BAB 3 : ELEKTRIK/ ELECTRIC

3.1 Arus dan beza keupayaan/ Current and potential difference

Medan elektrik kawasan sekitar suatu zarah bercas di mana sebarang cas
Electric field elektrik yang berada dalam kawasan tersebut akan mengalami
daya elektrik.
the region around a charged particle where any electric charge
in the region will experience an electric force
a) Cas positif/ positive charge b) Cas negatif/ negative
charge

Kekuatan medan daya elektrik yang bertindak ke atas seunit cas positif yang
elektrik, E terletak pada titik itu.
Electric field the electric force acting on a unit positive charge placed at the
strength, E point.
𝐹
E=
𝑞

E = kekuatan medan elektrik / Electric field strength

F = daya elektrik /electric force
q = kuantiti cas elektrik / quantity of electric charge
Unit S.I. E : Newton per coulomb (N C–1)

𝑉
E=
𝑑
V = beza keupayaan di antara dua plat selari
potential difference between two parallel plates
d = jarak di antara dua plat selari
distance between two parallel plates
Unit S.I. E : Volt per meter (V m–1)
Arus Elektrik,I kadar pengaliran cas, Q dalam satu konduktor
Current the rate of flow of charge, Q in a conductor
I=Q
t
 Q = jumlah cas / total charge
t = masa / time
Unit S.I. : Coulomb per saat (C s–1) atau A
Beza keupayaan, V kerja, W yang dilakukan untuk menggerakkan satu coulomb
Potential difference cas di antara dua titik tersebut
work done, W in moving one coulomb of charge, Q from
one point to another.
𝑊 𝐸
V= atau V =
𝑄 𝑄
3.2 Rintangan / Resistance
Konduktor Ohm dan
Konduktor Bukan Ohm
Ohmic Conductor and
Non-Ohmic Conductor
Perbandingan konduktor
Ohm dan bukan Ohm
Comparison of Ohmic
Conductor and Non-
Ohmic Conductor
Faktor-faktor yang
Mempengaruhi
Rintangan,R Dawai
Factors that Affect the
Resistance of a Wire
Kerintangan dawai, ρ
Resistivity of the wire, ρ .
Superkonduktor
Superconductors
Konduktor yang mematuhi hukum Ohm dikenali sebagai
konduktor Ohm manakala konduktor yang tidak mematuhi
hukum Ohm dikenali sebagai konduktor bukan Ohm.
A conductor which obeys Ohm’s Law is called an ohmic conductor
whereas a conductor which does not obey Ohm’s Law is called a
non-ohmic conductor
1. panjang dawai, l/ length of the wire,l
2. luas keratan rentas dawai, A / cross-sectional area, A
3. kerintangan dawai, ρ/ resistivity of the wire, ρ .
𝑙
R= ρ
𝐴
ialah suatu ukuran bagi keupayaan konduktor untuk menentang
pengaliran arus elektrik.
Unit : Ohm-meter (m)
is a measure of a conductor’s ability to oppose the flow of electric
current.
Unit : ohm-meter (m).
ialah bahan yang mengkonduksikan elektrik tanpa sebarang
rintangan.
Suhu genting, Tc ialah suhu apabila kerintangan suatu
superkonduktor menjadi sifar.
are materials that conduct electricity without any resistance.
Critical temperature, Tc is the temperature when the resistivity of
a superconductor becomes zero.
Jenis litar Litar bersiri / Series circuit Litar selari/ Parallel circuit
Types of circuit
I = I1 = I2 = I3 I = I1 + I2 + I3

V = V1 + V2 + V3 V = V1 = V2 = V3

1 1 1 1
R = R1 + R2 + R3 = + +
R R1 R2 R3
 2.4 Electromotive force,e.m.f and internal resistance,r
Daya gerak elektrik,d.g.e dan rintangan dalam, r

Electromotive force, e.m.f The total electrical energy given to one Coulomb of charge flowing
through the cell.
Daya gerak elektrik, ε Jumlah tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan kepada satu Coulomb cas yang
mengalir melalui sel.
ε = V + Ir
ε = IR + Ir
ε = I (R + r)
Internal resistance,r Due to resistance of the chemical in cell.
Rintangan dalam,r

Differences between e.m.f and

Potential difference E.m.f / d.g.e Potential difference/Beza keupayaan
Perbezaan antara d.g.e dan beza
keupayaan V = 1.5 V V < 1.2 V
V V
Suis
Suis

r r

 Measured when switch is on  Measured when switch is

closed

 Volmeter =15 V  Voltmeter <1.5 V

 No current flow  Current flow

Linear graph that represent the equation:

Graf garis lurus yang mewakili persamaan :
V = -Ir + ε
Then / ;
Gradient of the graph = internal resistance,r

When/ :
I = 0 A (no current flow/ )
Maka, V = ε
3.4 Tenaga elektrik dan kuasa / Electrical Energy and Power

Tenaga elektrik, E Hasil darab cas dan beza keupayaan

Electrical Energy, E Is the product of charge and potential difference
E = QV
Kuasa,P Kadar tenaga elektrik yang dibekalkan
Power,P Rate of electrical energy supplied
�
�=
�

1 kWj Tenaga elektrik yang digunakan oleh satu peralatan elektrik berkuasa 1 kW
1 kWh selama satu jam
Electrical energy used by a 1kW electrical appliance for one hour.

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Soalan Tahun Lepas ms. 5 – 7, ms. 12 – 14, ms. 15 – 17 , ms. 22-24, ms. 31 – 34,