2Cr2O7 pada kondisi asam & panas
 Kelebihan K2Cr2O7  dititrasi dg FAS (back titration) dg indikator
feroin
Ferrous Ammonium Sulfate

 perlu larutan blanko sulfamic acid

 senyawa pengganggu: Cl (air laut), NO2-
+ HgSO4 (200 mg/L per 1000 mg/L chloride)

S %o = 0,030 + 1,805 Cl (%o)

atau S (ppm) = 30 + 1,805 Cl (ppm)
Contoh :
S= 30 %o = 30 000 ppm  Cl = 16603,88 ppm  3,321 g HgSO4 per
liter sampel
Reflux,
untuk penentuan
COD
Wastewater type BOD5 (mg/L) COD (mg/L)
Tomato processing 450 - 1,600 650 - 2,300
Corn processing 1,600 - 4,700 3,400 -10,100
Cherry processing 660 - 1,900 1,200 - 3,800
Poultry plant processing 150 - 2,400 200 - 3,200
Milk plant processing 940 - 4,790 1,240 - 7,800
Becker, 2000. University of Maryland
Perairan-peruntukan BOD (mg/L) COD (mg/L)
Air tawar – Kelas I 2 10 → air baku minum
Air tawar – Kelas II 3 25 → rekreasi air
Air tawar – Kelas III 6 50 → budidaya ikan, ternak
Air tawar – Kelas IV 12 100 → irigasi pertanian
Air laut - Biota 20 -
Air laut - Wisata 10 -
Air laut - Pelabuhan - -

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Berdasarkan prinsip analisisnya, maka dapat dikatakan
bahwa:
 COD menggambarkan jumlah bahan organik total, baik
yang mudah urai maupun yang sulit urai
 BOD menggambarkan bahan organik mudah urai
 Nilai permanganat (TOM-total organic matter) TIDAK
pernah lebih besar daripada nilai COD, karena oksidator
yang digunakan pada analisis COD lebih kuat

 TVS (total volatile solids) juga menggambarkan bahan

organik berdasarkan prinsip analisis pembakaran residu
organik sampel pada suhu tinggi (550oC) dan gravimetri
 Parameter bahan organik lainnya adalah TOC
(total organic carbon)
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BOD/COD rasio antara bahan organik mudah urai dgn
bahan organik total/sulit urai

COD ≥ BOD

COD ≥ TOM
Total Organic Matter
oxidator: KMnO4

TVS Total Volatile Solid COD

TOM
TOC Total Organic Carbon
 bahan organik dibakar BOD
 tidak mengukur Oksigen ekuivalensi
 dapat dihubungkan dgn BOD

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TOC:

Total Carbon (TC) – all the carbon in the sample, including both inorganic and organic carbon
Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC) – often referred to as inorganic carbon (IC), carbonate, bicarbonate, and dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2); a
material derived from non-living sources.
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) – material derived from decaying vegetation, bacterial growth, and metabolic activities of living organisms
or chemicals.
Non-Purgeable Organic Carbon (NPOC) – commonly referred to as TOC; organic carbon remaining in an acidified sample after purging
the sample with gas.
Purgeable (volatile) Organic Carbon (POC) – organic carbon that has been removed from a neutral , or acidified sample by purging with
an inert gas. These are the same compounds referred to as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) and usually determined by Purge and Trap
Gas Chromatography.
Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) – organic carbon remaining in a sample after filtering the sample, typically using a 0.45 micrometer
filter.
Suspended Organic Carbon – also called particulate organic carbon (PtOC); the carbon in particulate form that is too large to pass through
a filter.
 TOC:
Analysis of TOC:
1. Acidification
2. Oxidation
3. Detection and Quantification
Acidification :
The removal and venting of IC and POC gases from the liquid sample by acidification and sparging occurs in the following manner.

Oxidation :
The second stage is the oxidation of the carbon in the remaining sample in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases.
Modern TOC analyzers perform this oxidation step by several processes:
1.High Temperature Combustion
2.High temperature catalytic (HTCO) oxidation
3.Photo-oxidation alone
4.Thermo-chemical oxidation
5.Photo-chemical oxidation
6.Electrolytic Oxidation

High temperature combustion:

Prepared samples are combusted at 1,350o C in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. All carbon present converts to carbon dioxide,
flows through scrubber tubes to remove interferences such as chlorine gas, and water vapor, and the carbon dioxide is
measured either by absorption into a strong base then weighed, or using an Infrared Detector.[3] Most modern analyzers use
non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) for detection of the carbon dioxide.

Detection and quantification:

Accurate detection and quantification are the most vital components of the TOC analysis process. Conductivity and non-dispersive
infrared (NDIR) are the two common detection methods used in modern TOC analyzers.